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29 results for “amphibian larvae”
Figure 12 in The surface ciliation of anuran amphibian embryos and early larvae: Patterns, timing differences and functions
Figure 12. Ciliated cell patterns around the nostrils. (A) B. viridis, stage 25; (B) X. laevis, stage 23/24; (C) B. bufo, stage 24; (D) P. venulosa, stage 27; (E) L. bolivianus, stage 23; (F) R. temporaria, stage 23. Scale bars: 500 Mm (A, E); 250 Mm (B); 35 Mm (C); 120 Mm (D, F).
Figure 11 in The surface ciliation of anuran amphibian embryos and early larvae: Patterns, timing differences and functions
Figure 11. Ciliary water currents in different stages of R. temporaria embryos and larvae. (A) stage 16; (B) stage 17; (C) stage 18; (D) stage 19; (E) stage 21; (F) stage 22; (G) stage 24; (H) dorsal side; (I) ventral side, stage 26; (J) stage 27. Not all to the same scale. Arrows indicate the observed currents.
Figure 10 in The surface ciliation of anuran amphibian embryos and early larvae: Patterns, timing differences and functions
Figure 10. Changes in mean ciliated cell size on the ventral side of the yolk: (A) in three species of Hylidae; (B) in two species of Leptodactylidae. H, hatching stage. Error bars show standard deviations.
Figure 9 in The surface ciliation of anuran amphibian embryos and early larvae: Patterns, timing differences and functions
Figure 9. Ciliated cell patterns around the lateral line system. (A) R. temporaria, stage 20, lateral side of the head; (B) R. temporaria, stage 21, lateral side of the head; (C) P. pustulosus, stage 26, lateral side of the head; (D) P. pustulosus, stage 26, tail. Arrow heads show lateral line system (neuromasts); arrows show ciliated cells. Scale bar: 500 Mm (A, B); 150 Mm (C, D).
Figure 8 in The surface ciliation of anuran amphibian embryos and early larvae: Patterns, timing differences and functions
Figure 8. Examples of different patterns of cilia resorption. (A) Cilia reabsorption starts from the anterior side of the cell, H. minuta, stage 22, ventral side of the trunk; (B) cilia reabsorption starts from the periphery of the cell, H. minuscula, stage 25, ventral side of the trunk; (C) cilia reabsorption starts from the centre of the cell, P. venulosa, stage 22, dorsal side of the head; (D) cilia have disappeared from the whole of the cell, P. venulosa, stage 23, dorsal side of the head. Scale bars: 30 Mm.
Figure 7 in The surface ciliation of anuran amphibian embryos and early larvae: Patterns, timing differences and functions
Figure 7. Elongated ciliated cells at different locations. (A) B. viridis, stage 18/19, ventral side of the trunk before cell elongation; (B) B. viridis, stage 23, ventral side of the trunk after cell elongation; (C) P. trinitatis, stage 22, tail; (D) H. crepitans, stage 20, ventral side of the trunk; (E) P. trinitatis, stage 20, lateral side of the trunk; (F) B. viridis, stage 22, ventral side of the trunk. Scale bars: 500 Mm (A–D); 120 Mm (E); 15 Mm (F).
Figure 6 in The surface ciliation of anuran amphibian embryos and early larvae: Patterns, timing differences and functions
Figure 6. Scanning electron micrographs to show distribution of ciliated cells on the surface of E. urichi at different stages and locations. The need to open up the yolk sac before processing accounts for the somewhat crumpled appearance of some embryos. (A) Stage 5, overall dorsal view; (B) stage 6/7, overall dorsal view; (C) stage 8/9, anterior end, dorsal view; (D) stage 14, overall dorsal view; (E) stage 5, dorso-lateral side of the head; (F) stage 6/7, dorso-lateral side of the head and forelimb bud. *forelimb. Scale bars: 500 Mm (A, C); 1 mm (B, D); 150 Mm (E, F).
