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24 results for “White Shark”
Satellite tracking data of white sharks in the southwest Indian Ocean (2012-2014)
<p>These data comprise locations and individual metadata from 34 white sharks (<em>Carcharodon carcharias</em>) instrumented March-May 2012 with telemetry devices along the coast of South Africa. These devices were SPOT5 transmitters (SPOT-257, SPOT-258; Wildlife Computers) which transmit locations via ARGOS CLS. All research methods were approved and conducted under the South African Department of Environmental Affairs: Oceans and Coasts permitting authority.</p> <p>This dataset is linked to the manuscript Kock et al. 2021 "Sex and size influence the spatiotemporal distribution of white sharks, with implications for interactions with fisheries and spatial management in the southwest Indian Ocean".</p> <p>The data are structured in long format, so that each row in the dataset represents an observation. The columns in the data are as follows.</p> <p>DeployID: This a factor variable identifying each individual shark. It has 34 levels.</p> <p>SPOT: This is a numeric variable identifying the tag number unique to each shark.</p> <p>Date: This is a date variable (POSIXct) that gives the date and time of a geographic location record in UTC time.</p> <p>Type: This is a character variable identifying the type of location record.</p> <p>Quality: This is a character variable made up of numbers and letters giving the location error associated with each location as provided by ARGOS.</p> <p>Latitude: This is a numeric variable and gives the latitude of the shark at the time of each record.</p> <p>Longitude: This is a numeric variable and gives the longitude of the shark at the time of each record.</p> <p>Area_tagged: This is a character variable that gives the area where the shark was tagged.</p> <p>Sex: This is a character variable identifying the sex of the shark, either "F" or "M" for female and male.</p> <p>TL: This is a numeric variable giving the total length of the shark in centimetres.</p> <p>Maturity: This is a character variable giving the maturity of the shark based on its total length following Malcolm et al. 2001: juveniles (male and female: 175-300 cm TL), sub-adults (male: >300-360 cm TL; females: >300-480 cm TL) and adults (male: >360 cm TL; female: >480 cm TL).</p> <p> </p>
Data from: Estimation of regional annual abundance and evidence for increasing numbers of white sharks off central California
<p>Raw data consisting of individual identification photographs of white sharks (Carcharodon carcharias) and data table with corresponding metadata. These data support PhD thesis of Paul E. Kanive entitled "VITAL RATES, ANNUAL ABUNDANCE, AND MOVEMENT OF WHITE SHARKS IN THE NORTHEASTERN PACIFIC" and peer-reviewed manuscript "Estimation of regional annual abundance and evidence for increasing numbers of white sharks off central California."</p>
Text-fig. 11. Permian ichthyofaunas from the French Massif Central. Preliminary comparisons based on total accounts of individuals (see text for explanations). Sharks in green, Acanthodes sp. in yellow, Actinopterygians in blue, Dipnoi in white (not visible but present at Autun; see Tab. 1 for details). Each circle is proportional to the total number of specimens recovered. Permian outcrops in black. Hercynian basement indicated by vertical lines. Map modified from Gand and Durand (2006). in New Actinopterygians From The Permian Of The Brive Basin, And The Ichthyofaunas Of The French Massif Central
Text-fig. 11. Permian ichthyofaunas from the French Massif Central. Preliminary comparisons based on total accounts of individuals (see text for explanations). Sharks in green, Acanthodes sp. in yellow, Actinopterygians in blue, Dipnoi in white (not visible but present at Autun; see Tab. 1 for details). Each circle is proportional to the total number of specimens recovered. Permian outcrops in black. Hercynian basement indicated by vertical lines. Map modified from Gand and Durand (2006).
