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Fig. 7 in Exploring the limits of morphospace: Ontogeny and ecology of late Viséan ammonoids from the Tafilalt, Morocco

Fig. 7. Morphospace (UWI, umbilical width index; WER, whorl expansion rate; CWI, conch width index) with data of 3015 species of Palaeozoic ammonoids with additional points of the ammonoids from the early late Viséan of the Tafilalt (Morocco). Note that data points of juveniles (empty symbols) of Calygirtyoceras darkaouaense and Goniatites lazarus lie at the edge or outside of the cloud of 3015 species. Graph produced using JMP 11.

Fig. 5 in Exploring the limits of morphospace: Ontogeny and ecology of late Viséan ammonoids from the Tafilalt, Morocco

Fig. 5. Ammonoids from the early late Viséan, 12 km SE of Dar Kaoua (Tafilalt, Morocco). A, C. Calygirtyoceras darkaouaense Korn, Klug, and Mapes, 1999. A. PIMUZ 31516 (A1), Goniatites lazarus with a juvenile specimen in oblique-ventral (A2), lateral (A3), and ventral (A4) views. C. PIMUZ 31513, fragmentary adult in lateral view (C1), cross section (C2). B. Entogonites bucheri sp. nov., PIMUZ 31509, holotype in lateral (B1) and ventral (B2) views. All specimens whitened with NH4Cl-sublimate.

Fig. 3 in Exploring the limits of morphospace: Ontogeny and ecology of late Viséan ammonoids from the Tafilalt, Morocco

Fig. 3. Adult specimen of Goniatites lazarus Korn, Klug, and Mapes, 2005 (PIMUZ 31514) from the early late Viséan, 12 km SE of Dar Kaoua (Tafilalt, Morocco), in dorsal (A), lateral (B), and ventral (C) views. All specimens whitened with NH4Cl-sublimate

Fig. 6 in Exploring the limits of morphospace: Ontogeny and ecology of late Viséan ammonoids from the Tafilalt, Morocco

Fig. 6. Mass occurrence of juvenile ammonoids from the early late Viséan, 12 km SE of Dar Kaoua (Tafilalt, Morocco). A. PIMUZ 31518 with 4 specimens of Nomismoceras sp., 3 Prolecanites sp., 4 Entogonites saharensis Korn, Klug, and Mapes, 2005, 1 Calygirtyoceras darkaouaense Korn, Klug, and Mapes, 1999, and 2 Bollandites sp. B. PIMUZ 31508, overview; many taxa are indicated in the figure. All specimens whitened with NH4Clsublimate.

Fig. 4 in Exploring the limits of morphospace: Ontogeny and ecology of late Viséan ammonoids from the Tafilalt, Morocco

Fig. 4. Comparison of cross sections, measurements, and ratios of Goniatites lazarus and other ammonoids. A. Goniatites lazarus, subadult (MB.C. 25130, A1) and juvenile (PIMUZ 31510, A2) from early late Viséan, 12 km SE of Dar Kaoua (Tafilalt, Morocco). B. Goniatites fimbriatus, MB.C.13299 (after Korn et al. 2008: fig. 23A) from Nehden, Viséan, Rhenish Mountains, Germany. C. Juvenile Kornia citrus, MB.C.10202.1 (after Ebbighausen and Bockwinkel 2007: fig. 30B) from early Tournaisian, Aguelmous (Tafilalt, Morocco); note the conch shape and umbilical ridge, which is similar to juvenile G. lazarus. Whorl width (ww) and umbilical width (uw) indexes (D) and whorl expansion rate (WER) (E) of G. lazarus, G. fimbriatus, and K. citrus.