Figure 5 in The surface ciliation of anuran amphibian embryos and early larvae: Patterns, timing differences and functions
Figure 5. Sketch of E. urichi embryo, approximately TS stage 6/7. Regions assessed for ciliated cells are 1, head, dorsal; 2, head, lateral; 3, trunk dorsal; 4, trunk, lateral; 5, tail, stem; 6, tail, fins; 7, forelimbs; 8, hindlimbs; 9, yolk sac.
Figure 2 in The surface ciliation of anuran amphibian embryos and early larvae: Patterns, timing differences and functions
Figure 2. Ciliated cell patterns at different body regions. (A) P. pustulosus, stage 27, nostrils; (B) R. temporaria, stage 19, adhesive gland; (C) H. geographica, stage 21, tail; (D) H. crepitans, stage 22, external gill; (E) L. bolivianus, stage 24, dorsal head; (F) L. fuscus, stage 27, hind-limb bud. Scale bars: 500 Mm; (A, B, C, E); 20 Mm (D); 50 Mm (F).
Figure 3 in The surface ciliation of anuran amphibian embryos and early larvae: Patterns, timing differences and functions
Figure 3. The range of ciliated cell densities from ''very dispersed'' to ''very dense''. (A) H. minuta, very dispersed, stage 20, ventral side of the body; (B) R. temporaria, dispersed, stage 18, dorsal side of the head; (C) L. fuscus, intermediate density, stage 20, ventral side of the trunk; (D) L. fuscus, dense, stage 24, ventral side of the trunk; (E) Phrynohyas venulosa, very dense, stage 17, adhesive gland. Scale bars: 35 Mm (A, D); 30 Mm (B, C, E).
Figure 1 in The surface ciliation of anuran amphibian embryos and early larvae: Patterns, timing differences and functions
Figure 1. Ten study locations on the surface of the amphibian embryo/larva at Gosner state 19. (A) Dorsal view; (B) lateral view; (C) ventral view. a, dorsal side of head; b, dorsal side of trunk; c, nostril; d, external gill; e, lateral side of trunk; f, tail; g, mouth; h, adhesive gland; i, ventral side of head; j, ventral side of trunk.
Figure 4 in The surface ciliation of anuran amphibian embryos and early larvae: Patterns, timing differences and functions
Figure 4. The range of ciliated cell shapes. (A) B. viridis, five-sided, stage 15, lateral side of the head; (B) P. venulosa, six-sided, stage 17, ventral side of the trunk; (C) H. boans, multi-sided, stage 20, ventral side of the trunk; (D) L. fuscus, circular, stage 23, ventro-posterior side of the trunk; (E) L. fuscus, oval, stage 23, ventral side of the trunk; (F) P. trinitatis, elongated, stage 20, lateral side of the trunk. Scale bars: 30 Mm (C, D, F); 35 Mm (A, B); 60 Mm (E).
Towards the generation of gnotobiotic larvae as a tool to investigate the influence of the microbiome on the development of the amphibian immune system
<div> <div> <div> <p>The immune equilibrium model suggests that exposure to microbes during early life primes immune responses for pathogen exposure later in life. While recent studies using a range of gnotobiotic (germ-free) model organisms offer support for this theory, we currently lack a tractable model system for investigating the influence of the microbiome on immune system development. Here, we used an amphibian species (<em>Xenopus laevis</em>) to investigate the importance of the microbiome in larval development and susceptibility to infectious disease later in life. We found that experimental reductions of the microbiome during embryonic and larval stages effectively reduced microbial richness, diversity, and altered community composition in tadpoles prior to metamorphosis. In addition, our antimicrobial treatments resulted in few negative effects on larval development, body condition, or survival to metamorphosis. However, contrary to our predictions, our antimicrobial treatments did not alter susceptibility to the lethal fungal pathogen <em>Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis</em> (<em>Bd</em>) in the adult life stage. While our treatments to reduce the microbiome during early development did not play a critical role in determining susceptibility to disease caused by <em>Bd</em> in <em>X</em>. <em>laevis</em>, they nevertheless indicate that developing a gnotobiotic amphibian model system may be highly useful for future immunological investigations.</p> </div> </div> </div>
Data for: Photoperiod effects in a freshwater community: amphibian larvae develop faster and zooplankton abundance increases under an early-season photoperiod