FIGURE 2 in White shark comparison reveals a slender body for the extinct megatooth shark, Otodus megalodon (Lamniformes: Otodontidae)
FIGURE 2. The distribution of vertebral diameters throughout each vertebral column, where vertebral number '1' represents the anterior-most centrum in each specimen. A, Graph based on Cooper et al.'s (2022) Data S1 for the vertebral column of †Otodus megalodon from the Miocene of Belgium (IRSNB P 9893), where the vertebral column is most certainly incomplete and the vertebral numbers do not necessarily reflect the original anatomical sequence (grey plots represent significantly damaged vertebrae). B, Graph based on CT-scanned data of an extant white shark (Carcharodon carcharias) specimen (LACM 43805-1), where the vertebral column is complete and the vertebral numbers reflect the anatomical sequence.
FIGURE A1 in White shark comparison reveals a slender body for the extinct megatooth shark, Otodus megalodon (Lamniformes: Otodontidae)
FIGURE A1. Photographic (*) and CT (**) images of cranial region of 187-cm-TL male extant bigeye thresher (Alopias superciliosus: UF 160188) caught off Florida, USA, demonstrating hypercalcified rostral cartilage in the species. Top, ventral view*; middle, ventral view**; bottom, left lateral view **. Note that the same hypercalcification is also present in another specimen of A. superciliosus (UF 178509: 201-cm-TL male caught off Florida). Scale bar = 10 cm.
FIGURE 1 in White shark comparison reveals a slender body for the extinct megatooth shark, Otodus megalodon (Lamniformes: Otodontidae)
FIGURE 1. Simplified family-level phylogenetic hypothesis of Lamniformes showing all extant clades and †Otodontidae (A: dagger [†] indicates extinct), and silhouette depiction of fossil vertebral column of †Otodus megalodon (B). A, Current understanding of lamniform phylogeny demonstrating that a large portion of the phylogenetic tree remains unresolved due to conflicting results based on various molecular and morphological studies (Sternes et al., 2023 and references therein); although the placement of †Otodontidae is tentative and other extinct families are not depicted in this tree, the main point of this illustration is to demonstrate that †Otodontidae lies outside of Lamnidae (both clades highlighted in bold letters) where clades containing one or more species with regional endothermy (indicated by an asterisk [*]) do not share an immediate common ancestry (Sternes et al., 2023). B, Reconstructed vertebral column and its total measured length by Cooper et al. (2022) based on an incomplete associated vertebral set from the Miocene of Belgium; this specific specimen (IRSNB P 9893) was previously estimated to have come from an individual that measured 9.2 m in total length, including the head and caudal fin (Gottfried et al., 1996) based on the modern white shark, not accounted for by Cooper et al. (2022).
FIGURE 4 in White shark comparison reveals a slender body for the extinct megatooth shark, Otodus megalodon (Lamniformes: Otodontidae)
FIGURE 4. Previous and new schematic interpretations of †Otodus megalodon body form. A dark grey silhouette depicting the previously reconstructed †O. megalodon body form by Cooper et al. (2022) based on the extant white shark, superimposing a light grey outline showing the newly interpreted body form of †O. megalodon which is more elongated than the extant white shark. Note: it must be emphasized that this illustration should be strictly regarded as schematic as the exact extent of body elongation, the shape of the head, and the morphology and positions of the fins remain unknown based on the present fossil record.
FIGURE 3 in White shark comparison reveals a slender body for the extinct megatooth shark, Otodus megalodon (Lamniformes: Otodontidae)
FIGURE 3. Photographic (*) and CT images (**) of preserved specimens of extant white shark (Carcharodon carcharias) and salmon shark (Lamna ditropis). A, Complete specimen of 126-cm-TL male C. carcharias caught off central California, USA (LACM 43805-1): from top to bottom, external body* and skeleton** in left lateral view and external body** and skeleton** in ventral view. B, Complete specimen of 151 cm TL male L. ditropis caught off central California (FMNH 117475): from top to bottom, external body* and skeleton** in left lateral view and external body* and skeleton** in dorsal view. C, Head specimen of estimated 271-cm-TL male C. carcharias caught off southern Florida, USA (FMNH 38335): from top to bottom, external head* and cranial skeleton** in left lateral view and external head* and cranial skeleton** in dorsal view. All scale bars equal 10 cm.
