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23 results for “allocation of responsibilities”
Variation in biomass allocation and root functional parameters in response to fire history in Brazilian savannas
<p>Dataset associated with the manuscript "<strong>Variation in biomass allocation and root functional parameters in response to fire history in Brazilian savannas" </strong> (Le Stradic et al.). It includes 5 different datasets and for each one we provided metadata.</p> <p>above_below_b_SBI: it includes data related to aboveground and belowground biomass. Aboveground data were collected in circular plots of 0.5m2 and belowground biomass was collected using an auger of 5cm of diameter, every 10cm up to 40cm and every 20cm up to 1m depth. See the method section in the manuscript for full details.</p> <p>below_b_wet_all_SBII: it includes data related to belowground biomass (collected in the first 1m of soil, during the wet season, January-February 2018), including values for each soil depth.</p> <p>root_trait_SBI: it includes all root functional parameters for samples collected in the first 10 cm of soil.</p> <p>Sampling_data: it includes information associated with sampling areas (localization, GPS point, fire history).</p> <p>soil.expand.SBI: it includes all soil data.</p> <p> </p> <p><strong>Abstract</strong></p> <ol> <li>Fire is a fundamental ecological factor in savannas because it affects vegetation dynamics and ecosystem functioning. However, the effects of fire on belowground compartments, including biomass and root traits, and their regeneration remain poorly understood. In this study, we assess the variation of above- and belowground plant components along fire-history gradients in Brazilian open savannas and investigate whether vegetation and soil composition changes are associated with the responses of belowground biomass and root traits.</li> <li>The study was conducted in eight sampling areas of open savanna (<em>campo sujo</em>) the Cerrado (Brazilian savannas), located along a gradient of time since the last fire (1–34 years); the number of fires that occurred within the past 34 years (0–9 fires) varied by sampling area. In each sampling area, we measured above- and belowground biomass, root depth distribution, root functional parameters, and nutrient levels in the upper soil layers (0–10 cm).</li> <li>Rapid recovery of aboveground live biomass after a fire was primarily due to resprouting of graminoids. This recovery was associated with an increase in absorptive root biomass in the upper soil layer in the most recently burnt sites, whereas root biomass was unaffected in deeper layers. Root parameters remained constant regardless of fire history but responded to variations in vegetation structure and soil resources. Specific root length (SRL) decreased with K, Mg<sup>2+</sup>, Al<sup>3+</sup>, N, and C and increased with P concentration. In contrast, root tissue density (RTD) and absorptive root proportion were negatively correlated with soil P. RTD was strongly associated with the aboveground biomass of graminoids. Soil texture impacted the root system: the proportion of absorptive root increased with fine sand content in the soil, inversely to transport root biomass. The relationship between fire and soil composition was insignificant.</li> <li><em>Synthesis</em>. In savannas, fire stimulates absorptive root biomass in response to the higher demand for belowground resources. This response is correlated with shoot regrowth after a fire. Variations in morphological root parameters are not directly associated with fire history; instead, they reflect differences in soil chemistry, especially soil P and graminoid biomass changes.</li> </ol>
Energy allocation explains how protozoan phenotypic traits change in response to temperature and resource supply
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Sperm production and allocation in response to risks of sperm competition in the black soldier fly Hermetia illucens
<p>Dataset and R script used in the study: "Sperm production and allocation in response to risks of sperm competition in the black soldier fly Hermetia illucens".</p>
Data from: No evidence for phenotypic condition-dependent ejaculate allocation in response to sperm competition in a seed beetle
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Kin discrimination causes plastic responses in floral and clonal allocation
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Contrasting biomass allocation responses across ontogeny and stress gradients reveal plant adaptations to drought and cold