<p class="MsoNormal">Organisms that shift their phenologies in response to global warming will experience novel photic environments, as photoperiod (daylength) continues to follow the same annual cycle. How different organisms respond to novel photoperiods could result in phenological mismatches and altered interspecific interactions. We conducted an outdoor mesocosm experiment exposing green frog (<em>Rana clamitans</em>) larvae, gray treefrog (<em>Hyla versicolor</em>) larvae, phytoplankton, periphyton, and zooplankton to a three-month shift in photoperiod: an early-season photoperiod (simulating April) and a late-season photoperiod (simulating July). We manipulated photoperiod by covering and uncovering tanks with clear or light-blocking lids to mimic realistic changes in daylength. We assessed amphibian life history traits and measured phytoplankton, periphyton, and zooplankton abundances. Green frog larvae and gray treefrog metamorphs were more developed under the early-season photoperiod. Gray treefrog total length was also reduced, but photoperiod did not affect green frog total length. Although phytoplankton and periphyton abundances were not affected by photoperiod, copepod nauplii were in greater abundance under the early-season photoperiod. Overall, this simplified aquatic community did not exhibit significant changes to structure when exposed to a three-month shift in photoperiod. Temperate amphibians that breed earlier in the year may develop faster, which may have long-term costs to post-metamorphic growth and performance. Asynchronous shifts in zooplankton abundances in response to altered photoperiods could subsequently affect freshwater community structure. While photoperiod has been shown to individually affect freshwater organisms, our study using replicated outdoor wetland communities shows that the comprehensive effects of photoperiod may be less important than other cues such as temperature and precipitation.</p>
Towards the generation of gnotobiotic larvae as a tool to investigate the influence of the microbiome on the development of the amphibian immune system
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Data for: Photoperiod effects in a freshwater community: amphibian larvae develop faster and zooplankton abundance increases under an early-season photoperiod
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Do epigenetic changes drive corticosterone responses to alarm cues in larvae of an invasive amphibian?
<p>The developmental environment can exert powerful effects on animal phenotype. Recently epigenetic modifications have emerged as one mechanism that can modulate developmentally plastic responses to environmental variability. For example, the DNA methylation profile at promoters of hormone receptor genes can affect their expression and patterns of hormone release. Across taxonomic groups, epigenetic alterations have been linked to changes in glucocorticoid (GC) physiology. GCs are metabolic hormones that influence growth, development, transitions between life-history stages, and thus fitness. To date, relatively few studies have examined epigenetic effects on phenotypic traits in wild animals, especially in amphibians. Here, we examined the effects of exposure to predation threat and experimentally manipulated DNA methylation on corticosterone (CORT) levels in tadpoles and metamorphs of the invasive cane toad (Rhinella marina). We included offspring of toads sampled from populations across the species' Australian range. In these animals, exposure to chemical cues from injured conspecifics induces shifts in developmental trajectories, putatively as an adaptive response that lessens vulnerability to predation. We exposed tadpoles to these alarm cues, and measured changes in DNA methylation and CORT levels, both of which are mechanisms that have been implicated in the control of phenotypically plastic responses in tadpoles. To test the idea that DNA methylation drives shifts in GC physiology, we also experimentally manipulated methylation levels with the drug zebularine. We found differentially methylated regions between control tadpoles and their full-siblings exposed to alarm cues, zebularine or both treatments. However, the effects of these manipulations on methylation patterns were weaker than clutch (e.g. genetic, maternal, etc.) effects. CORT levels were higher in larval cane toads exposed to alarm cues and zebularine. We found little evidence of changes in DNA methylation across the glucocorticoid receptor gene (NR3C1) promoter region in response to alarm cue or zebularine exposure. In both alarm cue and zebularine-exposed individuals, we found differentially methylated DNA in the suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 gene (SOCS3), which may be involved in predator avoidance behavior. In total, our data reveal that alarm cues have significant impacts on tadpole physiology, but show only weak links between DNA methylation and CORT levels. We also identify genes containing differentially methylated regions in tadpoles exposed to alarm cues and zebularine, particularly in range-edge populations, that warrant further investigation.</p>
Data from: Where have all the tadpoles gone? Individual genetic tracking of amphibian larvae until adulthood.
