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113 results for “adult survival”
Data to support "Stochastic density effects on adult fish survival and implications for population fluctuations"
Data on stage-specific abundance of black surfperch (Embiotoca jacksoni), the amount of foraging habitat and the availability of surfperch prey (crustaceans) were collected at fixed sites on the north shore of Santa Cruz Island, California annually (autumn) from 1993-2009. Data are grouped into four regions. Counts of fish distinguished among young-of-year, juveniles (1 year old) and adults (>= 2 years old). These data have been presented in Okamoto, D. K., R. J. Schmitt and S. J. Holbrook. 2016. Sochastic density effects on adult fish survival and implications for population fluctuations. Ecology Letters, 19:153-162. doi: 10.1111/ele.12547.
Multistate modeling of Florida scrub-jay adult survival and breeding transitions
<p><strong>Metadata for data file “MS4APR2020 ALL ENTER 2 STATES.txt” for the research published in Ecosphere Article ECS21-0698</strong></p> <p>Multistate modeling of Florida scrub-jay adult survival and breeding transitions</p> <p>David R. Breininger<sup>1</sup>†, Geoffrey M. Carter<sup>1</sup>, Stephanie A. Legare<sup>1</sup> William V. Payne<sup>1</sup>, Eric D. Stolen<sup>1</sup>, Daniel J. Breininger<sup>2</sup>, James E. Lyon<sup>3</sup></p> <p><sup>1</sup>Herndon Solutions Group, LLC, NASA Environmental and Medical Contract, NEM-022, Kennedy Space Center, FL 32899, U.S.A.</p> <p><sup>2</sup>Department of Mathematics, Florida Institute of Technology, Melbourne FL, 32899 U.S.A.</p> <p><sup>3</sup>Merritt Island National Wildlife Refuge, Titusville FL 32901, U.S.A.</p> <p>†<em> Corresponding author: </em>e-mail: <a href="mailto:david.r.breininger@nasa.gov">david.r.breininger@nasa.gov</a></p> <p>The data uses input file format described in the Program MARK manual (White and Burnham 1999, Cooch and White 2006). Each record (row) starts with an adult bird’s capture history, followed by group variables (each bird belongs to only one group) and then covariates, which here are all time specific. Time starts with 2001 and ends with 2015. Periods “.” in the capture history represented birds that were censored because the study sites were discontinued. </p> <table> <tbody> <tr> <td> <p> </p> <p>The first 15 columns represent states from 2001 to 2015 where “I” refers to nonbreeder, “2” refers to breeder and “0” occurs when the bird is not observed.</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p>Spaces occur after the capture history and between group variables and covariates.</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p>The first group variable identifies males if given a "1".</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p>The second group variable identifies females if given a :1".</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p>The third and final group membership identifies birds of unknown sex if given a "1".</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p>All following data refer to time-specific covariates except for the semicolon at the end of each individual's record.</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p>The first 14 covariates refer to whether a bird resided on the study site edge (0) or interior (1).</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p>The 2nd set of 14 covariates refer density (number of pairs/potential pairs) within the local population.</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p>The 3rd set of 14 covariates refer to population breeder mortality rates (number of banded breeders that died/number of banded breeders).</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p>The final set of 14 covariates refer to mean family group size of adults in each local population.</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table>
Avian botulism is a primary, year-round threat to adult survival in the endangered Hawaiian Duck (Anas wyvilliana) on Kaua'i, Hawai'i, USA
