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opencc-by-4.0Aug 2019View details →

Farmer adaptive behavior and risk management in EU agriculture

Risk and risk management are essential elements of agriculture and affect the wellbeing of farm households. Farmers react to production, market and institutional risks and challenges by taking measures on or off the farm. Such risk management measures are often costly and have implications for up- and downstream industries as well as the environment. The risk exposure of European farms is increasing. For example, climate change will increase the frequency and magnitude of extreme weather events like droughts, heatwaves and heavy rainfalls that potentially have detrimental effects on agricultural production. Thus, the adaptive capacity and risk management options in European agriculture need to be improved. Policy shall support this process. Policies are needed to support a diversity of risk management solutions and not only focus on a few solutions. Strategies to cope with risk often go beyond the level of the individual farm. Cooperation, learning and sharing of risks play a vital role in European agriculture and shall be strengthened. Thus, coordinated policies targeting beyond the individual farm and considering all the stakeholders involved in the risk management strategies are needed to ensure their effective implementation. Moreover, policies need to facilitate to take full advantage of the rapid technological progress and improved data availability (e.g. based on satellite imagery) to develop a wider set of risk management strategies.

opencc-by-4.0May 2024View details →

Adaptive Behavior of Farmers Under Consecutive Droughts Results In More Vulnerable Farmers: A Large-Scale Agent-Based Modeling Analysis in the Bhima Basin, India

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opencc-by-4.0Jun 2024View details →

Dataset: How do news about a heatwave affect public prioritization of climate change adaptation and mitigation behaviors?

These datasets contain survey data that was used to evaluate the effect of the exposure to heatwave news texts on people’s preference for climate mitigation and adaptation actions, as presented in the manuscript titled “How do news about a heatwave affect public prioritization of climate change adaptation and mitigation behaviors?”. Three versions of the dataset are available: <ol> <li>Original dataset: This version contains choice text as data points and includes all finished survey responses that passed the attention check questions (n=1209).</li> <li>Original recoded dataset: This version was generated by recoding choice text into numerical values. The 'Income' variable, representing household income levels for both Canadian and US residents, was added by converting reported income ranges to a unified scale based on exchange rate equivalencies. The "Income_Canadians" and "Income_US" columns were subsequently removed to avoid repetitions.  </li> <li>Final dataset: This version excludes observations from participants who completed the survey in under four minutes and those who selected the same response for every item within each matrix-style question (also known as straight-lining). Additionally, responses with missing values in questions regarding political views, gender, and household income, as well as responses where participants identified as non-binary or indicated that their gender was not listed, were omitted (see “Methods” for more details). Dependent variables have been added based on the original responses, including personal-level mitigation and adaptation likelihoods, personal-level mitigation preference, and both non-weighted and weighted collective-level mitigation preference. Furthermore, the dataset includes a 'Climate Change Concern' variable, derived through principal component analysis of thirteen variables expressing participants’ climate change attitudes and efficacy beliefs concerning climate actions. Variables not used in the subsequent data analysis were removed. Age, political views, education, and income columns were standardized. The final dataset was used for the data analysis presented in the manuscript.</li> </ol> The following variables/columns can be found across the three versions of the dataset: <ul> <li>Dependent variables: <ul> <li>Starting with “Personal_Mitigation”: participant’s self-reported likelihood of taking selected personal-level climate change mitigation actions</li> <li>Starting with “Personal_Adaptation”: participant’s self-reported likelihood of taking selected personal-level climate change adaptation actions</li> <li>Starting with “Collective_Mitigation”: participant’s ranking of the collective-level climate change mitigation initiatives</li> <li>Starting with “Collective_Adaptation”: participant’s ranking of the collective-level climate change adaptation initiatives</li> <li>Personal_Mitigation_Likelihood: personal-level mitigation likelihood (present only in the final dataset)</li> <li>Personal_Adaptation_Likelihood: personal-level adaptation likelihood (present only in the final dataset)</li> <li>Personal_Preference: personal-level mitigation preference (present only in the final dataset)</li> <li>Collective_Preference_Unweighted: non-weighted collective-level mitigation preference (present only in the final dataset)</li> <li>Collective_Preference_Weighted: weighted collective-level mitigation preference (present only in the final dataset)</li> </ul> </li> <li>Independent variables: <ul> <li>Group: group that the participant was assigned to as part of the experimental intervention</li> <li>Distance: indicates whether the participant was assigned to read about a heatwave occurring in their community or a city 6,000 km away (for experimental groups only)</li> <li>Severity: indicates whether the participant was prompted to read about a heatwave without or with the mention of associated causalities (for experimental groups only)</li> </ul> </li> <li>Covariates and supporting variables: <ul> <li>Gender: gender identity</li> <li>Identity: ethnic and/or racial identity</li> <li>Age: age</li> <li>Political_Views: position on the liberal-conservative continuum</li> <li>Education: highest level of education</li> <li>Country: country of residence</li> <li>Canada_Province: province or territory of residence (for Canadian participants only)</li> <li>US_State: state of residence (for US participants only)</li> <li>Duration_Residence: duration of residence in the current community</li> <li>Income_Canadians: annual household income in Canadian dollars (for Canadian participants only)</li> <li>Income_US: annual household income in US dollars (for US participants only)</li> <li>Income: annual household income for both Canadian and US residents derived by converting reported income ranges to a unified scale based on exchange rate equivalencies</li> <li>Efficacy_Mitigation_Personal: belief regarding the response efficacy of personal-level climate change mitigation actions</li> <li>Efficacy_Mitigation_Collective: belief regarding the response efficacy of collective-level climate change mitigation actions</li> <li>Efficacy_Adaptation_Personal: belief regarding the response efficacy of personal-level climate change adaptation actions</li> <li>Efficacy_Adaptation_Collective: belief regarding the response efficacy of collective-level climate change adaptation</li> <li>Climate_Change_Importance: perception of climate change as a personally important issue</li> <li>Climate_Change_Worry: level of worry about climate change</li> <li>Starting with “Climate_Risk”: beliefs regarding the degree of harm that climate change will cause to plants and animal species (Climate_Risk_Animals_Plants), future generations of people (Climate_Risk_Future_Generations), people in developing countries (Climate_Risk_Developing_Countries), people in participant’s country (Climate_Risk_Country), people in participant’s community (Climate_Risk_Community), and the participant personally (Climate_Risk_Personal)</li> <li>Climate_Change_Onset_Time: belief regarding when climate change will start harming people in their community</li> <li>Six_Americas_Segment: the Global Warming's Six Americas segment participant aligns with derived based on the Six Americas Short SurveY (SASSY) Group Scoring Tool</li> <li>Climate_Change_Concern: variable derived through PCA of thirteen variables expressing participants' climate change attitudes and efficacy beliefs pertaining to climate actions (present only in the final dataset)</li> <li>Survey_Duration_Seconds: The amount of time it took the respondent to complete the survey</li> </ul> </li> </ul>

