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24 results for “Western toad”
Fig. 1 in Seasonal Diet Differences Of The Common Toad Bufo Bufo (Linnaeus, 1758) In Ukrainian Roztochia (Western Ukraine)
Fig. 1. Sampling sites in Ukrainian Roztochia: - Roztochia Nature Reserve (49.913734, 23.759444), - Yavorivskyi National Nature Park (49.974459, 23.820374), - location of Ukrainian Roztochia.
Fig. 2 in Seasonal Diet Differences Of The Common Toad Bufo Bufo (Linnaeus, 1758) In Ukrainian Roztochia (Western Ukraine)
Fig. 2. Seasonal composition of herpetobiotic invertebrate taxa in the forest research area of Ukrainian Roztochia.
Population genetics for conservation of spadefoot toads, Pelobates fuscus, in Western and Central Europe
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Data from: Temporal population genetic instability in range edge Western Toads, Anaxyrus boreas
In this article, we address the temporal stability of population genetic structure in a range-edge population that is undergoing continual, short-distance colonization events. We sampled western toad, Anaxyrus boreas, breeding populations over 2 seasons near their northern range limit in southeast Alaska. We sampled 20 ponds each during the summers of 2008 and 2009, with 14 ponds sampled in both summers. We found considerable turnover in the population genetic relationships among ponds in those 2 seasons, as well as biologically meaningful genetic differentiation between years within some ponds. We found relatively consistent relationships between major population centers, whereas the relationships between the central ponds and smaller, outlying populations differed year to year. This finding indicates that multiple years of genetic sampling may be important for understanding the genetic landscape of some populations.
FIGURE 1 in A diamond in the rough desert shrublands of the Great Basin in the Western United States: A new cryptic toad species (Amphibia: Bufonidae: Bufo (Anaxyrus)) discovered in Northern Nevada
FIGURE 1. Sampling localities of populations included for morphological (a) and DNA (b) collections within the hydrological Great Basin and surrounding states. a) Colors indicate species-specific populations measured for morphological analysis. b) Colors correspond with localized species and B. boreas colors correspond with major mtDNA haplotype clades (ONV- Oregon- NW Nevada (yellow), HL-Humboldt-Lahontan (blue), M-Mojave (aqua)) identified in Tracy et al. (in progress) molecular study of B. boreas diversity. Maps created using ArcGIS software by ESRI (2011: Release 10).
FIGURE 5 in A diamond in the rough desert shrublands of the Great Basin in the Western United States: A new cryptic toad species (Amphibia: Bufonidae: Bufo (Anaxyrus)) discovered in Northern Nevada
FIGURE 5. Discriminant function analysis (DFA). Cross validated DFA using 14 size corrected morphological characters measured from 380 live adult toads (Fig. 1a) examined within the hydrological Great Basin Bufo (Anaxyrus) boreas species complex. Species identified as B. boreas (red circle), B. nelsoni (blue diamond), B. exsul (green circle), and B. williamsi (yellow square).
FIGURE 4 in A diamond in the rough desert shrublands of the Great Basin in the Western United States: A new cryptic toad species (Amphibia: Bufonidae: Bufo (Anaxyrus)) discovered in Northern Nevada
FIGURE 4. Photographs of Bufo (Anaxyrus) williamsi sp. nov. holotype (CAS 259271). Adult male toad presented live: (a) dorsal view and (b) ventral view; and preserved: (c) dorsal view and (d) ventral view. Photographs taken by M.R.Gordon.