Fig. 2 in Exploring the limits of morphospace: Ontogeny and ecology of late Viséan ammonoids from the Tafilalt, Morocco

Fig. 2. Juvenile (neanic) specimens of Goniatites lazarus Korn, Klug, and Mapes, 2005, Entogonites saharensis Korn, Klug, and Mapes, 2005, and Entogonites bucheri sp. nov. All from the early late Viséan, 12 km SE of Dar Kaoua (Tafilalt, Morocco). A. PIMUZ 31512, two neanic G. lazarus specimens (white arrows) in ventral views (A1), note the associated E. saharensis and orthocones. Enlarged G. lazarus in lateral view (A2); the narrow umbilicus and the umbilical ridge (A3). B. PIMUZ 31512, a juvenile G. lazarus, a small juvenile and a subadult E. saharensis; G. lazarus in ventral (B1) and lateral (B2) views. C. PIMUZ 31520, detail of a fully grown Maxigoniatites saourensis (Pareyn, 1961) with G. lazarus, 3 juvenile E. saharensis, and a subadult E. saharensis and a hatchling of E. bucheri sp. nov. (arrowed); C2, detail of C1, showing G. lazarus and E. bucheri sp. nov. All specimens whitened with NH4Cl-sublimate. Scale bars 10 mm.

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Figure 4 in High-resolution stratigraphy of the Changhsingian (Late Permian) successions of NW Iran and the Transcaucasus based on lithological features, conodonts and ammonoids

Figure 4. Columnar sections of the Paratirolites Limestone in the Aras Valley, Ali Bashi 4 and Ali Bashi 1 sections with their conodont and ammonoid zonation as well as the weight % of CaCO3 (determined by the weight loss–acid digestion method) of the Ali Bashi 1 section.

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Figure 1 in High-resolution stratigraphy of the Changhsingian (Late Permian) successions of NW Iran and the Transcaucasus based on lithological features, conodonts and ammonoids

Figure 1. (A) Geographical position of Permian–Triassic boundary sections in the Transcaucasus and in NW Iran (after Arakelyan et al., 1965); sections investigated in this study are highlighted. (B) Palaeogeographic position of the Julfa area (after Stampfli and Borel, 2002).

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Figure 3. Ali Bashi 4 in High-resolution stratigraphy of the Changhsingian (Late Permian) successions of NW Iran and the Transcaucasus based on lithological features, conodonts and ammonoids

Figure 3. Ali Bashi 4 section and columnar sections of the entire Changhsingian in Ali Bashi 4, Ali Bashi 1 and Ali Bashi M sections with their conodont zonation.

Fig. 7 in Morphological disparity of early ammonoids: A geometric morphometric approach to investigate conch geometry

Fig. 7. Evolution of the relative contribution of ammonoid superfamilies to diversity and disparity (mean squared Euclidean distance to the centroid) through the Early and Middle Devonian; based on the analysis of the whorl profiles. A. Relative contribution of ammonoid superfamilies to diversity (sampled-in-bin). B. Fluctuations of the mean squared Euclidean distance to the centroid (black line with grey area showing the confidence intervals computed after 1000 bootstraps) and sampled-in-bin diversity (blue bars). C. Relative contribution of ammonoid superfamilies to disparity (mean squared Euclidean distance to the centroid). See Fig. 2 for interval labels.

Fig. 9 in Morphological disparity of early ammonoids: A geometric morphometric approach to investigate conch geometry

Fig. 9. Evolution of the relative contribution of ammonoid superfamilies to diversity and disparity (mean squared Euclidean distance to the centroid) through the Early and Middle Devonian ammonoid zones (biozones numbered from 1 to 30, see Fig. 2); based on the analysis of the whorl profiles. A. Relative contribution of ammonoid superfamilies to diversity (sampled-in-bin). B. Fluctuations of the mean squared Euclidean distance to the centroid (black line with grey area showing the confidence intervals computed after 1000 bootstraps) and sampled-in-bin diversity (blue bars). C. Relative contribution of ammonoid superfamilies to disparity (mean squared Euclidean distance to the centroid).

Fig. 6 in Morphological disparity of early ammonoids: A geometric morphometric approach to investigate conch geometry

Fig. 6. Evolution of the morphospace occupation through the seven intervals constituting the Early and Middle Devonian, showing the distribution of ammonoid superfamilies; based on the analysis of the whorl profiles (on each diagram, the horizontal axis corresponds to PC1 and the vertical axis to PC2). See Fig. 2 for interval labels.

Fig. 11 in Morphological disparity of early ammonoids: A geometric morphometric approach to investigate conch geometry

Fig. 11. Variations of the convex hull area computed for PC1 and PC2, based on the analysis of the whorl profiles through the Early and Middle Devonian. Comparison of the measured values with the expected values given diversity, computed by applying the null model of Whalen et al. (2020). A. Fluctuations computed at the interval resolution. B. Fluctuations computed at the biozone resolution. See Fig. 2 for interval labels and biozones.

