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2,581 results for “amphibians”
Lab disease outcomes data evaluating how antibiotic tolerant vs. non-tolerant cell-free supernatant from Pseudomonas aeruginosa affects the interaction between a fungal pathogen (Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis) and amphibian (Rana sylvaticus), 2022.
Microbes living on hosts and in the environment can play a key role in helping hosts to combat pathogens. However, antibiotic-induced alterations to microbial metabolite production could disrupt this dynamic. Here, we investigated whether antibiotic tolerance influences the anti-pathogenic properties of host-associated (living on the host; biofilms) and environmental (living in the soil of water column; planktonic) microbes in vitro and in vivo. For our model host and pathogen, we used the amphibian (Rana sylvatica)-Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) system. For our model host-associated (biofilm) and environmental (planktonic) microbes, we used four strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa that vary in their tolerance to antibiotics and their biofilm-forming capabilities: Planktonic, non-antibiotic tolerant (ΔsagS/VC); Planktonic, antibiotic tolerant (ΔsagS::sagS_L154A); Biofilm, non-antibiotic tolerant (ΔsagS::sagS_D105A); Biofilm, antibiotic tolerant (ΔsagS::sagS). We collected cell-free supernatants (CFS) from each strain to examine the effects of metabolites. We conducted four experiments. In our pathogen-only exposures to test direct effects of metabolites on Bd, we exposed Bd zoospores to each P. aeruginosa CFS at six concentrations. After 11 days of growth, we measured relative abundance of Bd across each treatment. In our host-only exposures to test effects of metabolites on host disease outcomes, we placed R. sylvatica tadpoles in individual units containing each P. aeruginosa CFS. After 48 hours, water was changed into clean well water (no CFS). Bd zoospores were immediately added to each experimental unit following the water change. After 5 days of Bd exposure, we measured snout-vent length (SVL), mass, developmental stage, and Bd quantification in the mouthparts using qPCR for each tadpole. In our host-pathogen exposures to test interactive effects of metabolites on hosts in the presence of the pathogen, we conducted the same experiment as above. However, ins
Fish and Amphibians species list of the Andrews Experimental Forest, 1987 to present
This is a compilation of fish species currently known to be present within the H.J. Andrews Experimental Forest. Species were extracted from several different aquatic vertebrate studies over time. Taxonomy is updated as needed.
City of Seattle, Seattle Public Utilities, Amphibian Egg Mass Counts 2002 - Current, Cedar River Municipal Watershed, King County, WA
This data package contains survey data beginning in 2002 for amphibian egg masses in five small kettle lakes (known as "14 Lakes") in the Cedar River Municipal Watershed, located in King County, Washington, USA. These surveys are conducted annually and are intended to be continued. The lakes range in size from 0.8 to 4.3 acres, have no perennial inlet or outlet, and were formed through glacial outwash deposits. The lakes are located at an elevation of 800 feet and are well suited for pond breeding amphibians because the lakes have no fish. Surveys were conducted annually, typically during the last week of March or first week of April, to coincide with amphibian breeding seasons. Surveyors walked, waded, or paddled the perimeter of each of the lakes during a survey, and tallied the number and type of egg masses that were encountered. Red legged frogs (Rana aurora) were of specific interest for the surveys, though egg masses of other species were noted during some survey years. The lakes represent the largest known breeding concentration of red legged frogs in the municipal watershed. The water depth of the lakes fluctuates year-to-year, which affected the feasibility of surveys. Lower water levels correspond to easier survey conditions: steep slopes and thick vegetation make surveying challenging when the water is high. Surveys were periodically cancelled during years where high water made surveying difficult or during staffing shortages. Counts of red legged frog egg masses across all lakes ranged between 24 and 1778 in a given year.