<p>Adult survival is the most important demographic parameter influencing population dynamics for many bird taxa. Thus, understanding how survival probabilities and causes of mortality vary throughout the annual cycle is critical for developing informed and effective management strategies. In this study, we used radio-telemetry data to evaluate the effects of biotic (e.g., sex, peak [September–April] vs. off-peak [May–August] nesting seasons) and abiotic factors (e.g., rainfall, year, bi-monthly interval) on adult survival, estimate annual survival probabilities, and identify primary sources of mortality for Hawaiian Ducks (<em>Anas wyvilliana</em>), an endangered, non-migratory dabbling duck, on the island of Kaua'i, Hawai'i, USA over 2013 and 2014. Additionally, we used contemporaneous Hawaiian Duck carcass recovery and surveillance data to examine temporal and climatic associations with avian botulism outbreaks. Our results suggested bi-monthly survival decreased with total rainfall during the preceding two-month interval. Survival did not vary with sex, between peak and off-peak nesting seasons, or between the two years of this study. Annual survival probabilities (62–80%) were relatively low compared to the closely related Laysan Duck (<em>Anas laysanensis</em>) on Laysan Island. Primary causes of mortality included avian botulism and presumed predation by cats (<em>Felis catus</em>). The botulism surveillance dataset revealed support for the effect of rainfall on the number of sick and dead birds recovered (<em>n</em> = 216), with generally a greater number of recoveries during months with middle-range total rainfall during the concurrent and preceding months. Our study provides critical baseline demographic data for population monitoring and highlights the importance of managing botulism risk and non-native mammalian predators for the recovery of the endangered Hawaiian Duck.</p>
Novel code for: Synchrony in adult survival is remarkably strong among common temperate songbirds across France
<p>Synchronous variation in demographic parameters across species destabilizes populations, metapopulations and metacommunities and increases extinction risks. Revealing the processes that synchronize population dynamics across species allows us to identify trans-specific demographic processes that are subject to environmental forcing of overarching importance. Using a Bayesian, hierarchical multi-site, multi-species mark-recapture model, we investigated temporal interspecific synchrony in annual adult local survival across 16 common songbird species across France for the period 2001–2016. Adult annual survival was largely synchronous among species (73% [47–94] of the variation among years was common to all species), despite species differing in ecological niche and life-histories. This result was robust to differences in migratory strategy among species, uneven species sample sizes, and time de-trending. Shared synchrony across migratory strategy suggests that environmental forcing during the 4-month temperate breeding season has large-scale, cross-specific, impacts among songbirds. At a scale ~1000 km, a likely proximate mechanism of synchronization is forcing by weather-driven variation in resources, which, in particular, determines the cost of reproduction. However, the strong interspecific synchrony was not easily explained by a set of a priori defined candidate weather variables, with spring weather variables explaining only 1.4% [0.01–5.5] of synchrony, while the contribution of large-scale winter weather indices may be stronger, but uncertain (12% [0.3–37]). Future research may up-scale these results to community dynamics, to understand compensatory intra- and inter-specific demographic processes that preserve meta-communities from synchronization.</p>
Figure 4 in Survival of entomopathogenic nematodes in oil emulsions and control effectiveness on adult engorged ticks (Acari: Ixodida)
Figure 4: Effectivity of EPNs at concentration of 100 IJs/tick in vegetable oil emulsions at concentration of 33% on engorged adult ticks. Bars with unequal letters are statistically different (Tukey, P <0.05).
Figure 2 in Survival of entomopathogenic nematodes in oil emulsions and control effectiveness on adult engorged ticks (Acari: Ixodida)
Figure 2: Survival of EPNs in oil emulsions of J. VirGiniana and C. CitratUS at a concentration of 13% under laboratory conditions.
Figure 3 in Survival of entomopathogenic nematodes in oil emulsions and control effectiveness on adult engorged ticks (Acari: Ixodida)
Figure 3: Effectivity of EPNs at concentration of 50 IJs/tick in vegetable oil emulsions at concentration of 33% on engorged adult ticks. Bars with unequal letters are statistically different (Tukey, P <0.05).
Figure 5 in Survival of entomopathogenic nematodes in oil emulsions and control effectiveness on adult engorged ticks (Acari: Ixodida)
Figure 5: Control effectiveness of S. websteri at 119 IJs/tick in two vegetable oil emulsions at a concentration of 33% and a Control with S. websteri in only distilled water.
