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FIGURE 3 in Vernicia calcicola (Euphorbiaceae), a new species from limestone areas of Guangxi, China

FIGURE 3. Vernicia montana: A young plant; B staminate inflorescence; C pistillate inflorescence; D fruiting branch; E stipules; F glands; V. fordii: G glands; H stipules; I fruit; J inflorescence with pistillate flowers and staminate flowers; K staminate flowers.

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FIGURE 2 in Vernicia calcicola (Euphorbiaceae), a new species from limestone areas of Guangxi, China

FIGURE 2. Vernicia calcicola: A flowering plant; B fruiting plant; C young fruit; D stipules; E buds; F staminate flowers; G pistillate flower; H pistillate flower opened showing pistil, glands and calyx; I staminate flower opened, showing stamens, glands and calyx; J glands; K young plant; L fruit.

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FIGURE 1 in Vernicia calcicola (Euphorbiaceae), a new species from limestone areas of Guangxi, China

FIGURE 1. Vernicia calcicola: A fruiting branch; B calyx; C petal; D pistil and glands; E stamens and glands; F seed.

Fig. 6 in Potential inhibitors of microglial activation from the roots of Vernicia montana Lour

Fig. 6. Anti-inflammatory activities of the isolated compounds 6, 7, 8, 13, 29, 30, and 33assayed on LPS-induced NO production in BV-2 microglial cells and their cell viability. (Each bar represents the mean ± SE of three independent experiments; ###p <0.001 compared with control group, *p <0.1, **p <0.01, ***p <0.001 compared with LPS group; Mino: minocycline).

Fig. 3. 1H–1H in Potential inhibitors of microglial activation from the roots of Vernicia montana Lour

Fig. 3. 1H–1H COSY (red blue lines) and key HMBC (blue arrows) correlations of 1, 2, 12–14,18 and 19. (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)

Fig. 7 in Deciphering the roles of leucine-rich repeat receptor-like protein kinases (LRR-RLKs) in response to Fusarium wilt in the Vernicia fordii (Tung tree)

Fig. 7. The expression patterns of two gene pairs (i.e. Vf01G2125 and Vf03G1740, and Vf06G2687 and Vf10G1659) were generated by tandem duplication events. Numbers on the x-axis indicate the following: seeds at 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30 weeks after flowering (WAF; 10_WAF, 15_WAF, 20_WAF, 25_WAF, and 30_WAF), male flowers at 30, 20, 10, and 1 days before flowering (X1-X4), female flowers at 30, 20, 10, and 1 days before flowering (C1–C4), young leaves, roots, stems, and hermaphrodite (CX).

Fig. 5 in Deciphering the roles of leucine-rich repeat receptor-like protein kinases (LRR-RLKs) in response to Fusarium wilt in the Vernicia fordii (Tung tree)

Fig. 5. Expression of VfLRR-RLK gene family members. The heat map depicts expression profiles of VfLRR-RLKs in V. fordii (left) and V. montana (right) in response to Fusarium wilt at four infection stages: 0, uninfected stage; 1, 2 days after Fusarium wilt infection (dpi); 2, 8 dpi; 3, 13 dpi. F0–F3 indicated the expression of VfLRRRLKs in V. fordii during the infection stage (0, 1, 2, 3) by the pathogen Fusarium wilt; M0-M3 indicated the expression of VfLRR-RLKs in V. montana during the infection stage (0, 1, 2, 3) by the pathogen Fusarium wilt. The innermost circle represents 0, followed by 1, 2, and the outermost circle represents 3.

Fig. 4 in Deciphering the roles of leucine-rich repeat receptor-like protein kinases (LRR-RLKs) in response to Fusarium wilt in the Vernicia fordii (Tung tree)

Fig. 4. The similar expression patterns between duplicated VfLRR-RLK gene pairs during vegetative and reproductive development. Numbers on the x-axis indicate the following: seeds at 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30 weeks after flowering (WAF; 10_WAF, 15_WAF, 20_WAF, 25_WAF, and 30_WAF), male flowers at 30, 20, 10, and 1 days before flowering (X1-X4), female flowers at 30, 20, 10, and 1 days before flowering (C1–C4), young leaves, roots, stems, and hermaphrodite (CX).

Fig. 6 in Deciphering the roles of leucine-rich repeat receptor-like protein kinases (LRR-RLKs) in response to Fusarium wilt in the Vernicia fordii (Tung tree)

Fig. 6. The qRT-PCR experiments of four VfLRR-RLKs in response to Fusarium wilt. Black represents these VfLRR-RLKs in response to Fusarium wilt in V. fordii. Grey represents these VfLRR-RLKs in response to Fusarium wilt in V. montana. The numbers in the x-axis indicate the two stages of infection, as follows: 1, uninfected stage; 2, late stage of infection.

