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27 results for “Waders”
Fig. 1 in The Plasticity And Morphofunctional Organization Of The Digestive System Of Waders (Charadrii) As Migrants
Fig. 1. The esophagus wall Tringa ochropus, cross cut, caudal section. Histopreparation (hematoxylin and eosin, х100). 1 — folds; 2 — epithelial layer; 3 — esophageal glands; 4 — muscle plate; 5 — submucosal basis; 6 — muscle (а — inner longitudinal layer; b — outer circle layer); 7 — layers of connective tissue.
Fig. 5 in The Plasticity And Morphofunctional Organization Of The Digestive System Of Waders (Charadrii) As Migrants
Fig. 5. The wall of the cecum Philomachus pugnax, the area of the body, cross cut. Histopreparation (hematoxylin and eosin, х100). 1 — mucosal plates; 2 — crypt; 3 — lymphoid tissue; 4 — submucosal basis; 5 — muscle.
Fig. 4 in The Plasticity And Morphofunctional Organization Of The Digestive System Of Waders (Charadrii) As Migrants
Fig. 4. Crypt in the wall of the duodenum Tringa nebularia, cross cut. Histopreparation (hematoxylin and eosin, ×250). 1 — crypt; 2 — corpuscle enterocytes; 3 — alveolar extension of the bottom part of the crypt; 4 — separate muscle cell myocytes; 5 — submucosal basis; 6 — muscle (а — inner longitudinal layer; b — outer circle layer); 7 — gray serum.
Fig. 3 in The Plasticity And Morphofunctional Organization Of The Digestive System Of Waders (Charadrii) As Migrants
Fig. 3. The wall of the jejunum Calidris ferruginea, cross cut, cranial section. Histopreparation (hematoxylin and eosin, х100). 1 — plates of the mucous, located zigzag; 2 — goblet cells; 3 — intestinal crypt; 4 — muscle.
Fig. 2 in The Plasticity And Morphofunctional Organization Of The Digestive System Of Waders (Charadrii) As Migrants
Fig. 2. The wall of the muscular stomach Tringa nebularia cross cut. Histopreparation (hematoxylin and eosin, х40). 1 — cuticle, 2 — tubular glands; 3 — muscle (а — inner longitudinal layer; b — outer thick circle layer); 4 — layers of connective tissue; 5 — blood vessels,
Fig. 6 in The Plasticity And Morphofunctional Organization Of The Digestive System Of Waders (Charadrii) As Migrants
Fig. 6. The wall of the rectum Tringa glareola, cross cut, cranial section. Histopreparation (hematoxylin and eosin, ×100). 1 — fold of the wall; 2 — mucosal plates; 3 — crypt; 4 — muscle plate; 5 — submucosal basis; 6 — muscle (а — inner circle layer; б — outer longitudinal layer).
Fig. 1 in On The Diet And Foraging Strategy Of Tundra Waders At Sivash
Fig. 1. Map of monitoring areas (shown in circles) where the observations of the wader foraging behaviour were taken.
Count data, spatial data, environmental data - Dee Estuary Waders 1970-2020
<p>Combined raw ecological field data, WeBS data, and environmental data used to investigate the spatio-temporal drivers of wader community on the Dee estuary (UK).</p>
Predicting the breeding distribution of wader species across climatic and environmental gradients
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Data from: Do ditch-side electrical fences improve the breeding productivity of ground-nesting waders?
