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Fig. 6 in Desoria calderonis sp. nov., a new species of alpine cryophilic springtail (Collembola: Isotomidae) from the Apennines (Italy), with phylogenetic and ecological considerations

Fig. 6. Phylogenetic tree of Desoria calderonis sp. nov. and related species, on the basis of the cox1 gene. Names include the BOLD bin number, as well as the taxonomic attribution and number of sequences included in the bin. Genera were abbreviated where unambiguous within the bin. When records of the same bin had multiple taxonomic attributions, the one at the lowest level was retained if all were compatible. Alternatively, all were listed separately. Bootstrap support is indicated if> 80. ♠: olivacea- group; ♣: fennica-group; ♥: violacea-group of Desoria.

Fig. 4 in Desoria calderonis sp. nov., a new species of alpine cryophilic springtail (Collembola: Isotomidae) from the Apennines (Italy), with phylogenetic and ecological considerations

Fig. 4. Desoria calderonis sp. nov. A. Ventral chaetotaxy of head. B. Labial palps. C. Labrum. D. Mandible. E. Maxilla. F. Maxillary palp. G. Female genital opening. H. Male genital opening. I. VT in posterior view.

Fig. 5 in Desoria calderonis sp. nov., a new species of alpine cryophilic springtail (Collembola: Isotomidae) from the Apennines (Italy), with phylogenetic and ecological considerations

Fig. 5. Desoria calderonis sp. nov., scanning electron microscopy. A. Ocular plate. B. Claws. C. Antennal organ III. D. Retinaculum.

Fig. 2 in Desoria calderonis sp. nov., a new species of alpine cryophilic springtail (Collembola: Isotomidae) from the Apennines (Italy), with phylogenetic and ecological considerations

Fig. 2. Desoria calderonis sp. nov. A. Dorsal chaetotaxy. B. Number and distribution of dorsal s-setae (accp-s: accp-setae; al-s: al-setae; as: as-setae) and ms-setae (ms). C. Ocular plate (A–H: eyes) and PAO. D. Ant. IV apical dorsal part; asterisk = seta-like s-seta. E. Ant. I–III, dorsal view, with s-setae (double line) and seta-like s-setae (simple line); on ventro-proximal part of Ant. I, two isolated microsetae present.

Figure 4 in Vegetation of alpine screes on Bjelašnica Mt. - syntaxonomy and ecology

Figure 4. Association Pseudofumarietum leiospermae on western slopes of Bjelašnica Mt. (Photo: D. Kulijer).

Figure 3 in Vegetation of alpine screes on Bjelašnica Mt. - syntaxonomy and ecology

Figure 3. Cluster dendrogram of columns (associations) in the synoptic table. A. Drypidi—Silenetum; B. Drypido spinosae—Seslerietum wettsteinii; C. Drypidi—Heracleetum orsinii; D. Drypetum linneanae; E. Pseudofumarietum leiospermae; F. Pseudofumarietum leiospermae helictochloetosum; G. Dryopteridetum villarii; H. Festuco xanthinae—Valerianetum montanae; I. Cerastietum dinaricae.

Figure 1. A in Vegetation of alpine screes on Bjelašnica Mt. - syntaxonomy and ecology

Figure 1. A. Position of Bjelašnica Mt. in B&H (W. Balkan); B. Northern slopes of Bjelašnica Mt. with Observatory peak (2067 m) in the background; C. Treeline on western slopes of Bjelašnica Mt. (1800 m) (Photos: D. Kulijer)

Figure 2 in Vegetation of alpine screes on Bjelašnica Mt. - syntaxonomy and ecology

Figure 2. Cluster dendrogram of the raw data matrix (species x plot). A. Drypidi—Silenetum; B. Drypido spinosae— Seslerietum wettsteinii; C. Drypidi—Heracleetum orsinii; D. Drypetum linneanae; E. Pseudofumarietum leiospermae; F. Pseudofumarietum leiospermae helictochloetosum; G. Dryopteridetum villarii; H. Festuco xanthinae—Valerianetum montanae; I. Cerastietum dinaricae.

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Fig. 1 in Desoria calderonis sp. nov., a new species of alpine cryophilic springtail (Collembola: Isotomidae) from the Apennines (Italy), with phylogenetic and ecological considerations

Fig. 1. Desoria calderonis sp. nov., general aspect.