Fig 1 in The effects of relative humidity on Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) egg hatch, nymph survival, and adult reproduction
Fig 1. Mean (± SE) percent egg hatch and nymphal survival of Halyomorpha halys from whole and divided egg clutches exposed to 15% to 90% RH. Means with the same letter are not significantly different (Tukey-Kramer test, P ≤ 0.05).
Fig 2 in The effects of relative humidity on Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) egg hatch, nymph survival, and adult reproduction
Fig 2. Mean survival (± SE) of 6 second instar nymphs to the third, fourth, and fifh instar, and adult stage of Halyomorpha halys exposed to 15% to 90% RH. Means with the same letter are not significantly different (Tukey- Kramer test, P ≤ 0.05).
Fig. 2 in Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) nymph survival and adult feeding preferences for crop plants in Florida
Fig. 2. Mean (± SE) number of Halyomorpha halys adults resting or feeding on various plant species in choice tests. Means with the same letter are not significantly different (Tukey-Kramer test, P ≤ 0.05, 6 replicates of 4 adults).
Fig. 1 in Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) nymph survival and adult feeding preferences for crop plants in Florida
Fig. 1. Mean (± SE) survival of second instar Halyomorpha halys to the adult stage on various plant species. Means with the same letter are not significantly different (Tukey-Kramer test, P ≤ 0.05, 3 replicates of 6 nymphs).
Larval nutrition impacts survival to adulthood, body size, and the allometric scaling of metabolic rate in adult honeybees
<p>Resting metabolic rate (RMR) is a fundamental physiological measure linked to numerous aspects of organismal function, including lifespan. Although dietary restriction in insects during larval growth/development affects adult RMR, the impact of larval diet <i>quality</i> on adult RMR has not been studied. Using <i>in vitro</i> rearing to control larval diet quality, we determined the effect of dietary protein and carbohydrate on honeybee survival-to-adulthood, time-to-eclosion, body mass/size and adult RMR. High carbohydrate larval diets increased survival-to-adulthood and time-to-eclosion compared to both low carbohydrate and high protein diets. Upon emergence, bees reared on the high protein diet were smaller and lighter than those reared on other diets, whilst those raised on the high carbohydrate diet varied more in body mass. Newly emerged adult bees' reared on the high carbohydrate diet showed a significantly steeper increase in allometric scaling of RMR compared to those reared on other diets. This suggests that diet quality influences survival-to-adulthood, time-to-eclosion, and the allometric scaling of RMR. Given that agricultural intensification and increasing urbanisation have led to a decrease in both forage availability and dietary diversity for bees, our results are critical to improving understanding of the impacts of poor developmental nutrition on bee growth/development and physiology.</p>
Plastic responses of survival and fertility following heat stress in pupal and adult Drosophila virilis
<p>The impact of rising global temperatures on survival and reproduction is putting many species at risk of extinction. In particular, it has recently been shown that thermal effects on reproduction, particularly limits to male fertility, can underpin species distributions in insects. However, the physiological factors influencing fertility at high temperatures are poorly understood. Key factors that affect somatic thermal tolerance such as hardening, the ability to phenotypically increase thermal tolerance after a mild heat shock, and the differential impact of temperature on different life stages, are largely unexplored for thermal fertility tolerance. Here, we examine the impact of high temperatures on male fertility in the cosmopolitan fruit fly <i>Drosophila virilis</i>. We first determined whether temperature stress at either the pupal or adult life-history stage impacts fertility. We then tested the capacity for heat-hardening to mitigate heat-induced sterility. We found that thermal stress reduces fertility in different ways in pupae and adults. Pupal heat stress delays sexual maturity, whereas males heated as adults can reproduce initially following heat stress, but lose the ability to produce offspring. We also found evidence that while heat-hardening in <i>D. virilis </i>can improve high temperature survival, there is no significant protective impact of this same hardening treatment on fertility. These results suggest that males may be unable to prevent the costs of high temperature stress on fertility through heat-hardening which limits a species' ability to quickly and effectively reduce fertility loss in the face of short-term high temperature events.</p>
Breeding season forest fragment size does not create negative carry-over for adult Wood Thrushes on fall migration timing or apparent annual survival
