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277 results for “allometry”
fab2_allometry_2016-2022 in Forest and Biodiversity 2: a tree diversity experiment to understand the consequences of multiple dimensions of diversity and composition for long-term ecosystem function and resilience
The Forest and Biodiversity (FAB2) experiment uses native tree species in varying levels of species richness, phylogenetic diversity, and functional diversity planted in 100 m2 and 400 m2 plots at 1 m spacing, appropriate for testing long-term ecosystem consequences. FAB2 was designed and established in conjunction with a prior experiment (FAB1) in which the same set of twelve species was planted in 16 m2 plots at 0.5 m spacing. Both are adjacent to the BioDIV prairie-grassland diversity experiment, enabling comparative investigations of diversity and ecosystem function relationships between experimental grasslands and forests at different planting densities and plot sizes. This data package examines mortality in the first six years of the experiment.
Sevilleta Plant Species Sensitivity of Dryland Plant Allometry to Climate
Patterns of plant biomass partitioning are fundamental to estimates of primary productivity and ecosystem process rates. Allometric relationships between aboveground plant biomass and non-destructive measures of plant size, such as cover, volume, or stem density are widely used in plant ecology. Such size-biomass allometry is often assumed to be invariant for a given plant species, plant functional group, or ecosystem type. Allometric adjustments may be an important component of the short- or long-term responses of plants to abiotic conditions. We used 18 years of size-biomass data describing 85 plant species to investigate the sensitivity of allometry to precipitation, temperature, or drought across two seasons and four ecosystems in central New Mexico, USA. Our results demonstrate that many plant species adjust patterns in the partitioning of aboveground biomass under different climates and highlight the importance of long-term data for understanding functional differences among plant species.
Plant allometry at GCE sampling sites 1-10 in October, 2002
The relationship between height and mass (allometry) was measured for plants collected from Georgia Coastal Ecosystems sampling sites 1-10 in October 2002. Shoots or leaves (Juncus) were collected adjacent to permanent plots in each marsh zone by clipping at the soil surface. Dead leaves were removed from shoots. Height, flowering status (Spartina species only), number of leaves (Spartina species and Zizaniopsis), and dry mass were measured for each plant. The allometric relationships determined in this study will allow annual GCE plant monitoring data to be converted from height to mass. This study may be repeated in the future to examine temporal trends in relation to environmental changes.
Plant allometry at GCE sampling site 8 in October, 2007
The relationship between height and mass (allometry) was measured for plants collected from Georgia Coastal Ecosystems sampling site 8 in October 2007. This dataset supplements PLT-GCEM-0211b by providing data for 3 rare species that are common only at site 8. Shoots were collected adjacent to permanent plots in appropriate marsh zones by clipping at the soil surface. Height, flowering status (Typha and Panicum species only), and dry mass were measured for each plant. The allometric relationships determined in this study will allow annual GCE plant monitoring data to be converted from height to mass. This study may be repeated in the future to examine temporal trends in relation to environmental changes.
Plant allometry at GCE sampling sites 1-10 in October between 2002 and 2020.
The relationship between height and mass (allometry) was measured for plants collected from Georgia Coastal Ecosystems sampling sites 1-10 in October between 2002 and 2020. This dataset includes data from previous allometry measurements (PLT-GCEM-0211b and PLT-GCEM-0711) and data from 2 additional species measured at site 8 in 2020. Shoots or leaves (Juncus) were collected adjacent to permanent plots in each marsh zone by clipping at the soil surface. Dead leaves were removed from shoots. Height, flowering status (Spartina, Typha and Panicum species only), number of leaves (Spartina species and Zizaniopsis), and dry mass were measured for each plant. The allometric relationships determined in this study will allow annual GCE plant monitoring data to be converted from height to mass. This study may be repeated in the future to examine temporal trends in relation to environmental changes.