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The pollination ecology and mouthpart morphology of a pollen-feeding fly <em>Incurviseta</em> cf. <em>maculifrons</em> (Diptera: Lauxaniidae) in the Australian Alpine

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Data from: Ecological gradients drive insect wing loss and speciation: the role of the alpine treeline

Alpine ecosystems are frequently characterised by an abundance of wing-reduced insect species, but the drivers of this biodiversity remain poorly understood. Insect wing reduction in these environments has variously been attributed to altitude, temperature, isolation, habitat stability, or decreased habitat size. We used fine-scale ecotypic and genomic analyses, along with broad-scale distributional analyses of ecotypes, to unravel the ecological drivers of wing reduction in the wing-dimorphic stonefly Zelandoperla fenestrata complex. Altitudinal transects within populations revealed dramatic wing reduction over very fine spatial scales, tightly linked to the alpine treeline. Broad biogeographic analyses confirm that the treeline has a much stronger effect on these ecotype distributions than altitude per se. Molecular analyses revealed parallel genomic divergence between vestigial-winged (high altitude) and full-winged (low altitude) ecotypes across distinct streams. These data thus highlight the role of the alpine treeline as a key driver of rapid speciation, providing a new model for ecological diversification along exposure gradients

opencc-zeroMay 2019View details →

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Data from: Ecology and life history affect different aspects of the population structure of 27 high-alpine plants

A plant species' genetic population structure is the result of a complex combination of its life history, ecological preferences, position in the ecosystem, and historical factors. As a result, many different statistical methods exist that measure different aspects of species' genetic structure. However, little is known about how these methods are interrelated and how they are related to a species' ecology and life history. In this study, we used the IntraBioDiv AFLP-dataset from 27 high-alpine species to calculate eight genetic summary statistics that we jointly correlate to a set of six ecological and life-history traits. We found that there is a large amount of redundancy among the calculated summary statistics and that there is a significant association with the matrix of species traits. In a multivariate analysis, two main aspects of population structure were visible among the 27 species. The first aspect is related to the species' dispersal capacities and the second is most likely related to the species' postglacial recolonisation of the Alps. Furthermore, we found that some summary statistics, most importantly Mantel's r and Jost's D, show different behaviour than expected based on theory. We therefore advise caution in drawing too strong conclusions from these statistics.

opencc-zeroDec 2010View details →

Fig. 2 in Reconciling ecological and phytogeographical spatial boundaries to clarify the limits of the montane and alpine regions of sub-Sahelian Africa

Fig. 2. High elevation flora and vegetation of the Afrotropics.A.Lower alpine vegetation (Sanetti Plateau, Bale Highlands, Ethiopia); B.Lobelia rhynchopetalum Hemsl., endemic to the lower alpine belt of Ethiopia; C. L. gibberoa Hemsl., a forest-dwelling giant lobelia of the montane belt, restricted to tropical Africa; D. Montane forest (Harenna Forest, Bale Highlands, Ethiopia).

Fig. 4 in Reconciling ecological and phytogeographical spatial boundaries to clarify the limits of the montane and alpine regions of sub-Sahelian Africa

Fig. 4. Schematic representation of the centres and sub-centres of the Cape element in sub-Sahelian Africa (from Carbutt, 2004; Carbutt and Edwards, 2012; updated from Weimarck, 1941). The high elevation sub-centres in particular are often fragmented, hence the need for two hyphenated names when considering two dominant enclaves of close proximity. The most modern and geographically accurate names have been used. For example, 'Abessinian Sub-centre' is now 'Ethiopian Sub-centre'; 'Rungwe Sub-centre' is now 'Nyika-Rungwe Subcentre'; 'Mitumba-Rwenzori Sub-centre' is an amalgamation of Weimarck's (1941) 'Katanga' and 'Kivu' Sub-centres, named after the Mitumba Highlands, and the dominant Rwenzori Mountains further north. The double-sided arrows denote possible dual-direction migration events that may have resulted in reciprocal exchange of taxa between centres.