opencc-by-4.0Aug 2020View details →

Fig. 1. Terrestrial leeches. A in Leeches in the extreme: Morphological, physiological, and behavioral adaptations to inhospitable habitats

Fig. 1. Terrestrial leeches. A) Orobdella sp. out of water after a rainstorm in the Philippines. Leech is estimated to be more than 25 cm in length. Image credit: Will Reeves. B) Haemadipsa zeylanica pursuing the photographer as a host on the Vietnamese forest floor. Leech size approximately 4 cm in length. C) SEM image of the head of a haemadipsid leech. The inset depicts an outline of the same image with the eye spots marked by black dots. D) Caudal sucker of a haemadipsid leech with friction rays on the sucker surface. White arrows indicate the two flaps of the auricle. Scale bars in C and D = 0.5 mm.

opencc-by-4.0Aug 2020View details →

Fig. 4. Leech parental care. A in Leeches in the extreme: Morphological, physiological, and behavioral adaptations to inhospitable habitats

Fig. 4. Leech parental care. A) Light microscopy image of a glossiphoniid leech with pink circular eggs gathered on its ventral side for protection. B) Light microscopy image of a glossiphoniid leech with leech hatchlings gathered on the ventral side of the parent leech. (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)

opencc-by-4.0Aug 2020View details →

Fig. 3. Extreme feeding. A in Leeches in the extreme: Morphological, physiological, and behavioral adaptations to inhospitable habitats

Fig. 3. Extreme feeding. A) Hirudo verbana, a commercially important and frequently traded species of European medicinal leech. B) Several individuals of Hirudo verbana feeding on blood inside a nitrile rubber glove.