Supplementary materials (Allometry and fighting behaviour of a dimorphic stag beetle Cyclommatus miniszechi (Coleoptera: Lucanidae))
<p><strong>Supplementary Materials:</strong></p> <p><strong>Table S1.</strong> The morphological measurements of males of <em>Cyclommatus mniszechi</em> used for allometry analyses.</p> <p><strong>Table S2. </strong>The behavioural sequence data used for sequential analyses of size-matched contests in major males of <em>Cyclommatus mniszechi</em>.</p> <p><strong>Table S3. </strong>The behavioural sequence data used for sequential analyses of size-matched contests in minor males of <em>Cyclommatus mniszechi</em>.</p> <p><strong>Video S1.</strong> The behavioural sequence of males of <em>Cyclommatus mniszechi</em> in fighting contests under the laboratory setups. One of the opponents walked to the other and touched it (00:07), and then both of them displayed ‘defensive posture’ (00:08) after ‘touch’. Once both individuals approached each other, they accelerated antennation and raised their mandibles and prothoracic parts. The contest then progressed into ‘body raising’ (00:14). They then performed ‘attack’ and ‘push’ to each other several times and then escalated to ‘tussle’ (00:20) and interlocked their mandibles until one of the contestants was clamped (‘clamp1’) in the air by the other for a second and flipped (00:50). The winner dropped the loser and kept attacking and pushing the loser while the loser retreated and moved backwards (00:51).</p>
Data from: Australian rodents reveal conserved craniofacial evolutionary allometry across 10 million years of murid evolution
<p>Among vertebrates, placental mammals are particularly variable in the covariance between cranial shape and body size (allometry), with rodents a major exception. Australian murid rodents allow an assessment of the cause of this anomaly because they radiated on an ecologically diverse continent notably lacking other terrestrial placentals. Here we use 3D geometric morphometrics to quantify species-level and evolutionary allometries in 38 species (317 crania) from all Australian murid genera. We ask if ecological opportunity resulted in greater allometric diversity compared to other rodents, or if conserved allometry suggests intrinsic constraints and/or stabilizing selection. We also assess whether cranial shape variation follows the proposed "rule of craniofacial evolutionary allometry" (CREA), whereby larger species have relatively longer snouts and smaller braincases. To ensure we could differentiate parallel versus non-parallel species-level allometric slopes, we compared the slopes of rarefied samples across all clades. We found exceedingly conserved allometry and CREA-like patterns across the 10 million year split between <i>Mus</i> and Australian murids. This could support both intrinsic constraints and stabilizing selection hypotheses for conserved allometry. Large-bodied frugivores evolved faster than other species along the allometric trajectory, which could suggest stabilizing selection on the shape of the masticatory apparatus as body size changes.</p>
Data from: Predation drives the evolution of brain cell proliferation and brain allometry in male Trinidadian killifish, Rivulus hartii
<p>The external environment influences brain cell proliferation, and this might contribute to brain plasticity underlying adaptive behavioural changes. Additionally, internal genetic factors influence brain cell proliferation rate. However, to date, researchers have not examined the importance of environmental vs. genetic factors in causing natural variation in brain cell proliferation. Here, we examine brain cell proliferation and brain growth trajectories in free-living populations of Trinidadian killifish, Rivulus hartii, exposed to contrasting predation environments. Compared to populations without predators, populations in high predation environments exhibited higher rates of brain cell proliferation and a steeper brain growth trajectory (relative to body size). To test whether these differences in the wild persist in a common garden environment, we reared first generation fish originating from both predation environments in uniform laboratory conditions. Just as in the wild, brain cell proliferation and brain growth in the common garden were greater in high predation populations than in no predation populations. The similar results in field and common garden studies indicate that population differences in these brain features are intrinsic, probably genetic, differences arising from natural selection acting on overall brain growth and life history rather than differences arising through phenotypic plasticity.</p>
Morphology and biomass allometry data of vines in Beijing