Monitoring Amphibians in the Declined Hemlocks at Harvard Forest 2013-2014
Disturbances such as outbreaks of nonnative insects and pathogens can devastate unique habitats and directly reduce biodiversity. The foundation tree species Tsuga canadensis (eastern hemlock) is declining due to infestation by the nonnative insect Adelges tsugae (hemlock woolly adelgid). The decline and expected elimination of hemlock from northeastern US forests is changing forest structure, function, and assemblages of associated species. We assessed changes in occupancy, detection probability, and relative abundance of two species of terrestrial salamanders, Plethodon cinereus (eastern red-back salamander) and Notopthalmus viridescens viridescens (eastern red-spotted newt), in the experimental removal of T. canadensis at Harvard Forest. Four treatments (logging, girdling, hemlock control and hardwood control) have been applied and replicated in eight 0.81-ha plots. Salamanders were sampled under cover boards and using visual encounter surveys in June-July of 2013 and 2014. Removal of the hemlock canopy increased occupancy of P. cinereus but significantly reduced its estimated detection probability and abundance. Estimated abundance of N. v. viridescens also declined dramatically after canopy manipulations. Our results suggest that ten years after hemlock loss due to either the adelgid or pre-emptive salvage logging, and 50-70 years later when these forests have become mid-successional mixed deciduous stands, that the abundance of these salamanders likely will be less than 50% of their abundance in current, intact hemlock stands.
Exposure to sublethal concentrations of a pesticide or predator cues induces changes in brain architecture in larval amphibians, 2013.
Naturally occurring environmental factors shape developmental trajectories to produce variable phenotypes. Such developmental phenotypic plasticity can have important effects on fitness, and has been demonstrated for numerous behavioral and morphological traits. However, surprisingly few studies have examined developmental plasticity of the nervous system in response to naturally occurring environmental variation, despite accumulating evidence for neuroplasticity in a variety of organisms. Here, we asked whether the brain is developmentally plastic by exposing larval amphibians to natural and anthropogenic factors. Leopard frog tadpoles were exposed to predator cues, reduced food availability, or sublethal concentrations of the pesticide chlorpyrifos in semi-natural enclosures. Mass, growth, survival, activity, larval period, external morphology, brain mass, and brain morphology were measured in tadpoles and after metamorphosis. Tadpoles in the experimental treatments had lower masses than controls, although developmental rates and survival were similar. Tadpoles exposed to predator cues or a high dose of chlorpyrifos had altered body shapes compared to controls. In addition, brains from tadpoles exposed to predator cues or a low dose of chlorpyrifos were narrower and shorter in several dimensions compared to control tadpoles and tadpoles with low food availability. Interestingly, the changes in brain morphology present at the tadpole stage did not persist in the metamorphs. Our results show that brain morphology is a developmentally plastic trait that is responsive to ecologically relevant natural and anthropogenic factors. Whether these effects on brain morphology are linked to performance or fitness is unknown.
Data and code for 'Age truncation due to disease shrinks metapopulation viability for amphibians'
<p>This repository provides all data and R code from the analysis for the following paper:</p> <p>Heard, G.W., Scroggie, M.P., Hollanders, M., and Scheele, B.C. (in press). Age truncation due to disease shrinks metapopulation viability for amphibians. <em>Journal of Applied Ecology</em>. </p> <p>The data are provided as a series of .csv files. A GRD file is provided for the landscape rasters. R code is provided separately for each of the following components:</p> <p>1. A script to complete regression modelling of age structure data for populations of the focal species pre- and post-Bd, plus estimation of adult survival rates from the age structure data using the 'catch curve' approach ('Age_structure_analysis.R').</p> <p>2. A script to generate the sample landscapes used for simulations of metapopulation dynamics for the pre- and post-Bd time periods ('Derive_landscape_rasters.R').</p> <p>3. A script with functions for simulating metapopulation dynamics with the aid of the STEPS R package ('STEPS_model.R').</p> <p>4. A script to run the metapopulation simulations across all the demographic and connectivity scenarios, where connectivity scenarios are defined by the sample landscapes ('Run_STEPS_simulations.R'). </p> <p>5. A script to fit logistic regression models to the outcomes of the metapopulation simulations (extinction versus persistence) ('Metapop_sims_analysis_GLM.R').</p> <p>6. A script to fit multivariate normal hypervolumes to the outcomes of the metapopulation simulations (extinction versus persistence) ('Metapop_sims_analysis_MVNH.R').</p> <p>7. A script to generate each of the figures in the manuscript, plus Table 2 which requires post-hoc data compilation ('Generate_figures.R'). </p> <p>In combination, the data files and scripts allow all analyses from the paper to be reproduced. </p>