<p>Although carry-over effects related to wintering habitat quality are known to influence population dynamics of migratory songbirds, the presence of breeding season carry-over is under-studied in full annual cycle models. To test whether forest fragment size on the breeding grounds can impose negative carry-over effects on a migratory songbird, we fitted adult Wood Thrushes with one-year coded radio-tags in forest fragments ranging from 11–499 ha in southwestern Ontario during the 2016–2019 breeding seasons and utilized automated telemetry via the Motus Wildlife Tracking System to record fall migration timing and returns the following spring (apparent annual survival). To examine short-term effects of fragment size on breeding females, during the 2018 and 2019 breeding seasons, we collected blood samples during incubation to measure corticosterone levels and tracked complete reproductive success and nest timing. We found that Wood Thrushes breeding in small forest fragments were not subject to strong negative effects on body condition (mass, corticosterone), reproductive success, or timing of the last nest of the season. Next, we found that the onset of fall migration departure was not delayed for birds nesting in small fragments and that apparent annual survival was not linked to breeding fragment size. This suggests that habitat differences linked to fragment size were not strong enough to trigger the kinds of negative carry-over effects (delayed migration, lower reproductive success) that have been documented in other species as a result of poor wintering ground habitat quality. The strength of breeding fragment size-induced seasonal carry-over remains a critical gap in full annual cycle models for other declining migratory songbirds. Our findings suggest that while the importance of preserving large forested areas is often prioritized in conservation projects, small forest fragments can also have high conservation value.</p>
Northern bobwhite adult breeding season and nest survival Missouri 2014-2018
<p>These data and code are associated with the publication in The Journal of Wildlife Management entitled "Northern Bobwhite breeding season and nest survival are greater on native grasslands." We evaluated the influence of vegetation cover type, woody vegetation structure and composition, and habitat management on nest survival and adult survival from May through September in southwest Missouri 2014-2018.</p>
Predator exclosures increase nest success but reduce adult survival and increase dispersal distance of Piping Plovers, indicating exclosures should be used with caution
<p>Diagnosing unsuccessful population outcomes for endangered species requires understanding relationships among vital rates, ecological conditions, and management variables, including unintended consequences of management actions. The federally-threatened Piping Plover (<em>Charadrius melodus</em>) has remained below recovery goals, despite intensive management, including the use of nest exclosures to protect eggs from predation. We studied ecological factors and management actions affecting nest success, survival, site fidelity, and dispersal of the New Jersey, USA population of Piping Plovers over a seven-year period, focused on evaluating the impact of exclosures on demography. While exclosures increased nest success by 62% over a 34-day period, exclosed nests were 4.7 times more likely to be abandoned, which was likely a consequence of adult mortality. Abandoned nests were associated with lower adult survival, particularly for males, but there was evidence that site fidelity was greater for birds whose last nest was exclosed vs. unexclosed. Regardless of exclosure status, females who abandoned their first nesting attempt dispersed 10 times farther between attempts than those whose first nest attempts were lost to other causes. Moreover, females that abandoned their last nesting attempts dispersed farther than females that lost their last nest to predation or flooding. This difference was more substantial for males. Our results corroborate studies documenting adverse impacts of exclosures on survival, and, for the first time, demonstrate that surviving mates (particularly females) emigrate from the breeding site, resulting in a realized loss of a local breeding pair. Further, we used an online population project model (i.e., PiperEx) to demonstrate that exclosures are not expected to improve growth rates in New Jersey. We conclude that there is a tradeoff among increased nest survival, reduced adult survival and increased emigration rates, and we encourage managers to consider whether exclosures are worth the protection of eggs from predators using online decision support tools.</p>
Larval nutrition impacts survival to adulthood, body size, and the allometric scaling of metabolic rate in adult honeybees
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Predator exclosures increase nest success but reduce adult survival and increase dispersal distance of Piping Plovers, indicating exclosures should be used with caution
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Northern bobwhite adult breeding season and nest survival Missouri 2014-2018
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