FIGURE 3 in A diamond in the rough desert shrublands of the Great Basin in the Western United States: A new cryptic toad species (Amphibia: Bufonidae: Bufo (Anaxyrus)) discovered in Northern Nevada
FIGURE 3. Molecular examination of Bufo (Anaxyrus) boreas species complex.The TCS haplotype network was constructed using 246 sequences (1622 aligned sites) obtained from toad sampling (Fig.1b) resulting in 72 unique haplotypes, with circle sizes corresponding with the number of individuals of a particular haplotype. Haplotype colors correspond geographically (Fig. 1b) and to localized species (B. canorus (purple), B. exsul (green) and B. nelsoni (orange)) and highlight the genetic divergence of B. williamsi (red). The condensed phylogeny identifying Great Basin Bufo (Anaxyrus) boreas species complex major haplotype clades: maximum likelihood of 10 samples (1436 aligned sites) using GTR +G+I evolutionary model. The terminals are identified by taxon name and followed by locality of collection for B. boreas. Bufo williamsi, noted with a red circle, is sister to boreas of the HL clade. Heavy bars correspond with major haplotype clades.
FIGURE 2 in A diamond in the rough desert shrublands of the Great Basin in the Western United States: A new cryptic toad species (Amphibia: Bufonidae: Bufo (Anaxyrus)) discovered in Northern Nevada
FIGURE 2. Bufo (Anaxyrus) boreas species complex distribution. a) Bufo (Anaxyrus) boreas distribution (shown in brown) across the Western United States with hydrological Great Basin shown with black outline and hash mark interior; b) Bufo (Anaxyrus) boreas species complex and ranges for toads including new species, illustrating the narrow distribution of localized endemics. Spatial data for all toads except B. williamsi provided by IUCN (2015). Images taken by M.R.Gordon except B. canorus with photo credit to G. Nafis.
FIGURE 6 in A diamond in the rough desert shrublands of the Great Basin in the Western United States: A new cryptic toad species (Amphibia: Bufonidae: Bufo (Anaxyrus)) discovered in Northern Nevada
FIGURE 6. Major and minor groups identified: Bayesian inference phylogenetic tree constructed from analyses from unique haplotype sequences of 1622bp fragment of the control region of the mitochondrial genome (Fig. 1b; n = 308). Posterior probabilities are shown. Haplotype number (n = 72) and sampling locality comprise terminal ends of tree and two haplotypes of the root are shown. Minor groups include localized species: Bufo (Anaxyrus) nelsoni (green), B. exsul (orange), B. canorus (purple), B. williamsi (red) and undescribed divergent species (black). Large bars identify major groups, which include populations of B. boreas, sampled within the hydrological Great Basin (Fig. 1b).
FIG. 7 in Two New Cryptic Endemic Toads of Bufo Discovered in Central Nevada, Western United States (Amphibia: Bufonidae: Bufo [Anaxyrus])
FIG. 7. Photographs of Bufo (Anaxyrus) monfontanus, new species, holotype (CAS 259273). Male toad in life: (A) dorsal view and (B) ventral view; and in preservative: (C) dorsal view and (D) ventral view. Photographs taken by M. R. Gordon.
FIG. 4 in Two New Cryptic Endemic Toads of Bufo Discovered in Central Nevada, Western United States (Amphibia: Bufonidae: Bufo [Anaxyrus])
FIG. 4. Molecular phylogenetic reconstruction of region-wide B. boreas species complex diversity. Tree reconstruction included sequence data (Table 3) from B. boreas outside the Great Basin to evaluate the relationships between toads from Hot Creek and Railroad Valley and Utah and Colorado toads using the maximum likelihood method. Minor and major groups identified. Terminal ends include haplotype number and locality of collection. Sequences of B. boreas from outside the Great Basin (Table 3) include this taxon name within terminal end identifier. Minor groups include localized species within the Great Basin: B. nelsoni (green), B. exsul (orange), B. canorus (purple), B. williamsi (red), and newly delimited species, B. monfontanus (mauve) and B. nevadensis (pink), of the major group identified as the Eastern Great Basin clade (black bar). Two haplotypes of the root are shown. See Data Accessibility for tree file.