How plants allocate their biomass to different organs is essential to understand plant adaptation and distribution. Overall, biomass allocation may follow fixed rules across taxa. They are also likely to exhibit substantial departure from these rules during ontogeny and in response to particular limiting factors to optimize their growth and maximize their survival. However, how plants adjust their allocation priorities depending on size and age across stress gradients remain largely unkown in wild populations. We examined ontogenetic variation in biomass allocation in Himalayan forb Potentilla pamirica across its 5250-5900 m elevation range, between populations from dry steppe, wet alpine and cold subnival zone. We tested whether biomass allocation followed optimal partitioning or fixed allometric rules using organ mass in 1019 individuals spanning 1-73 years. We found shifting biomass fractions with plant size and age, supporting the optimal partitioning theory. Young plants (<10 years) allocated similar proportions of biomass to leaves, stems, and roots, intermediate-aged plants (10-30 years) allocated more biomass to roots, while the oldest plants had 90% biomass in belowground stems. Major developmental processes including secondary thickening, branching and flowering begin 10-15 years earlier under more thermally favorable steppe conditions. Young steppe plants are larger than alpine and subnival plants, but these differences disappear in plants aged ~30, and the oldest alpine and subnival plants are larger than steppe plants. Plant age exerted significant control over biomass allocation after controlling for plant size. While in steppe plants the preference for stem biomass allocation increases with both size and age, for large alpine and subnival plants the stem prioritization decreases with age in favour of root and leaf mass fractions. We interpret the root and leaf prioritization in the oldest plants as a way to reduce carbon imbalances and the risk of frost damage to secure long life. Our analyses rejected ontogenetically fixed allometry and instead found high variation in biomass allocation depending on age, size and environment, supporting optimal partitioning theory. The uneven allocation of resources to different structures and functions during ontogenesis reflects plant adaptations to different levels of low-temperature and water stress across species elevation range.
Data from: Land use in mountain grasslands alters drought response and recovery of carbon allocation and plant-microbial interactions
1. Mountain grasslands have recently been exposed to substantial changes in land-use and climate and in the near future will likely face an increased frequency of extreme droughts. To date is not known how the drought responses of carbon (C) allocation, a key process in the C cycle, are affected by land-use changes in mountain grassland. 2. We performed an experimental summer drought on an abandoned grassland and a traditionally managed hay meadow and traced the fate of recent assimilates through the plant-soil continuum. We applied two 13CO2 pulses, at peak drought and in the recovery phase shortly after rewetting. 3. Drought decreased total C uptake in both grassland types and led to a loss of aboveground carbohydrate storage pools. The belowground C allocation to root sucrose was enhanced by drought, especially in the meadow, which also held larger root carbohydrate storage pools. 4. The microbial community of the abandoned grassland comprised more saprotrophic fungal and Gram (+) bacterial markers compared to the meadow. Drought increased the newly introduced AM and saprotrophic fungi:bacteria ratio in both grassland types. At peak drought the 13C transfer into AM fungi, saprotrophic fungi and Gram (-) bacteria was more strongly reduced in the meadow than in the abandoned grassland, which contrasted the patterns of the root carbohydrate pools. 5. In both grassland types the C allocation largely recovered after rewetting. Slowest recovery was found for AM fungi and their 13C uptake. In contrast, all bacterial markers quickly recovered C uptake. In the meadow, where plant nitrate uptake was enhanced after drought, C uptake was even higher than in control plots. 6. Synthesis. Our results suggest that resistance and resilience (i.e. recovery) of plant C dynamics and plant-microbial interactions are negatively related, i.e. high resistance is followed by slow recovery and vice versa. The abandoned grassland was more resistant to drought than the meadow and possibly had a stronger link to AM fungi that could have provided better access to water through the hyphal network. In contrast, meadow communities strongly reduced C allocation to storage and C transfer to the microbial community in the drought phase, but in the recovery phase invested C resources in the bacterial communities to gain more nutrients for regrowth. We conclude that management of mountain grasslands increases their resilience to drought.