<p class="MsoNormal">I<span>nsufficient reproduction as a consequence of predation on eggs and chicks is a major determinant of population decline in ground-nesting birds, including waders. For many populations, there is an urgent need to maintain breeding populations at key sites, and conservation practitioners need to find viable management solutions to reduce predation.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal">One tool available to the practitioner are fences that exclude key predators from areas containing breeding birds. Temporary electric fencing is an increasingly popular predator exclusion intervention, but such fences have costs associated with purchase and the time needed to erect and maintain them. Their effectiveness and optimal application are also frequently questioned.</p> <p class="MsoNormal">We evaluate the use of temporary ditch-side four-strand electric fences in lowland grasslands in two countries, The Netherlands and England, in areas containing high densities of breeding waders.</p> <p class="MsoNormal">In both countries and in all years, godwit and lapwing nest survival was significantly higher within areas enclosed by ditch-side electric fences. Brood survival, assessed for godwits in The Netherlands, was also higher within fenced areas in all years. This demonstrates that using temporary electric fences to enclose ground-nesting birds can be an effective tool for improving breeding productivity.</p> <p class="MsoNormal">In our study, closely managed electric fences were effective at excluding red foxes <em>Vulpes vulpes</em>, but not avian and other mammalian predators. The positive effect that electric fencing had on nest and brood survival therefore likely results from a reduction in the total number of visits by mammalian predators, and especially visits by foxes.</p> <p class="MsoNormal">Although it requires a substantial time investment throughout the period of use, our temporary electric fence design provides flexibility compared to other fence designs when it comes to enclosing different areas within a season and between years, as the targets for protection change or as land and flood management dictate. <span>This conservation intervention can help buy the time required to develop and implement longer term solutions for application at larger scales.</span></p>
Invertebrate communities across wader habitats in Europe
<p>Grassland breeding waders have been steadily declining across Europe. Recent studies indicating a dramatic decline in grassland invertebrates' abundance and biomass, the key food of most grassland wader chicks, suggest a likely driver of the demise of waders. While agricultural intensification is generally inferred as the main cause for arthropod decline, there is surprisingly little information on the relationship between land use intensity and total arthropod abundance in grasslands. Here, we explored those relationships across several key wader breeding habitats by surveying ground-active, aerial and soil-dwelling invertebrate communities in five European countries that range from natural undisturbed bogs to intensively managed grasslands. Using maximum vegetation growth and soil moisture content, we investigated how they shape the size of the invertebrate community within and across different countries. We found predominantly positive relationships between grassland invertebrate abundance, biomass and body weight with increasing vegetation growth and soil moisture. Maximum vegetation growth was strongly positively related to ground-active invertebrate abundance and biomass and abundance of soil-dwelling invertebrates (mainly earthworms). Body weight of aerial invertebrates furthermore increased with increasing maximum vegetation growth. Our results provide little support for the hypothesis that agricultural practices associated with intensification of grassland management result in an abundance decline of invertebrate prey for wader chicks. Conservation practices aiming to enhance wader chick survival require a careful balancing act between maintaining habitat productivity to secure high prey abundance and keeping productivity low enough to maintain open swards that do not need to be cut before chicks have fledged.</p>
Wader breeding densities across European habitats
<div> <p>Wading birds can be found breeding in a myriad of habitats and ecosystems across Europe that vary widely in their land-use intensity. Over the past few decades, wader breeding populations have declined steeply in habitats ranging from natural undisturbed ecosystems to intensively managed farmland. Most conservation science has focused on factors determining local population size and trends which leave cross-continental patterns and the associated consequences for large-scale conservation strategies unexplored. Here, we review the key factors underlying population decline. We find land-use intensification in western Europe and mostly agricultural extensification and abandonment in northern, central and eastern Europe to be important drivers. Additionally, predation seems to have increased throughout the breeding range and across all habitats. Using collected breeding density data from published and grey literature, we explore habitat specificity of wader species and, of the most widely distributed species, how breeding densities change across a land-use intensity gradient. We found that two-thirds of all examined wader species have relatively narrow breeding habitat preferences, mostly in natural and undisturbed ecosystems, while the remaining species occurred in most or all habitats. The most widespread generalist species (black-tailed godwit, northern lapwing, common redshank, Eurasian oystercatcher, common snipe and ruff) demonstrated peak breeding densities at different positions along the land-use intensity gradient. To conserve both diverse wader communities and viable meta-populations of species, a diversity of habitats should be targeted ranging in land-use intensity from natural ecosystems to medium-intensity farmland. Alongside, strategies should be designed to moderate predation of wader clutches and chicks.</p> </div>
Landscape context influences efficacy of protected areas and agri-environment scheme delivery for breeding waders
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Data from: Do ditch-side electrical fences improve the breeding productivity of ground-nesting waders?