FIG. 5 in Two New Cryptic Endemic Toads of Bufo Discovered in Central Nevada, Western United States (Amphibia: Bufonidae: Bufo [Anaxyrus])
FIG. 5. Distribution of B. boreas and Great Basin B. boreas species complex. (A) The range-wide distribution of Bufo boreas shown in brown with hydrologic Great Basin outlined in black and hash mark interior within the western United States (Gordon et al., 2017). (B) Bufo boreas species complex and new species shown within hydrologic Great Basin, illustrating the small ranges of localized endemics. Spatial data for all toads except B. williamsi, B. nevadensis, and B. monfontanus provided by IUCN (2015). Images taken by M. R. Gordon except B. canorus, with photo credit to G. Nafis.
FIG. 2 in Two New Cryptic Endemic Toads of Bufo Discovered in Central Nevada, Western United States (Amphibia: Bufonidae: Bufo [Anaxyrus])
FIG. 2. Discriminant function analysis (DFA). Cross validated DFA using 14 size-corrected morphological characters measured from 518 live adult toads (Fig. 1A) examined within the hydrological Great Basin B. boreas species complex. Species identified as B. boreas (red), B. nelsoni (brown), B. exsul (dark green), B. williamsi (light blue), B. nevadensis (light green), and B. monfontanus (dark blue).
FIG. 3 in Two New Cryptic Endemic Toads of Bufo Discovered in Central Nevada, Western United States (Amphibia: Bufonidae: Bufo [Anaxyrus])
FIG. 3. Molecular examination of B. boreas species complex. (A) The TCS haplotype network was constructed using 257 sequences (1,622 bp) obtained from toad sampling (Fig. 1B) resulting in 62 unique haplotypes. Circle sizes correspond with the number of individuals of a particular haplotype. Major haplotype clades identified within B. boreas (W–Western Great Basin [yellow], HL–Humboldt-Lahontan [blue], and S–Mojave [aqua]) and to localized species (B. canorus [purple], B. exsul [tan], B. nelsoni [orange], B. williamsi [red]) and highlight the genetic divergence of both B. nevadensis (mauve) and B. monfontanus (brown). (B) Maximum likelihood tree derived from the control region of mitochondrial genome. Branches corresponding to partitions reproduced in less than 50% bootstrap replicates are collapsed. The percentage of replicate trees in which the associated taxa clustered together in the bootstrap test (500 replicates) are shown next to the branches (Felsenstein, 1985). See Data Accessibility for tree file.
Data from: Temporal population genetic instability in range edge Western Toads, Anaxyrus boreas
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Figure 3 in 'On the rocks': reproductive biology of the endemic toad Xanthophryne (Anura: Bufonidae) from the Western Ghats, India
Figure 3. Xanthophryne male advertisement calls. Macrotemoporal structure of advertisement call of Xanthophryne koynayensis (a) and Xanthophryne tigerina (e). Microtemporal call structure of X. koynayensis (b, c) and X. tigerina (f, g) of a single advertisement call. Power spectrum showing the distribution of energy in a call of X. koynayensis (d) and X. tigerina (h).
Figure 2 in 'On the rocks': reproductive biology of the endemic toad Xanthophryne (Anura: Bufonidae) from the Western Ghats, India
Figure 2. Xanthophryne tigerina breeding sequence. (a) A typical breeding habitat; (b) a calling male perched on a boulder; (c) a mating ball; (d) a pair in amplexus. Size bar = 5 mm.
Figure 1 in 'On the rocks': reproductive biology of the endemic toad Xanthophryne (Anura: Bufonidae) from the Western Ghats, India
Figure 1. Map showing type localities and study sites of Xanthophryne koynayensis (white star) at Koyna and Xanthophryne tigerina (white circle) at Amboli, Maharashtra, India.
Figure 4 in 'On the rocks': reproductive biology of the endemic toad Xanthophryne (Anura: Bufonidae) from the Western Ghats, India
Figure 4. Larval development of Xanthophryne tigerina. (a) A shallow pool in a depression on a boulder serves as the larval habitat; (b) eggs laid in a pool on a lateritic boulder; (c) hatchlings; (d) growing tadpoles scraping on the surface of an egg laid during the second breeding bout; (e) tadpoles at different developmental stages; (f) a metamorphosed toadlet.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
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DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.