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Fig. 3 in Molecular characterization of the re-emerging West Nile virus in avian species and equids in Israel, 2018, and pathological description of the disease

Fig. 3 Brain histopathology of WNV-infected horses. Perivascular cuffs composed of lymphocytes and plasma cells in the brain of two horses, characteristic of viral encephalitis (marked by arrows). a Horse no. Eq111 (324085). b Horse no. Eq117 (325903). 100× magnification

Fig. 2 in Molecular characterization of the re-emerging West Nile virus in avian species and equids in Israel, 2018, and pathological description of the disease

Fig. 2 Brain histopathology of WNV-infected long-eared owl (Asio otus) AV156. a A glial nodule in the brain stem (marked by an arrow). 100× magnification. b A glial nodule in the brain stem with few adjacent necrotic neurons, 400× magnification

Fig. 4 in Molecular characterization of the re-emerging West Nile virus in avian species and equids in Israel, 2018, and pathological description of the disease

Fig. 4 Replication of yellow-legged seagull-derived WNV in Vero and C6/36 cells. Cytopathic effect (left) was observed after one passage in both cell lines. The control cells (right) were grown under the same conditions. Scale-bars: 100 µM

Fig. 5 in Molecular characterization of the re-emerging West Nile virus in avian species and equids in Israel, 2018, and pathological description of the disease

Fig. 5 Phylogenetic analysis of West Nile viruses (WNVs) from avian and equine hosts studied in Israel during 2016 and 2018. The analysis was conducted on a nucleotide sequence of the genes encoding the capsid, pre-membrane protein, and membrane protein, using the neighbor-joining method implemented in MEGA X software. The robustness of branching pattern was tested by 1000 bootstrap replications. The rates among sites algorithm used was gamma distribution with invariant sites (G+I). The bar denotes 0.02 nucleotide substitutions per site. Lineage 1 and 2 reference strains are present with country and year of isolation. The GenBank annotated sequences are underlined and the sequences obtained in this study (during 2016 and 2018) are marked with rectangles

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Data from: Drought and immunity determine the intensity of West Nile virus epidemics and climate change impacts

The effect of global climate change on infectious disease remains hotly debated because multiple extrinsic and intrinsic drivers interact to influence transmission dynamics in nonlinear ways. The dominant drivers of widespread pathogens, like West Nile virus, can be challenging to identify due to regional variability in vector and host ecology, with past studies producing disparate findings. Here, we used analyses at national and state scales to examine a suite of climatic and intrinsic drivers of continental-scale West Nile virus epidemics, including an empirically derived mechanistic relationship between temperature and transmission potential that accounts for spatial variability in vectors. We found that drought was the primary climatic driver of increased West Nile virus epidemics, rather than within-season or winter temperatures, or precipitation independently. Local-scale data from one region suggested drought increased epidemics via changes in mosquito infection prevalence rather than mosquito abundance. In addition, human acquired immunity following regional epidemics limited subsequent transmission in many states. We show that over the next 30 years, increased drought severity from climate change could triple West Nile virus cases, but only in regions with low human immunity. These results illustrate how changes in drought severity can alter the transmission dynamics of vector-borne diseases.

Fig. 1 in Molecular characterization of the re-emerging West Nile virus in avian species and equids in Israel, 2018, and pathological description of the disease

Fig. 1 Meningeal and brain tissue hemorrhages in WNV-infected long eared owl (Asio otus) AV156

Table 2 in Molecular characterization of the re-emerging West Nile virus in avian species and equids in Israel, 2018, and pathological description of the disease

<p><b>Table 2</b> Pathological findings and calculated viral genome copies of WNV-positive avian species</p><table><thead><tr><th>Bird no.</th><th>Species</th><th>Common name</th><th>Sequencing</th><th>Isolation</th><th>Tissues tested and calculated target copies per reaction</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th>AV148</th><td><i>Larus michahellis</i></td><td>Yellow legged seagull</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>Cloacal swab: 5.8×10 6; brain: 2.8×10 6; kidney: 1.2×10 7</td></tr><tr><th>AV152</th><td><i>Anser anser</i></td><td>Domesticated goose</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>Cloacal swab:9.7×10 5; brain 3.3× 10 5; kidney: 4700; eye swab: 1.3× 10 6</td></tr><tr><th>AV153</th><td><i>Anser anser</i></td><td>Domesticated goose</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>Cloacal swab: 6.8×10 5; brain: 1.2×10 7; viscera: 6.8× 10 5</td></tr><tr><th>AV156</th><td><i>Asio otus</i></td><td>Long eared owl</td><td>Yes</td><td>No</td><td>Cloacal swab: 6.8×10 5; brain: 2.6×10 4; viscera: 4.9× 10 7</td></tr><tr><th>AV157</th><td><i>Asio otus</i></td><td>Long eared owl</td><td>Yes</td><td>No</td><td>Cloacal swab: 6.8×10 5; brain: 5800; kidney: 360; eye swab: 50</td></tr><tr><th>AV169</th><td><i>Corvus cornix</i></td><td>Hooded crow</td><td>Yes</td><td>No</td><td>Cloacal swab: 4700; blood: 1100</td></tr><tr><th>AV178</th><td><i>Phasianus colchicus</i></td><td>Common pheasant</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>Brain: 4700</td></tr><tr><th>1459</th><td><i>Corvus cornix</i></td><td>Hooded crow</td><td>Yes</td><td>No</td><td>Cloacal swab: 2300</td></tr><tr><th>1505</th><td><i>Corvus cornix</i></td><td>Hooded crow</td><td>Yes</td><td>No</td><td>Brain: 4700</td></tr><tr><th>1514</th><td><i>Corvus cornix</i></td><td>Hooded crow</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>Brain: 9.9× 10 7</td></tr></tbody></table>