Female differential allocation in response to extra-pair offspring and social mate attractiveness
<p>Renewed debate over what benefits females might gain from producing extra-pair offspring emphasizes the possibility that apparent differences in quality between within-pair and extra-pair offspring are confounded by greater maternal investment in extra-pair offspring. Moreover, the attractiveness of a female's social mate can also influence contributions of both partners to a reproductive attempt. Here we explore the complexities involved in parental investment decisions in response to extra-pair offspring and mate attractiveness with a focus on the female point of view. Adult zebra finches paired and reproduced in a colony setting. A male's early-life diet quality and his extra-pair reproductive success were used as metrics of his mating attractiveness. Females paired with males that achieved extra-pair success laid heavier eggs than other females and spent less time attending their nests than their mates or other females. Extra-pair nestlings were fed more protein-rich hen's egg than within-pair nestlings. Females producing extra-pair offspring had more surviving sons than females producing only within-pair offspring. Collectively, results show that females differentially allocate resources in response to offspring extra-pair status and their social mate's attractiveness. Females may also obtain fitness benefits through the production of extra-pair offspring.</p>
Data from: Land use in mountain grasslands alters drought response and recovery of carbon allocation and plant-microbial interactions
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Female differential allocation in response to extra-pair offspring and social mate attractiveness
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Contrasting biomass allocation responses across ontogeny and stress gradients reveal plant adaptations to drought and cold
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Data from: Daphnia females adjust sex allocation in response to current sex ratio and density
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Data from: Experimental evolution demonstrates evolvability of preferential nutrient allocation to competing traits, in response to chronic malnutrition.
Investigating the evolutionary origins of disease vulnerability is an important aspect of evolutionary medicine that strongly complements our current understanding on proximate causes of disease. Life history trade-offs mediated through evolutionary changes in resource allocation strategies could be one possible explanation to why suboptimal traits that leave bodies vulnerable to disease exist. For example, Drosophila melanogaster populations experimentally evolved to tolerate chronic larval malnutrition succumb to intestinal infection despite eliciting a competent immune response, owing to the loss of their intestinal integrity. Here, I test if evolved changes in resource allocation underlies this trade-off, by assaying preferential allocation of dietary protein towards growth and tissue repair in the same populations. Using two phenotypic traits: regeneration of intestinal epithelium post-pathogenic infection and body weight, I show that in accordance to the dynamic energy budget theory (DEB) dietary protein acquired during the larval phase is allocated to both growth and adult tissue repair. Furthermore, by altering the ratio of protein and carbohydrates in the larval diets I demonstrate that in comparison to the control populations, the evolved (selected) populations differ in their protein allocation strategy towards these two traits. While the control populations stored away excess protein for tissue repair, the selected populations invested it towards immediate increase in body weight rather than towards an unanticipated tissue damage. Thus, I show how macronutrient availability and their allocation between traits can alter resistance, and provide empirical evidence that supports the 'mismatch hypothesis', wherein vulnerability to disease is proposed to stem from the differences between ancestral and current environment.
Data from: Body reserves influence allocation to immune responses in capital breeding female northern elephant seals
Mounting an immune response requires substantial energy. Ecological immunology theory predicts allocation trade-offs between reproductive effort and immune responses under conditions of energy limitation. Little is known about the impact of capital breeding strategies on energy allocation to immune function in mammals. Northern elephant seals (NES) forage in the marine environment, breed in dense terrestrial colonies and exhibit high rates of energy expenditure for lactation while fasting. Body reserves strongly influence reproductive effort and lactation requires elevation of plasma cortisol for energy mobilization. We characterized immune response by measuring a suite of immune markers including cytokines, an acute phase protein, and immunoglobulins early and late in breeding and moult haul-outs in 197 samples from 129 female NES. We explored potential impacts of breeding, body condition and plasma cortisol on immune function. Immune responses were greater and more varied during breeding. Adiposity had positive associations with innate immune responses across all life-history stages. Body mass had positive associations with both adaptive and innate immune responses early in fasts. Females with lower fat reserves showed reduced innate immune responses at the end of lactation. Immunoglobulin E, a marker of immune response to parasitic infection, exhibited a significant negative association with cortisol across all life-history stages. These data suggest that breeding carries an immune cost and provide evidence for allocation trade-offs between immune function and breeding effort. These trade-offs may reflect a compromise between immune costs inherent in colonial breeding and energetic limitations that arise in use of capital breeding strategies. Variation in evidence for immunosuppressive effects of cortisol suggests that decoupling of these effects may be limited to specific aspects of the immune response during terrestrial fasting. Immune responses that are required for survival may be modulated relative to the energetic demands required for successful reproduction.