Reliably marking larvae and reidentifying them after metamorphosis is a challenge that has hampered studies on recruitment, dispersal, migration and survivorship of amphibians for a long time, as conventional tags are not reliably retained through metamorphosis. Molecular methods allow unique genetic fingerprints to be established for individuals. Although microsatellite markers have successfully been applied in mark–recapture studies on several animal species, they have never been previously used in amphibians to follow individuals across different life cycle stages. Here, we evaluate microsatellites for genetic across-stages mark–recapture studies in amphibians and test the suitability of available software packages for genotype matching. We sampled tadpoles of the dendrobatid frog Allobates femoralis, which we introduced on a river island in the Nature Reserve 'Les Nouragues' in French Guiana. In two subsequent recapture sessions, we searched for surviving juveniles and adults, respectively. All individuals were genotyped at 14 highly variable microsatellite loci, which yielded unique genetic fingerprints for all individuals. We found large differences in the identification success of the programs tested. The pairwise-relatedness-based approach, conducted with the programs kingroup or ML-Relate, performed best with our data set. Matching ventral patterns of juveniles and adult individuals acted as a control for the reliability of the genetic identification. Our results demonstrate that microsatellite markers are a highly powerful tool for studying amphibian populations on an individual basis. The ability to individually track amphibian tadpoles throughout metamorphosis until adulthood will be of substantial value for future studies on amphibian population ecology and evolution.
Data from: Interacting effects of predation risk and resource level on escape speed of amphibian larvae along a latitudinal gradient
Fast-growing genotypes living in time-constrained environments are often more prone to predation, suggesting that growth-predation risk trade-offs are important factors maintaining variation in growth along climatic gradients. However, the mechanisms underlying how fast growth increases predation-mediated mortality are not well understood. Here, we investigated if slow-growing, low-latitude individuals have faster escape swimming speed than fast-growing high-latitude individuals using common frog (Rana temporaria) tadpoles from eight populations collected along a 1500 km latitudinal gradient. We measured escape speed in terms of burst and endurance speeds in tadpoles raised in the laboratory at two food levels and in the presence and absence of a predator (Aeshna dragonfly larvae). We did not find any latitudinal trend in escape speed performance. In low food treatments, burst speed was higher in tadpoles reared with predators but did not differ between high food treatments. Endurance speed, on the contrary, was lower in high-food tadpoles reared with predators, and did not differ between treatments at low food levels. Tadpoles reared with predators showed inducible morphology (increased relative body size and tail depth), which had positive effects on speed endurance at low but not at high food levels. Burst speed was positively affected by tail length and tail muscle size in the absence of predators. Our results suggest that escape speed does not trade off with fast growth along the latitudinal gradient in R. temporaria tadpoles. Instead, escape speed is a plastic trait and strongly influenced by the interaction between resource level and predation risk.
Data from: The response of amphibian larvae to environmental change is both consistent and variable
Many environments are undergoing rapid environmental change and there is a need to understand the mechanisms by which species can persist in altered environments. Model systems, such as amphibian metamorphosis, which can be generalized across many types of environmental change and across many species, are a powerful tool for understanding mechanisms that facilitate persistence in altered and disturbed environments. Amphibian larvae respond to environmental change by varying age at metamorphosis, or size at metamorphosis. Differential selection pressures on age or size at metamorphosis may result in a differential response among taxa to environmental change. Using a meta-analysis, we investigated whether age at metamorphosis, size at metamorphosis, and larval growth rate vary within and among taxonomic families of amphibians in experiments that modified the environmental temperature, density of individuals, food, hydroperiod and the presence of predators. For all environmental factors except predators, the direction of the response was consistent across most of the studied taxa. However, there was considerable variation in effect size both within and among families. Results demonstrate that amphibian metamorphosis is a valuable model system for studying the effects of environmental change. Yet, we stress the need for caution in making generalizations about how individuals respond to environmental factors that have an indirect effect on physiology and require the perception of an environmental cue, such as the presence of predators.
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International Brain Laboratory public data
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OpenNeuro
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