Data and code for 'Age structure of amphibian populations with endemic chytridiomycosis, across climatic regions with markedly different infection risk'
<p>This repository provides all data and R code from the analysis presented in the following paper:</p> <p>Turner, A., Heard, G., Hall, A., Wassens, S. (in review). Age structure of amphibian populations with endemic chytridiomycosis, across climatic regions with markedly different infection risk.</p> <p>The data are provided as a series of .csv files, R script and two zip folders of R packages (Surv_mod and VB_mod)</p> <p>1. <strong>Skeleto_dat_ready_Jan2021.csv</strong> Data from frog surveys conducted by Anna Turner</p> <p>2. <strong>Geoffs_data.csv</strong> Data from frog surveys conducted by Geoff Heard</p> <p>3. <strong>Environmental_variables_skeleto.csv</strong> Environmental data collected during surveys </p> <p>4. <strong>sk.dat_July21.csv</strong> Collated data from Anna and Geoff - created by 'Data_collation_for_analysis_2.R' ready for analysis</p> <p>5. <strong>Variables_that_are_highly_correlated_with_each_other_season_wide.csv</strong> Testing for correlation</p> <p>6. <strong>Model_structure_skeleto_2.csv </strong>creates model structure for analysis</p> <p>7. <strong>Model_selection_statistics_June_21.csv </strong>Output from model</p> <p>R code is provided seperately for each of the following components:</p> <p>1. <strong>Data_collation_for_analysis_2.R</strong> Collating data from Anna and Geoffs datasets</p> <p>2. <strong>Skeleto_analysis_5.R - </strong>First uses regression modelling to explore factors correlated with variation in age</p> <p> - Following Scheele et al. (2016) regression models with a poisson distribution</p> <p> - Use bayesian non-linear regression to fit the Von Bertalanffy growth model to size-at-age data</p> <p> - Plots male and female growth curves</p> <p> - Uses catch curve approach to estimate survival from best fitting regression model following Scroggie (2012) but with bayesian implementation</p>
Mexican Amphibians
Morphological and life history data about amphibian taxa that are found in Mexico. Data from "A statistical assessment of population trends for data deficient Mexican amphibians" by Quintero et al. 2014, <p></p>https://peerj.com/articles/703/<p></p>Morphological and life history data about amphibian taxa that are found in Mexico. Data from "A statistical assessment of population trends for data deficient Mexican amphibians" by Quintero et al. 2014, <p></p>https://peerj.com/articles/703/
Morphological traits of selected rock outcrop amphibians in the lateritic plateaus of the northern Western Ghats, India
<p>This project contains morphological trait data compiled for a study investigating the responses of rock outcrop amphibians to land-use change in the lateritic plateaus of the northern Western Ghats, at the community-level and at species-level.</p> <div> <div> <p>Species Coverage: <em>Euphlyctis jaladhara, Hoplobatrachus tigerinus, Minervarya cepfi, Minervarya gomantaki, Minervarya sahyadris, Sphaerotheca dobsonii, Microhyla nilphamariensis, Hydrophylax bahuvistara, Polypedates maculatus.</em></p> <p>Data was compiled by V. Jithin from literature, and Saunak Pal from Natural History Collections at the Bombay Natural History Society (2023).</p> </div> </div>
Sublethal effects of pesticides on predator-prey interactions in amphibians, 2008.
Increasing evidence suggests that contaminants in the environment can have important consequences on organismal interactions. While we have a good understanding of the lethal effects of contaminants on organisms, we have a weak understanding of how contaminants can affect organisms by altering the interactions that they have with other species in the community. Using tadpoles of two anuran species (Bullfrogs, Lithobates [Rana] catesbeianus; Green Frogs, L. clamitans), we investigated the effects of low nominal concentrations (1 and 10 ppb) of two pesticides (malathion and endosulfan) on tadpole activity and survival when exposed to four predator treatments (no predators; water bugs, Belostoma flumineum; newts, Notophthalmus viridescens; and dragonfly larvae, Anax junius). In both anuran species, adding predators reduced tadpole activity and survival, with increasing rates of mortality occurring with water bugs, newts, and dragonflies, respectively. Additionally, the highest concentration of endosulfan caused tadpole mortality after 48 hrs. Most significant, tadpole species also experienced interactive effects of predators and pesticides on survival after 48 hrs. In Bullfrog treatments, all predators reduced the amount of tadpole mortality when exposed to endosulfan. In Green Frogs, additive negative effects occurred, except that newts increased the tadpole mortality when exposed to endosulfan. Our findings illustrate that pesticide effects on predator–prey interactions are often complex and have the potential to alter aquatic community composition.
New effects of Roundup on amphibians: Predators reduce herbicide mortality while herbicides induce anti-predator morphology, 2006.