Fig. 5 in Reconciling ecological and phytogeographical spatial boundaries to clarify the limits of the montane and alpine regions of sub-Sahelian Africa

Fig. 5. Schematic representation of the intervals between centres and sub-centres of the Cape element in sub-Sahelian Africa (from Carbutt, 2004; updated from Weimarck, 1941). Symbols: ▲, high elevation centres and sub-centres of the Cape element; ●, low elevation centre of the Cape element (Pondoland Centre). Most names are derived from the geographic regions in which the intervals occur.

Fig. 3 in Reconciling ecological and phytogeographical spatial boundaries to clarify the limits of the montane and alpine regions of sub-Sahelian Africa

Fig. 3. The Drakensberg Alpine Centre, southern Africa, as previously recognised. A. upper montane grasslands above Sani Pass, southern KwaZulu-Natal Drakensberg; B. near-endemic shrub, Euryops evansii Schltr. subsp. evansii, of the upper montane belt; C. endemic forb, Moraea alticola Goldblatt, of the lower alpine belt; D. lower alpine grasslands of Lesotho.

Figure 12 in Alpine-Himalayan orogeny drove correlated morphological, molecular, and ecological diversification in the Persian dwarf snake (Squamata: Serpentes: Eirenis persicus)

Figure 12. Response curve of the maximum entropy (Maxent) model. A, response curves of the precipitation of the coldest quarter, used to calculate the western operational taxonomic unit (OTU) Maxent model of the Eirenis persicus species group; B, response curves of the minimum temperature of the coldest month (°C), used to calculate the nigrofasciatus and eastern OTU Maxent model of the E. persicus species group. The logistic prediction values changed as each environmental variable was varied one by one whilst keeping all other environmental variables at their average sample value. In (A), boxplots represent the precipitation of the coldest quarter in the habitat of E. persicus specimens in southwestern Iran (SW-IR), Turkey and western Iran (TK, W-IR), and northern Iran (N-IR); in (B), boxplots represent the minimum temperature of the coldest month (°C) in the habitat of E. persicus specimens of the nigrofasciatus OTU (nig), eastern Iran and Turkmenistan sub-OTU (E-IR, TM), north-eastern Pakistan sub-OTU (NE-PK), and specimens referred to Eirenis mcmahoni (mc).

Figure 11. Predicted suitable habitat for the Eirenis persicus species group. A in Alpine-Himalayan orogeny drove correlated morphological, molecular, and ecological diversification in the Persian dwarf snake (Squamata: Serpentes: Eirenis persicus)

Figure 11. Predicted suitable habitat for the Eirenis persicus species group. A, western operational taxonomic unit (OTU) specimens; B, eastern and nigrofasciatus OTUs. The model was reclassified into ten equal probability classes. Only classes with probabilities greater than 60% are presented here. Maximum training sensitivity plus specificity logistic threshold (dark grey) is equal to 15.7% in (A) and 23% in (B). In (A), circles indicate the south-western Iran sub-OTU, ◆ indicate the south-eastern Turkey and western Iran sub-OTU, and plus symbols indicate the northern Iran specimens. In (B), circles indicate specimens of the nigrofasciatus OTU, triangles indicate the eastern Iran and Turkmenistan sub-OTU, plus symbols indicate the north-eastern Pakistan sub-OTU, and stars indicate the localities of the specimens referred to Eirenis mcmahoni.

Figure 10 in Alpine-Himalayan orogeny drove correlated morphological, molecular, and ecological diversification in the Persian dwarf snake (Squamata: Serpentes: Eirenis persicus)

Figure 10. Median joining network of Eirenis persicus cytochrome b haplotypes. Abbreviations: PE, E. persicus specimens with persicus morph with bases of their anterior dorsal scales are darker, PW, persicus morph with unicoloured dorsal scales; W, walteri morph; nigrofasciatus, nigrofasciatus morph. Numbers indicate the number of nucleotide substitutions.

Figure 9 in Alpine-Himalayan orogeny drove correlated morphological, molecular, and ecological diversification in the Persian dwarf snake (Squamata: Serpentes: Eirenis persicus)

Figure 9. Maximum likelihood chronogram representing the evolution of the genus Eirenis and its immediate ancestors, as well as the hypothetical ancestral distribution of Eirenis persicus over the Eurasia plate. A, divergence of E. persicus (vertical line) from the Eirenis lineage (square) 16–18 Mya. B, divergence of E. persicus into the western and eastern clades 10–13 Mya. Abbreviations: Pleis., Pleistocene; Plioc., Pliocene.