Table 1 in Molecular characterization of the re-emerging West Nile virus in avian species and equids in Israel, 2018, and pathological description of the disease

<p><b>Table 1</b> Details of the examined WNV-positive avian species</p><table><thead><tr><th>Bird no.</th><th>Species</th><th>Date</th><th>Neurological signs</th><th>Intracranial haemorrhages</th><th>Location</th><th>Comments</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th>AV148</th><td><i>Larus michahellis</i>, yellow legged seagull</td><td>18 July 2018</td><td>Unknown</td><td>+</td><td>Tel-Aviv</td><td>Found dead</td></tr><tr><th>AV152</th><td><i>Anser anser domesticus</i>, domesticated goose</td><td>18 July 2018</td><td>+</td><td>+</td><td>Burgata a</td><td>Found dead in petting zoo</td></tr><tr><th>AV153</th><td><i>Anser anser domesticus</i>, domesticated goose</td><td>18 July 2018</td><td>Unknown</td><td>+</td><td>Burgata a</td><td>Found dead in petting zoo</td></tr><tr><th>AV156</th><td><i>Asio otus</i>, long eared owl</td><td>18 July 2018</td><td>Unknown</td><td>+</td><td>Hadid</td><td>Hospitalized and died</td></tr><tr><th>AV157</th><td><i>Asio otus</i>, long eared owl</td><td>18 July 2018</td><td>Unknown</td><td>+</td><td>Ramat Razi’el</td><td>Found dead</td></tr><tr><th>AV169</th><td><i>Corvus cornix</i>, hooded crow</td><td>18 August 2018</td><td>+</td><td>Unknown</td><td>Rishon Letzion</td><td>Found neurological and died within 24 h</td></tr><tr><th>AV178</th><td><i>Phasianus colchicus</i>, common pheasant</td><td>18 August 2018</td><td>Unknown</td><td>+</td><td>Burgata a</td><td>Found dead in petting zoo</td></tr><tr><th>1459</th><td><i>Corvus cornix</i>, hooded crow</td><td>18 October 2018</td><td>−</td><td>Unknown</td><td>Tel-Aviv</td><td>Healthy bird in quarantine</td></tr><tr><th>1505</th><td><i>Corvus cornix</i>, hooded crow</td><td>18 October 2018</td><td>Unknown</td><td>+</td><td>Tel-Aviv</td><td>Found dead</td></tr><tr><th>1514</th><td><i>Corvus cornix</i>, hooded crow</td><td>18 October 2018</td><td>+</td><td>Unknown</td><td>Tel-Aviv</td><td>Found sick, died in hospital</td></tr></tbody></table><p><sup>a</sup> Same petting zoo</p><p><i>KEy</i>: +, characteristic WNF neurological signs observed;−, no characteristic WNF neurological signs observed</p>

Table 3 in Molecular characterization of the re-emerging West Nile virus in avian species and equids in Israel, 2018, and pathological description of the disease

<p><b>Table 3</b> Details and calculated viral genome copies of WNF-positive equids</p><table><thead><tr><th>Animal no.</th><th>Species</th><th>Date</th><th>Location</th><th>Tissues tested and calculated target copies per reaction</th><th>Comments</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th>Eq111 324085</th><td>Horse 1 (2-years-old)</td><td>18 June 2018</td><td>Kfar Shmu’el</td><td>Spleen: negative; brain: 2290</td><td>Euthanized</td></tr><tr><th>Eq115 325209</th><td>Donkey 1 (30-years-old)</td><td>18 July 2018</td><td>Gan Yoshyia</td><td>Brain: 550; spinal cord, CSF,spleen: all negative</td><td>Euthanized</td></tr><tr><th>Eq117 325903</th><td>Horse 2 (11-years-old)</td><td>18 July 2018</td><td>Kfar Truman</td><td>Cerebellum: 550; medulla: 4670; cervical spinal cord: 1990; thoracic spinal cord: 310;lumbar spinal cord: 680; spleen: negative; serum: negative</td><td>Euthanized</td></tr><tr><th>Eq142 333326</th><td>Horse 3 (20- years-old)</td><td>18 October 2018</td><td>Kfar Sirkin</td><td>NS2A probe: cerebellum: 4000; medulla: 56,400</td><td>Euthanized</td></tr></tbody></table>