The use of pesticides is important for growing crops and protecting human health by reducing the prevalence of targeted pest species. However, less attention is given to the potential unintended effects on nontarget species, including taxonomic groups that are of current conservation concern. One issue raised in recent years is the potential for pesticides to become more lethal in the presence of predatory cues, a phenomenon observed thus far only in the laboratory. A second issue is whether pesticides can induce unintended trait changes in nontarget species, particularly trait changes that might mimic adaptive responses to natural environmental stressors. Using outdoor mesocosms, I created simple wetland communities containing leaf litter, algae, zooplankton, and three species of tadpoles (wood frogs [Rana sylvatica or Lithobates sylvaticus], leopard frogs [R. pipiens or L. pipiens], and American toads [Bufo americanus or Anaxyrus americanus]). I exposed the communities to a factorial combination of environmentally relevant herbicide concentrations (0, 1, 2, or 3 mg acid equivalents [a.e.]/L of Roundup Original MAX) crossed with three predator-cue treatments (no predators, adult newts [Notophthalmus viridescens], or larval dragonflies [Anax junius]). Without predator cues, mortality rates from Roundup were consistent with past studies. Combined with cues from the most risky predator (i.e., dragonflies), Roundup became less lethal (in direct contrast to past laboratory studies). This reduction in mortality was likely caused by the herbicide stratifying in the water column and predator cues scaring the tadpoles down to the benthos where herbicide concentrations were lower. Even more striking was the discovery that Roundup induced morphological changes in the tadpoles. In wood frog and leopard frog tadpoles, Roundup induced relatively deeper tails in the same direction and of the same magnitude as the adaptive changes induced by dragonfly cues. To my knowledge, this i
The effects of pesticides, pH, and predatory stress in amphibians under mesocosm conditions.
Pesticides are applied throughout the world often with unintended consequences on ecological communities. In some regions, pesticides are associated with declining amphibians, but we have a poor understanding of the underlying mechanisms. Pesticides break down more slowly under low pH conditions and become more lethal to amphibians when combined with predatory stress, but these phenomena have not been tested outside of the laboratory. I examined how pH, predatory stress, and a single application of an insecticide (carbaryl) affected the survival and growth of larval bullfrogs (Rana catesbeiana) and green frogs (R. clamitans) in outdoor mesocosms. Decreased pH had no effect on survival, but caused greater tadpole growth. Low concentrations of carbaryl had no effect on either species, but high concentrations caused lower survival and greater growth in bullfrogs. Predatory stress and reduced pH did not make carbaryl more lethal likely due to the rapid breakdown rate of carbaryl in outdoor mesocosms. Thus, whereas the stress of pH and predators can make carbaryl (and other pesticides) more lethal under laboratory conditions using repeated applications of carbaryl, these stressors did not interact under mesocosm conditions using a single application of carbaryl.
Predator cues and pesticides: A double dose of danger for amphibians.
Amphibians are declining globally, and biologists have struggled to identify the causes. Pesticides may play a role in these declines, but pesticide concentrations in nature often are low and considered sublethal. Past research has found that the globally common pesticide carbaryl can become more lethal under different environmental conditions including differences in temperature and competition. A recent study has found that predatory stress, a situation common for most amphibians, can make carbaryl 2–4 times more deadly to gray tree frogs (Hyla versicolor). To determine whether this is a general phenomenon in amphibians, I examined how carbaryl affected the survival of six amphibian species in the presence and absence of predatory stress. Higher concentrations of carbaryl caused higher mortality. In two of the six species, carbaryl became even more lethal when combined with predatory stress (up to 46 times more lethal). This suggests that apparently safe concentrations of carbaryl (and perhaps other pesticides with similar modes of action) can become more deadly to some amphibian species when combined with predator cues.
Cothran, R. D., F. Radarian, and R. A. Relyea. 2011. Altering aquatic food webs with a global insecticide: Arthropod-amphibian links in mesocosms that simulate wetland communities. Journal of the North American Benthological Society 30:893-912.
