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Fig. 2. 1H in Metabolite pattern in root nodules of the actinorhizal plant Casuarina equisetifolia

Fig. 2. 1H-NMR spectra of root nodule extracts of C. equisetifolia. (A) A 1H-NMR spectrum of extracts of hydrophobic compounds. (B) A 1H-NMR spectrum of extracts of hydrophilic compounds. (C) Magnified part of the 1H-NMR spectrum shown in (B). Peaks 1–6 were ascribed to tyramine, tyrosine, malate, citrate, succinate and β-glucose, respectively.

Fig. 4 in Metabolite pattern in root nodules of the actinorhizal plant Casuarina equisetifolia

Fig. 4. Growth of Frankia casuarinae strain CcI3 in BAP media with various carbon and nitrogen sources. BAP, containing 5 mM Na propionate (15 mM carbon units) as carbon source and 5 mM ammonium chloride (5 mM nitrogen units) as nitrogen source; BAP N–, BAP medium without nitrogen source; BAP C– N–, BAP medium without neither carbon nor nitrogen source; BAP C– N– + tyramine, BAP C– N– medium containing 1.875 mM tyramine (15 mM carbon units); BAP C– N– + malate, BAP C– N– medium containing 3.75 mM malate (15 mM carbon units); BAP N– + tyramine, BAP N– medium containing 5 mM tyramine (5 mM nitrogen units).

Fig. 1 in 3-Pentanol glycosides from root nodules of the actinorhizal plant Alnus cremastogyne

Fig. 1. Chemical structures of four 3-pentanol glycosides (1–4) isolated from A. cremastogyne root nodules. They are 3-pentyl β-D-glucopyranoside (1), 3-pentyl α-L- arabinofuranosyl-(1′′→6′)-β- -glucopyranoside (2), 3-pentyl α- -rhamnopyranosyl-(1′′→6′)-β- -glucopyranoside (3), and 3-pentyl 6′-(3-hydroxy3-methylglutaryl)- DLDβ-D-glucopyranoside (4).

Fig. 3 in 3-Pentanol glycosides from root nodules of the actinorhizal plant Alnus cremastogyne

Fig. 3. The contents of 3-pentanol. (A) The contents of free 3-pentanol. (B) The contents of 3-pentanol released from glycosides in various organs of A. cremastogyne. Values are in mean ± SD. Each n = 3 biological replicates.

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Data from: Greater root phosphatase activity in nitrogen-fixing rhizobial but not actinorhizal plants with declining phosphorus availability

1. The abundance of nitrogen (N)-fixing plants in ecosystems where phosphorus (P) limits plant productivity poses a paradox because N fixation entails a high P cost. One explanation for this paradox is that the N-fixing strategy allows greater root phosphatase activity to enhance P acquisition from organic sources, but evidence to support this contention is limited. 2. We measured root phosphomonoesterase (PME) activity of 10 N-fixing species, including rhizobial legumes and actinorhizal Allocasuarina species, and eight non-N-fixing species across a retrogressive soil chronosequence showing a clear shift from N to P limitation of plant growth and representing a strong natural gradient in P availability. 3. Legumes showed greater root PME activity than non-legumes, with the difference between these two groups increasing markedly as soil P availability declined. By contrast, root PME activity of actinorhizal species was always lower than that of co-occurring legumes and not different from non-N-fixing plants. 4. The difference in root PME activity between legumes and actinorhizal plants was not reflected in a greater or similar reliance on N fixation for N acquisition by actinorhizal species compared to co-occurring legumes. 5. Synthesis. Our results support the idea that N-fixing legumes show high root phosphatase activity, especially at low soil P availability, but suggest that this is a phylogenetically conserved trait rather than one directly linked to their N-fixation capacity.

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Fig. 1 in Metabolite pattern in root nodules of the actinorhizal plant Casuarina equisetifolia

Fig. 1. The chemical structure (left) and key HMBC correlations (from H to C, right) of compound 1.

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Fig. 2 in 3-Pentanol glycosides from root nodules of the actinorhizal plant Alnus cremastogyne

Fig. 2. Key heteronuclear multiple bond correlations of compounds 2–4.

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Data from: Greater root phosphatase activity in nitrogen-fixing rhizobial but not actinorhizal plants with declining phosphorus availability

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Fig. 3 in Metabolite pattern in root nodules of the actinorhizal plant Casuarina equisetifolia

Fig. 3. The contents of tyramine in various organs of C. equisetifolia. Values are in mean ± SD, where n = 3.

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Fig. 4. A in 3-Pentanol glycosides from root nodules of the actinorhizal plant Alnus cremastogyne

Fig. 4. A. cremastogyne plants treated with root nodule suspension (RNS) emit 3-pentanol. (A) 3-Pentanol was detected in the VOCs of A. cremastogyne treated with RNS. The unity of Y-axis would be nmol per plant per h, and nmol per g nodules per h for groups of control A. cremastogyne and control RNS, respectively. n =5 (A. cremastogyne treated with RNS), 4 (control RNS), and 3 (control A. cremastogyne) biological replicates. The data shown are mean ± SD. Significant differences of A. cremastogyne treated with RNS from control RNS and from control A. cremastogyne are shown in * and #, respectively (Student's t-test: * and # indicate P <0.05, while *** and ### indicate P <0.001). (B) 3-Pentanol was detected in the body of A. cremastogyne treated with RNS (n = 5 biological replicates). (C) The accumulated amounts of 3-pentanol in the leaves and roots of A. cremastogyne treated with RNS. The data shown are mean ± SD from three biological replicates.