Data from: Genome analysis reveals three distinct lineages of the cosmopolitan white shark
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Data from: Genetic evidence of killer whale predation on white sharks in Australia
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CBS Miami video of Great White Shark, Carcharodon carcharias, off Islamorada, Florida Keys (April 16, 2016)
<p>Video of first record of the Great White Shark, <em>Carcharodon carcharias</em>, on Alligator Reef, Florida Keys, USA: CBS Miami</p> <p>included in:</p> <p>Estape C.J., Morgan Estape, A. & Starck, W.A. (2020) The fishes of Alligator Reef and environs in the Florida Keys: a 2020 update. <em>Journal of the Ocean Science Foundation</em>, 36, 16–19.</p> <p> </p>
White shark diet sequences and sequence library
<p>The white shark (<em>Carcharodon carcharias</em>) is one of the world's largest apex predators found throughout the world's temperate and subtropical marine environments. However, the species has suffered significant declines in recent decades and effective conservation programs require a sound knowledge of white shark biology and ecology. In particular, information on white shark diet across life stages and the species' range is needed to identify critical trophic interactions supporting shark populations and to predict the resilience of white sharks to environmental changes. In this study, we reassess the diet and trophic ecology of white sharks via the genetic analyses of cloacal swabs from 214 juvenile and subadult sharks from eastern Australia. Our findings are largely consistent with those of previous studies based on visual analyses of gut contents but highlight the unprecedented taxonomic resolution of prey items offered by genomic assessments of shark cloacal swabs. Diets consisted primarily of ray-finned fishes, with Mugiliformes, Carangiformes, Perciformes, and Scombriformes being dominant prey taxa, but with elasmobranchs, marine mammals, and birds also being common dietary constituents. Statistical analyses revealed a significant effect of sex and sampling location on diet composition, indicating biological and spatial variability in diets and predatory behavior. Overall, these findings support the notion that juvenile and subadult white sharks are opportunistic predators, which may provide some level of resilience to shifts in marine resources. However, frequently consumed ray-finned fishes, many of which are commercially targeted, may be key to supporting white shark populations in eastern Australia. This study represents the most comprehensive analysis of juvenile and subadult white shark diets performed to date and provides added confidence in the genomic analysis of cloacal swabs for dietary assessments of predatory species. These results are expected to help inform management geared toward conserving this important marine predator across the world's oceans.</p>
Effects of wildlife tourism on white shark associative behaviour
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Data from: Long-term tracking captures the timing of ontogenetic niche shifts in Northeast Pacific white sharks
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White shark diet sequences and sequence library
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Data from: Sex-specific and individual preferences for hunting strategies in white sharks
Fine-scale predator movements may be driven by many factors including sex, habitat, and distribution of resources. There may also be individual preferences for certain movement strategies within a population which can be hard to quantify. Within top predators, movements are also going to be directly related to the mode of hunting; for example sit-and-wait or actively searching for prey. Although there is mounting evidence that different hunting modes can cause opposing trophic cascades, there has been little focus on the modes used by top predators, especially those in the marine environment. Adult white sharks (Carcharhodon carcharias) are well known to forage on marine mammal prey, particularly pinnipeds. Sharks primarily ambush pinnipeds on the surface but there has been less focus on the strategies they use to encounter prey. We applied mixed hidden Markov models to acoustic tracking data of white sharks in a coastal aggregation area in order to quantify changing movement states (Area Restricted Searching (ARS) vs. patrolling) and the factors that influenced them. Individuals were re-tracked over multiple days throughout a month to see if state-switching dynamics varied or if individuals preferred certain movement strategies. Sharks were more likely to use ARS movements in the morning and during periods of chumming by ecotourism operators. Furthermore, the proportion of time individuals spent in the two different states and the state-switching frequency, differed between the sexes and between individuals. Predation attempts/success on pinnipeds were observed for sharks in both ARS and patrolling movement states and within all random effects groupings. Therefore white sharks can use both a 'sit-and-wait' (ARS) and 'active searching' (patrolling) movements to ambush pinniped prey on the surface. White sharks demonstrate individual preferences for fine scale movement patterns which may be related to their use of different hunting modes. Marine top predators are generally assumed to use only one type of hunting mode, but we show that there is likely a mix within populations. As such, individual variability should be considered when modelling behavioural effects of predators on prey species.