<p>Lacking mechanical support tissue, vines may have distinctive allometric laws, which may differ from the predictions of theoretical models for self-supporting plants such as metabolic scaling theory (MST). Here, we collected 260 branches of 12 garden vine species to analyze the allometric relationships between diameter, length, leaf, and stem biomass and the effects of biotic and abiotic factors on the allometric relationships of vine branches using mixed-effect model ANOVA. Our results showed that the scaling exponents of diameter-length of vine branch had significant inter-species differences and were higher than the predictions of MST. Besides, the exponents of herbaceous vines were higher than woody vines. However, leaf-stem biomass of vine branches showed isometric relationships, which supported the predictions of MST and there was no difference among species and life forms. Both biotic and abiotic factors had weak effects on exponents of allometric relationships, while significant effects on constants. These results confirmed that vines invest more in elongation growth compared to self-supporting plants, but the partitioning of biomass follows a strict biophysical constraint. Our findings emphasize the significance of mechanical support tissue proportion in plant stems, which is a critical determinant in allometric scaling relationships.</p>
Bark and sapwood allometry for fourteen North American tree species
<p>Measurements of sapwood and bark thickness for fourteen North American tree species, based on visual inspection of 651 tree cores. The recorded values include: species name, stem diameter at the breast height (1.3 m above the ground surface; DBH in cm), bark thickness (cm), and sapwood thickness (cm). A detailed documentation of this dataset as well as the site description where the samples were collected are provided in the associated publication (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2022.109092).</p>
Trophic allometry in a predator that carries corpses of its prey
<p><span>Ant-snatching assassin bugs carry a 'backpack' of ant corpses as an antipredator strategy. From photographs, we quantified the relative size and number of ants in these backpacks. We found a trade-off between size and number of carried ants, suggesting that trophic allometry has implications beyond energy acquisition, potentially affecting camouflage.</span></p>
Figure 4 in Limitations of allometry, morphometry, and fluctuating asymmetry in detecting environmental stress caused by lead soil contamination in aphids under field conditions
Figure 4 Fluctuating asymmetry (mean and error deviation) observed in the antenna and tibia of Brevicoryne brassicae in the presence (Lead (Pb)) and absence (Control) of lead.
Figure 3 in Limitations of allometry, morphometry, and fluctuating asymmetry in detecting environmental stress caused by lead soil contamination in aphids under field conditions
Figure 3 Negative allometry represented by the allometric coefficients of both the antenna and tibia and their confidence intervals; the values are related to the body length ofBrevicoryne brassicae in the presence (Lead (Pb)) and absence (Control) of lead.
Figure 1 in Limitations of allometry, morphometry, and fluctuating asymmetry in detecting environmental stress caused by lead soil contamination in aphids under field conditions
Figure 1 Brevicoryne brassicae placed in a dorsal-ventral position for structure measurement. (a): Total body length (b): antenomer length (c): length of the posterior tibia. Source: the authors.
Figure 2 in Limitations of allometry, morphometry, and fluctuating asymmetry in detecting environmental stress caused by lead soil contamination in aphids under field conditions
Figure 2 Mean length and standard error of the antenna, tibia and body length of Brevicoryne brassicae in the presence (Lead (Pb)) and absence (Control) of lead.
Figure 5 in Morphological variation of pumpkinseed (Lepomis gibbosus) with emphasis on allometry
Figure 5. Five times exaggerated deformation grids from reference specimen to group means (before standardization).
Figure 2 in Morphological variation of pumpkinseed (Lepomis gibbosus) with emphasis on allometry
Figure 2. Landmarks used in study: 1- tip of mouth; 2- middle of the eye; 3- preoperculum and operculum intersection; 4- posterior edge of preoperculum; 5- interoperculum and suboperculum intersection; 6- posterior tip of operculum; 7- anterior base of first dorsal fin ray; 8- posterior base of dorsal fin; 9- dorsal base of caudal fin; 10-last scale of lateral line; 11- ventral base of caudal fin; 12- posterior base of anal fin; 13-anterior base of first anal fin ray; 14- anterior base of first pelvic fin ray; 15- ventral base of pectoral fin; 16- dorsal base of pectoral fin.
Figure 4. The 3D in Morphological variation of pumpkinseed (Lepomis gibbosus) with emphasis on allometry
Figure 4. The 3D plot of first three principal components with five times exaggerated deformation grids along principal components (deformation grid on the left illustrates the negative side of the axis, whereas right illustration is the positive side of the axis.)
Figure 3 in Morphological variation of pumpkinseed (Lepomis gibbosus) with emphasis on allometry
Figure 3. Regression of shape versus centroid size logarithm (logCSize) (significant changes observed at landmarks, which are highlighted in black).
Figure 6 in Morphological variation of pumpkinseed (Lepomis gibbosus) with emphasis on allometry
Figure 6. Five times exaggerated deformation grids from reference specimen to group means (after standardization).
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