Data from: When to cut your losses: dispersal allocation in an asexual filamentous fungus in response to competition
Fungal communities often form on ephemeral substrates and dispersal is critical for the persistence of fungi among the islands that form these metacommunities. Within each substrate, competition for space and resources is vital for the local persistence of fungi. The capacity to detect and respond by dispersal away from unfavorable conditions may confer higher fitness in fungi. Informed dispersal theory posits that organisms are predicted to detect information about their surroundings which may trigger a dispersal response. As such, we expect that fungi will increase allocation to dispersal in the presence of a strong competitor. In a laboratory setting, we tested how competition with other filamentous fungi affected the development of conidial pycnidiomata (asexual fruiting bodies) in Phacidium lacerum over 10 days. Phacidium lacerum was not observed to produce more asexual fruiting bodies or produce them earlier when experiencing interspecific competition with other filamentous fungi. However, we found that a trade‐off existed between growth rate and allocation to dispersal. We also observed a defensive response to specific interspecific competitors in the form of hyphal melanization of the colony which may have an impact on the growth rate and dispersal trade‐off. Our results suggest that P. lacerum have the capacity to detect and respond to competitors by changing their allocation to dispersal and growth. However, allocation to defence may come at a cost to growth and dispersal. Thus, it is likely that optimal life history allocation in fungi constrained to ephemeral resources will depend on the competitive strength of neighbors surrounding them.
Biomass allocation in response to salinity and competition in native and invasive species
<p>Biomass allocation to different plant parts affects the subsequent capture rate of resources and reproduction. Thus, many studies have been conducted on the biomass allocation to learn growth, reproduction and competitive ability of plants. However, few researches have explored how biomass allocation responses to non-resource factor and interspecific competition over time. We experimentally investigated the effects of soil salinity and competition on root:shoot ratio (RS), reproductive effort (RE; seed biomass:total biomass ratio), the relationship between belowground and aboveground biomass, the relationship between reproductive and vegetative biomass, growth, and reproduction of invasive Spartina alterniflora and native Phragmites australis. The biomass of P. australis decreased with increasing salinity, whereas that of S. alterniflora did not significantly change. The reproduction of P. australis decreased with increasing salinity under competitive conditions, and that of S. alterniflora increased. Therefore, P. australis was less-tolerant, and S. alterniflora was more-tolerant. The RS of P. australis increased over time under competitive conditions and with increasing salinity, and that of S. alterniflora did not significantly change. The RE of P. australis decreased to zero with decreasing total biomass, and that of S. alterniflora did not significantly correlate with total biomass. Both species exhibited a linear relationship between belowground and aboveground biomass. The relationship between reproductive and vegetative biomass in P. australis was linear, and the reproductive biomass of S. alterniflora did not significantly correlate with the vegetative biomass. Competitive dominance shifted from P. australis to S. alterniflora with increasing salinity. The findings demonstrated that the plastic biomass allocation of less-tolerant species facilitates performance of less-tolerant species in favorable environments, while the fixed biomass allocation of more-tolerant species facilitates performance of more-tolerant species in stressful environments, suggesting that S. alterniflora invasion driven by competitive exclusion probably occur in high salinity zones, and reproductive ability of invasive species should be relatively stronger during exclusion. More broadly, linking level of environmental stresses with tolerance of plants is crucial to understanding and predicting the biomass allocation and its effects on plant performance, which is an expansion of predictions from optimal theory and allometric theory and therefore illustrates the conditionality of these predictions.</p>
Data from: Experimental evolution demonstrates evolvability of preferential nutrient allocation to competing traits, in response to chronic malnutrition.
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Data from: Root:shoot ratio in developing seedlings: how seedlings change their allocation in response to seed mass and ambient nutrient supply
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Data from: Body reserves influence allocation to immune responses in capital breeding female northern elephant seals
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Data from: When to cut your losses: dispersal allocation in an asexual filamentous fungus in response to competition
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