Data from: Genetic diversity of white sharks, Carcharodon carcharias, in the northwest Atlantic and southern Africa
The white shark, Carcharodon carcharias, is both one of the largest apex predators in the world and among the most heavily protected marine fish. Population genetic diversity is in part shaped by recent demographic history and can thus provide information complementary to more traditional population assessments, which are difficult to obtain for white sharks and have at times been controversial. Here, we use the mitochondrial control region and 14 nuclear-encoded microsatellite loci to assess white shark genetic diversity in 2 regions: the Northwest Atlantic (NWA, N = 35) and southern Africa (SA, N = 131). We find that these 2 regions harbor genetically distinct white shark populations (Φ ST = 0.10, P < 0.00001; microsatellite F ST = 0.1057, P < 0.021). M-ratios were low and indicative of a genetic bottleneck in the NWA (M-ratio = 0.71, P < 0.004) but not SA (M-ratio = 0.85, P = 0.39). This is consistent with other evidence showing a steep population decline occurring in the mid to late 20th century in the NWA, whereas the SA population appears to have been relatively stable. Estimates of effective population size ranged from 22.6 to 66.3 (NWA) and 188 to 1998.3 (SA) and evidence of inbreeding was found (primarily in NWA). Overall, our findings indicate that white population dynamics within NWA and SA are determined more by intrinsic reproduction than immigration and there is genetic evidence of a population decline in the NWA, further justifying the strong domestic protective measures that have been taken for this species in this region. Our study also highlights how assessment of genetic diversity can complement other sources of information to better understand the status of threatened marine fish populations.
On following pages: 347. Plains Mouse (Pseudomys australis); 348. Bolam''s Mouse (Pseudomys bolami); 349. Kakadu Pebble Mouse (Pseudomys calabyi); 350. Western Pebble Mouse (Pseudomys chapmani); 351. Desert Mouse (Pseudomys desertor); 352. Shark Bay Mouse (Pseudomys field); 353. Australian Smoky Mouse (Pseudomys fumeus); 354. Eastern Chestnut Mouse (Pseudomys gracilicaudatus); 355. Sandy Inland Mouse (Pseudomys hermannsburgensis); 356. Long-tailed Mouse (Pseudomys higginsi); 357. Central Pebble Mouse (Pseudomys johnson); 358. Western Chestnut Mouse (Pseudomys nanus); 359. New Holland Mouse (Pseudomys novaehollandiae); 360. Western Mouse (Pseudomys occidentalis); 361. Hastings River Mouse (Pseudomys oralis); 362. Eastern Pebble Mouse (Pseudomys patrius); 363. Heath Mouse (Pseudomys shortridgel); 364. Common Australian Rock Rat (Zyzomys argurus); 365. Arnhem Land Rock Rat (Zyzomys maini); 366. Carpentarian Rock Rat (Zyzomys palatalis); 367. Central Australian Rock Rat (Zyzomys pedunculatus); 368. Kimberley Rock Rat (Zyzomys woodward); 369. Malayan Tree Rat (Pithecheir parvus); 370. Red Tree Rat (Pithecheir melanurus); 371. Bornean Tree Rat (Pithecheirops otion); 372. Cutch Rat (Cremnomys cutchicus); 373. Elvira Rat (Cremnomys elvira); 374. Crump's Rat (Diomys crumpi); 375. White-tailed Wood Rat (Madromys blanfordi); 376. Sand-colored Soft-furred Rat (Millardia gleadowi); 377. Kondana Soft-furred Rat (Millardia kondana); 378. Common Soft-furred Rat (Millardia in Muridae