ClinicalTrials.gov40/100

Adapting Multiple Behavior Interventions That Effectively Improve Cancer Survivor Health Cancer Survivor Health

ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT04000880. IPD Sharing: YES. Countries: 1. Publications: 5.

controlledIPD-YESFeb 2026View details →

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Data from: behaviorMate: An Intranet of Things approach for adaptable control of behavioral and navigation-based experiments

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publicFeb 2025View details →

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Data from: Complementary roles of dorsal and ventral hippocampus in the flexible adaptation of goal-directed behavior

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publicOct 2025View details →

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Data from: Predators drive selection for adaptive plasticity in prey defense behavior

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publicDec 2024View details →

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Ecophysiological and behavioral adaptations of birds to rapid urbanization of a desert environment in central Arizona-Phoenix, from 2006 to 2008.

We used Sonoran desert species that have adapted to urbanization to various degrees to investigate relations between endocrine parameters, in particular plasma corticosterone in response to acute stress, and aspects of the immune system, parasite infections, and body condition. Desert residents generally suppressed their endocrine response to acute stress during the breeding season and underwent marked seasonal changes in body condition. By contrast, conspecific urban residents tended to maintain an acute stress response throughout the year and showed subdued seasonal changes in body condition. We surmise that this difference is related to differences between desert and urban environments in food resources that birds use to sustain themselves. The goal of upcoming studies will be to test this hypothesis. In addition, we are carrying out studies aimed at elucidating the neuroendocrine mechanisms that mediate differential stress responses seen in birds residing in rural vs. urban habitats. We are also developing experiments examining relation between the stress response and the activity of the immune and reproductive system. The data that we have already collected, and those to be collected in the coming year, will provide the most extensive set of data to date on effects of urbanization on wild vertebrates and on the mechanisms that are responsible for these effects.

openOpenJan 2020View details →

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Metabolic and behavioral adaptations of greater white-toothed shrews to urban conditions

The global trend of urbanization is creating novel challenges to many animal species. Studies investigating behavioral differences between rural and urban populations often report a general increase in risk-taking behaviors in urban populations. According to the most common energy management model (the performance model), behaviors that increase access to resources, such as aggression and boldness, and behaviors that consume net energy, like locomotion and stress responses, are both positively correlated to resting metabolic rate (RMR). Thus, we expect urban populations to not only exhibit a higher level of risk-taking behavior but also a higher RMR. However, these interactions remain poorly investigated. Our main goal was to analyze the relationship between RMR and risk-taking behaviors in the greater white-toothed shrew (Crocidura russula) in rural vs. urban populations. Trapped shrews were brought to captivity where we measured RMR, boldness and exploration rate three times in each individual. Our findings revealed urban shrews were indeed bolder and more exploratory, but contrary to our expectations, their RMR was lower than that of rural shrews. This is likely explained by differences in the environmental conditions of these two habitats, such as higher ambient temperatures and/or lower prey availability in cities. When looking at each population separately, this relationship remained similar: urban shrews with a higher RMR were less bold, and rural shrews with a higher RMR showed a lower exploration rate. We conclude the energetic strategy of C. russula is dependent on the environmental and observational context and cannot be explained by the performance model.

opencc-zeroAug 2020View details →

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Data from: Emerging experience-dependent dynamics in primary somatosensory cortex reflect behavioral adaptation

Behavioral experience and flexibility are crucial for survival in a constantly changing environment. Despite evolutionary pressures to develop adaptive behavioral strategies in a dynamically changing sensory landscape, the underlying neural correlates have not been well explored. Here, we use genetically encoded voltage imaging to measure signals in primary somatosensory cortex (S1) during sensory learning and behavioral adaptation in the mouse. In response to changing stimulus statistics, mice adopt a strategy that modifies their detection behavior in a context dependent manner as to maintain reward expectation. Surprisingly, neuronal activity in S1 shifts from simply representing stimulus properties to transducing signals necessary for adaptive behavior in an experience dependent manner. Our results suggest that neuronal signals in S1 are part of an adaptive framework that facilitates flexible behavior as individuals gain experience, which could be part of a general scheme that dynamically distributes the neural correlates of behavior during learning.