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Data from: Serenade of a Whimbrel: Understanding the function of display behaviour in a sub-Arctic territorial wader
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Invertebrate communities across wader habitats in Europe
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Wader breeding densities across European habitats
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Data from: Predation and nutrients drive population declines in breeding waders
Allee effects are defined as a decline in per capita fitness at low population density. We hypothesized that predation reduces population size of breeding waders and thereby the efficiency of predator deterrence, while total nitrogen through its effects on primary and secondary productivity increases population size. Therefore, nest predation could have negative consequences for population size because nest failure generally results in breeding dispersal and hence reduced local population density. To test these predictions we recorded nest predation in five species of waders for 4745 nests during 1987-2015 at the nature reserve Tipperne, Denmark. Predation rates were generally negatively related to conspecific and heterospecific population density, but positively related to overall population density of the entire wader community. Nest predation and population density were related to ground water level, management (grazing and mowing) and nutrients. High nest predation with a time lag of one year resulted in low overall breeding population density, while high nutrient levels resulted in higher population density. These two factors accounted for 86% of the variance in population size, presumably due to effects of nest predation on emigration, while nutrient levels increased the level of vegetation cover and the abundance of food in the surrounding brackish water. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that predation may reduce population density through negative density-dependence, while total nitrogen at adjacent shallow water may increase population size. Nest predation rates were reduced by high ground water level in March, grazing by cattle and mowing that affected access to and susceptibility of nests to predators. These effects can be managed to benefit breeding waders.
Data from: Multiple components of environmental change drive populations of breeding waders in seminatural grasslands
Environments are rapidly changing due to climate change, land-use, intensive agriculture and the impact of hunting on predator populations. Here we analysed long-term data recorded during 1928-2014 on the size of breeding populations of waders at two large nature reserves in Denmark, Vejlerne and Tipperne, to determine the effects of components of environmental change on breeding populations of waders. Waders are closely associated with coastal marshes and meadows, and such habitats have been reduced extensively during the last century with negative impacts on population trends of waterbirds. Environmental variables and counts of waders were temporally autocorrelated, and hence we used Generalized Least Square (GLS) by incorporating the first order autoregressive correlation structure in the analyses. We attempted to predict the abundance of waders for short-term trends for two nature reserves (35 years) and for long-term trends for one nature reserve (86 years), using precipitation, temperature, nutrients, abundance of foxes Vulpes vulpes, area grazed and number of cattle all standardized to a mean = 0 and SD = 1). There was evidence of impacts of nutrients, climate (long-term changes in temperature and precipitation), grazing, mowing and predation on bird populations. We used standard random effects meta-analyses weighted by (N – 3) to quantify these mean effects. There was no significant difference in effect size among species, while mean effect size differed consistently among environmental factors, and the interaction between effect size for species and environmental factors was also significant. Thus, environmental factors affected the different species differently. Mean effect size was the largest at +0.20 for rain, +0.11 for temperature, -0.09 for fox abundance and -0.03 for number of cattle, while there was no significant mean effect for fertilizer, area grazed and year. The negative impact of number of cattle on abundance of waders implied that a management tool actually had a significant negative impact on the population. Effect sizes for two short-term time series from Tipperne and Vejlerne were positively correlated as were effect sizes for short-term and long-term time series at Tipperne. This implies that environmental factors had consistent effects across large temporal and spatial scales.
Data from: Multiple components of environmental change drive populations of breeding waders in seminatural grasslands
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