Fig. 3 in Deciphering the roles of leucine-rich repeat receptor-like protein kinases (LRR-RLKs) in response to Fusarium wilt in the Vernicia fordii (Tung tree)

Fig. 3. Collinearity relationships of LRR-RLKs in V. fordii and the other four Euphorbiaceae genomes. The chromosomes of different Euphorbiaceae species were depicted as blocks of different colors. Gene pairs with a syntenic relationship between different Euphorbiaceae species were connected by different colored lines. (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)

Fig. 1 in Deciphering the roles of leucine-rich repeat receptor-like protein kinases (LRR-RLKs) in response to Fusarium wilt in the Vernicia fordii (Tung tree)

Fig. 1. The maximum likelihood tree and synteny analysis among these five Euphorbiaceae genomes. All LRR-RLKs were divided into 22 groups and were distinguished by different colors. These different groups were determined and defined based on the A. thaliana homologs nomenclature within the same group (Shiu and Bleecker, 2001b). The synteny relationships between different Euphorbiaceae genomes were represented by different links. (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)

Fig. 2 in Deciphering the roles of leucine-rich repeat receptor-like protein kinases (LRR-RLKs) in response to Fusarium wilt in the Vernicia fordii (Tung tree)

Fig. 2. The circos figures for chromosome locations with segmental duplication links in M. esculenta (Me; green), H. brasiliensis (Hb; orange), J. curcas (Jc; yellow), R. communis (Rc; blue), and V. fordii (Vf; cyan). The different lines suggested segmented duplicated gene pairs among these five Euphorbiaceae genomes. All the collinearity pairs are represented by grey background. (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)

Fig. 6 in Bioactive chemical constituents from the seed testa of Vernicia fordii as potential neuroinflammatory inhibitors

Fig. 6. (A) The experimental ECD spectra of 6 and 7; (B) The experimental and calculated ECD spectra of 6; (C) The experimental and calculated ECD spectra of 8.

Fig. 9 in Bioactive chemical constituents from the seed testa of Vernicia fordii as potential neuroinflammatory inhibitors

Fig. 9. Effects of the bioactive components (9, 10, 16, and 18) on LPS-induced TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 overexpression in microglial cells. BV-2 microglial cells were pretreated with tested compounds (10 μM) for 2 h and then stimulated with LPS (100 ng/mL) for 24 h. Total RNA was isolated 4 h after LPS treatment and the mRNA levels of TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 were measured by qRT-PCR. Data are expressed as means ± SEM (n = 4). #P <0.001 compared with the untreated cells (control group); *P <0.05 compared with the cells treated with LPS alone (LPS group).

Fig. 8 in Bioactive chemical constituents from the seed testa of Vernicia fordii as potential neuroinflammatory inhibitors

Fig. 8. Effects of the extracts and bioactive compounds 3–5, 9–12, 15–17, 18, 21 and 23 on LPS-induced NO production in microglial cells. (A) Inhibitory effects of the extracts. (B) Inhibitory effects of the identified compounds 3–5, 9–12, 15–17, 18, 21 and 23. (BV-2 cells were treated with tested samples in the presence of LPS (100 ng/mL) for 24 h. NO production was tested by Griess reaction. Data are expressed as means ± SEM (n = 3). # P <0.05 compared with the control group, *P <0.05 compared with LPS group. YTK: 70% ethanol crude extract; YTK-1: petroleum ether extract; YTK-2: ethyl acetate extract; YTK-3: n-butanol extract; Mino: minocycline using as positive control).

Fig. 2 in Potential inhibitors of microglial activation from the roots of Vernicia montana Lour

Fig. 2. The structures of compounds 1–38 isolated from the roots of V. montana.

Fig. 5 in Potential inhibitors of microglial activation from the roots of Vernicia montana Lour

Fig. 5. The key NOESY correlations of 1, 2, 12–14 (double-headed arrows).

Fig. 1 in Potential inhibitors of microglial activation from the roots of Vernicia montana Lour

Fig. 1. Analysis of chemical constituents of different parts of Vernicia genus.

Fig. 7 in Bioactive chemical constituents from the seed testa of Vernicia fordii as potential neuroinflammatory inhibitors

Fig. 7. Plausible biosynthesis pathways of the identified lignans 1–22.

Fig. 3 in Bioactive chemical constituents from the seed testa of Vernicia fordii as potential neuroinflammatory inhibitors

Fig. 3. The key HMBC correlations (↷) of compounds 1–8.