opencc-zeroDec 2021View details →

Figure 9 in Incubation parameters, offspring growth, and behavioral adaptations to heat stress of Black Skimmers (Rynchops niger) in a Neotropical inland colony (Aves, Charadriiformes, Laridae)

Figure 9. Plumage development of a Black Skimmer (Rynchops niger) chick from Praia do Totelão, Pantanal, Mato Grosso, Brazil. (A) Camouflaged down plumage (Day 3); (B) appearance of dorsal pinfeathers and primaries (Day 7); (C) dorsal pinfeathers opened (Day 11); (D) primaries opened (Day 15); (E) completely developed immature plumage (Day 21). Photos: CO. BRA/INAU.

Figure 8 in Incubation parameters, offspring growth, and behavioral adaptations to heat stress of Black Skimmers (Rynchops niger) in a Neotropical inland colony (Aves, Charadriiformes, Laridae)

Figure 8. Mensural data of the single Black Skimmer (Rynchops niger) chick surveyed in August-September 2015 that reached the fledging phase at Praia do Totelão, Pantanal, Mato Grosso, Brazil (n = 1; accuracy = ± 0.01 cm). (A) Development of bill length (BL), bill width (BW), and tarsus length (TS) as a function of age (days). (B) Development of total body length (TL) and wing length (WL) as a function of age (days).

Figure 5 in Incubation parameters, offspring growth, and behavioral adaptations to heat stress of Black Skimmers (Rynchops niger) in a Neotropical inland colony (Aves, Charadriiformes, Laridae)

Figure 5. Developmental stages of a Black Skimmer (Rynchops niger) clutch (nest 4S) at Praia doTotelão, Pantanal, Mato Grosso, Brazil, from July to September 2015, with three fertilized eggs revealed by thermal imaging (right); with maximum (Max), minimum (Min), and mean temperature (Ds) inside the nest (white outline). Stages: (A) Day 8, (B) Day 14, and (C) Day 18 (two days before hatching). Note the well-camouflaged eggs inside the nest depression exhibiting some variation in shell pattern (left), with narrow corrugations caused by adults' bills when relocating the eggs. Photos by CO. BRA/INAU.

Figure 4 in Incubation parameters, offspring growth, and behavioral adaptations to heat stress of Black Skimmers (Rynchops niger) in a Neotropical inland colony (Aves, Charadriiformes, Laridae)

Figure 4. Mean surface temperatures (Te) of 25 eggs (n = 7 nests) of the Black Skimmer (Rynchops niger) at Praia do Totelão, Pantanal, Mato Grosso, Brazil, during incubation from July to September 2015; not all eggs reached hatching. Confidence intervals are indicated by bars; the regression line (dotted) represents a significant increase between Day 1 and hatching (R² = 0.098, p <0.01, LME).

Figure 3 in Incubation parameters, offspring growth, and behavioral adaptations to heat stress of Black Skimmers (Rynchops niger) in a Neotropical inland colony (Aves, Charadriiformes, Laridae)

Figure 3. Thermal images of a Black Skimmer (Rynchops niger) nest (12N, white rectangles) at Praia do Totelão, Pantanal, Mato Grosso, Brazil, taken on the same day (6 September 2015) in the early (05:59 h, A) and late morning (11.45 h, B), showing the mean (Ds), minimum, and maximum nest temperature, surface ground temperature (crosses), and egg surface temperature (within rectangles). Scale on right: color scale associated with the respective temperatures. With a special optical filter water drops were visualized (Blue and red circles outside the nest and next to the three clutch contours) which were taken to the nest by both adults. Note in Fig. B the sand surface temperature of 53.7℃. Photos by CO.BRA/INAU.

Figure 2 in Incubation parameters, offspring growth, and behavioral adaptations to heat stress of Black Skimmers (Rynchops niger) in a Neotropical inland colony (Aves, Charadriiformes, Laridae)

Figure 2. Egg mass development in three surveyed Black Skimmer (Rynchops niger) nests (n = 7 eggs, 84 measurements) until hatching at Praia do Totelão, Pantanal, Mato Grosso, Brazil, throughout the incubation period in July- September 2015. Note that the number of eggs decreased to three toward the end of incubation due to predation. The regression line indicates a negative trend (R² = 0.043, p <0.05, LME) of egg mass over incubation time.