On following pages: 347. Plains Mouse (Pseudomys australis); 348. Bolam''s Mouse (Pseudomys bolami); 349. Kakadu Pebble Mouse (Pseudomys calabyi); 350. Western Pebble Mouse (Pseudomys chapmani); 351. Desert Mouse (Pseudomys desertor); 352. Shark Bay Mouse (Pseudomys field); 353. Australian Smoky Mouse (Pseudomys fumeus); 354. Eastern Chestnut Mouse (Pseudomys gracilicaudatus); 355. Sandy Inland Mouse (Pseudomys hermannsburgensis); 356. Long-tailed Mouse (Pseudomys higginsi); 357. Central Pebble Mouse (Pseudomys johnson); 358. Western Chestnut Mouse (Pseudomys nanus); 359. New Holland Mouse (Pseudomys novaehollandiae); 360. Western Mouse (Pseudomys occidentalis); 361. Hastings River Mouse (Pseudomys oralis); 362. Eastern Pebble Mouse (Pseudomys patrius); 363. Heath Mouse (Pseudomys shortridgel); 364. Common Australian Rock Rat (Zyzomys argurus); 365. Arnhem Land Rock Rat (Zyzomys maini); 366. Carpentarian Rock Rat (Zyzomys palatalis); 367. Central Australian Rock Rat (Zyzomys pedunculatus); 368. Kimberley Rock Rat (Zyzomys woodward); 369. Malayan Tree Rat (Pithecheir parvus); 370. Red Tree Rat (Pithecheir melanurus); 371. Bornean Tree Rat (Pithecheirops otion); 372. Cutch Rat (Cremnomys cutchicus); 373. Elvira Rat (Cremnomys elvira); 374. Crump's Rat (Diomys crumpi); 375. White-tailed Wood Rat (Madromys blanfordi); 376. Sand-colored Soft-furred Rat (Millardia gleadowi); 377. Kondana Soft-furred Rat (Millardia kondana); 378. Common Soft-furred Rat (Millardia
Data from: Mitochondrial genetic structure and matrilineal origin of white sharks, Carcharodon carcharias, in the Northeastern Pacific: implications for their conservation
White sharks (Carcharodon carcharias, WS henceforth) are globally and regionally threatened. Understanding their patterns of abundance and connectivity, as they relate to habitat use, is central for delineating conservation units and identifying priority areas for conservation. We analyzed mitochondrial data to test the congruence between patterns of genetic connectivity and of individual movements in the Northeastern Pacific (NEP) and to trace the matrilineal origin of immature WS from coastal California and Baja California to adult aggregation areas. We analyzed 186 mitochondrial control region sequences from sharks sampled in Central California (CC; n = 61), Southern California Bight (SCB; n = 25), Baja California Pacific coast (BCPC; n = 9), Bahía Vizcaíno (BV; n = 39), Guadalupe Island (GI; n = 45), and the Gulf of California (GC; n = 7). Significant mitochondrial differentiation between adult aggregation areas (CC, GI) revealed two reproductive populations in the NEP. We found general concordance between movement patterns of young and adult WS with genetic results. Young sharks from coastal California and Baja California were more likely born from females from GI. Mitochondrial differentiation of young-of-the-year from SCB and BV suggests philopatry to nursery areas in females from GI. These results provide a genetic basis of female reproductive behavior at a regional scale and point to a preponderance of sharks from GI in the use of the sampled coastal region as pupping habitat. These findings should be considered in Mexican and US management and conservation strategies of the WS NEP population.
Data from: White shark genome reveals ancient elasmobranch adaptations associated with wound healing and the maintenance of genome stability
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Allen Brain Atlas
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