Fig. 5 in Morphological disparity of early ammonoids: A geometric morphometric approach to investigate conch geometry

Fig. 5. Diagrams showing the morphospace occupation observed for the three stages constituting the Early and Middle Devonian (A–C), with level contours and density curves; based on the analysis of the whorl profiles. The grey dots correspond to the data recorded for the entire studied time interval (Early and Middle Devonian); the black dots refer to the data recorded for each of the studied stage (respectively, Emsian, Eifelian, and Givetian). The colours refer to the density of the data in the morphospace; the red-yellowwhite gradient indicates the decreasing density of occupied areas. Compare also with density curves (in grey) above and to the right of the diagrams.

Fig. 4 in Morphological disparity of early ammonoids: A geometric morphometric approach to investigate conch geometry

Fig. 4. Morphospace occupation observed for the Early and Middle Devonian, based on the analysis of the whorl profiles, with representative examples of shapes. The first two axes explain 95.7% of the variance.

Fig. 3. Ammonoid morphology and dataset. A in Morphological disparity of early ammonoids: A geometric morphometric approach to investigate conch geometry

Fig. 3. Ammonoid morphology and dataset. A. Morphology of an ammonoid; as an example, the outline of the whorl profile taken at the maximum conch diameter is highlighted by a thick black line (modified from De Baets et al. 2010). B. Dataset analysed here; compilation of drawings of whorl profile outlines corresponding to Early and Middle Devonian ammonoids from Morocco.

Fig. 8 in Morphological disparity of early ammonoids: A geometric morphometric approach to investigate conch geometry

Fig. 8. Disparity and diversity fluctuations through the Early and Middle Devonian; based on the analysis of the whorl profiles. A. Sum of ranges (black line with grey area showing the confidence intervals) and sampled-in-bin diversity (blue bars). B. Sum of variances (black line with grey area showing the confidence intervals) and sampled-in-bin diversity (blue bars). C. Average displacement (black line with grey area showing the confidence intervals) and sampled-in-bin diversity (blue bars). Confidence intervals (error bars) are computed after 1000 bootstraps. See Fig. 2 for interval labels.

Fig. 1 in Morphological disparity of early ammonoids: A geometric morphometric approach to investigate conch geometry

Fig. 1. Simplified geological map of Morocco (modified from Klug 2002b). The square shows the area where Early and Middle Devonian ammonoids are reported (Tafilalt and Ma'der basins).

Fig. 2 in Morphological disparity of early ammonoids: A geometric morphometric approach to investigate conch geometry

Fig. 2. Stratigraphic scheme for the Early and Middle Devonian of the Anti-Atlas of Morocco, showing the distribution of superfamilies through time. Ammonoid biozonation from (Klug 2002a; Aboussalam and Becker 2011; Bockwinkel et al. 2015; Becker et al. 2019). Absolute ages from the Geological Time Scale v. 5.0 (Walker et al. 2018). "Sobolewia sp. nov." and "Afromaenioceras sp. nov" have been introduced by Becker et al. (2004), and Lunupharciceras sp. nov." by Aboussalam and Becker (2011); these new taxa have not yet been formally described but they are mentioned in several studies where they are used to establish the biozonation (e.g., Becker et al. 2004; Aboussalam and Becker 2011).

Fig. 10 in Morphological disparity of early ammonoids: A geometric morphometric approach to investigate conch geometry

Fig. 10. Disparity and diversity fluctuations through the Early and Middle Devonian ammonoid zones (biozones numbered from 1 to 30, see Fig. 2); based on the analysis of the whorl profiles. A. Sum of ranges (black line with grey area showing the confidence intervals) and sampled-in-bin diversity (blue bars). B. Sum of variances (black line with grey area showing the confidence intervals) and sampled-in-bin diversity (blue bars). C. Average displacement black line with grey area showing the confidence intervals) and sampled-in-bin diversity (blue bars). Confidence intervals (error bars) are computed after 1000 bootstraps.