Pesticides play a critical role in maximizing yields of economically important crops and minimizing the human health threats of disease-carrying pests, but they often have collateral effects on nontarget species. We used a mesocosm study to address how the most commonly used insecticide in the USA, malathion, applied at low, ecologically relevant concentrations (20 and 110 mg/L) affects species interactions in aquatic communities. Unlike many community ecotoxicology studies, our study assessed how malathion affects both consumptive and nonconsumptive effects of predators. We also considered how the vertical distribution of predator cues and malathion (caused by potential stratification) affects species interactions. We found no evidence for vertical stratification of malathion, a result suggesting that exposure to the pesticide was uniform throughout the water column. Malathion was lethal to some primary consumers (cladocerans) at both concentrations and to top predators (dragonflies) at the highest concentration (110 mg/L). These lethal effects initiated density-mediated indirect effects in both cases. Malathion also may have decreased dragonfly foraging efficiency, resulting in increased tadpole survival (trait-mediated indirect effect), which decreased the resources used by tadpoles (periphyton). Collectively, our results show that malathion alters species interactions. However, we suggest that the degree to which pesticides affect aquatic communities will depend strongly on the species composition of communities. Therefore, the community-level consequences of pesticide exposure are likely to vary across the ecological landscape.
Data from: 'A large, infrequent ecosystem subsidy (cicada carcasses) and warming additively accelerate development and increase growth of larval amphibians'
These data are from an experiment designed to quantify how ecosystem subsidies and elevated temperatures affect pond food webs, focusing on the response of frogs and the mechanisms affecting their responses. The subsidy we examined was the deposition of periodical cicada carcasses into ponds, simulating a large subsidy event that happens only every 17 years. The 7-week experiment was conducted in outdoor tanks using a factorial design with four treatments: Control (no subsidy, ambient temperature); Cicadas (cicada carcasses added in one large pulse); Warming (temperature elevated about 2.6°C above ambient); and Cicadas & Warming. The data set includes two frog response variables: time to metamorphosis (days) and size at metamorphosis (g wet mass). It also includes temperature in each tank, measured at 30-minute intervals. In addition, it includes data designed to characterize resource supply to frogs, including the abundance of periphyton and phytoplankton measured as chlorophyll concentration; periphyton and phytoplankton composition at the Division level using data from a spectrofluoroprobe; and water column nutrient concentrations, including ammonium, nitrate, total nitrogen, soluble reactive phosphorus, and total phosphorus. In addition, we estimated algal gross primary production using data on dissolved oxygen measured at 30-minute intervals, and include oxygen data here. Finally, we measured the rate at which cicada carcasses and leaf litter decomposed, and dissolved organic carbon concentrations at the end of the experiment, as these data may shed light on factors affecting nutrient supply to algae as well as ecosystem respiration rates, which are used to estimate gross primary production rates. Thus, we include data on the mass of cicada carcasses and leaf litter on several dates, as well as DOC concentrations on the last day of the experiment.
Mohonk Preserve Amphibian and Water Quality Monitoring Dataset at 11 Vernal Pools from 1931-Present
"The Mohonk Preserve's Daniel Smiley Research Center has been monitoring species occupancy, reproductive success, and water quality of 11 vernal pools (Ski Loop, Bonticou, Terrace, Long Woodland Pool, Long Woodland Swamp, Oakwood, Sleepy Hollow, Hermits, North Mud Pond, Canaan, and Talus) on the Preserve each spring from April 1931 to May 2019 (present). This project aims to document changes in the reproductive behavior and phenology of amphibians and allow research access to historical, longitudinal records. The dataset is a paired record of amphibian occurence with environmental indicators spanning nearly 90 years of data collection. The dataset includes environmental conditions for the 730 sampling events associated with the species occurences with complete coverage air temperature and precipitation records and partial coverage for a variety of other weather and water quality measures. Species occurence data collection has included species identification and counts of live and dead adults, mated pairs, spermatophores, egg masses, juveniles, and tadpoles counts as well as a record of the level of frog calling. Weather conditions including precipitation, sky and wind codes; and water quality measurements including water temperature, pH, and depth. Collection of data was sporadic from 1931 - 1991 but has been collected consistently from 1991 to present. We also began monitoring dissolved oxygen, nitrate concentrations, and conductivity of the vernal pools using a YSI Sonde Professional Plus Instrument and turbidity using a turbidity tube in February 2018. The data collection is ongoing, as are digitization efforts, and the data package will receive periodic updates."
Amphibian and reptile list of the Andrews Experimental Forest, 1975 to 1995
This is a compilation of amphibian and reptile species currently known to be present within the H.J. Andrews Experimental Forest. This list includes scientific name, common name, relative abundance, general elevational distribution, habitat, and references for each species.
FIG. 2 in The Amphibians of the Mitaraka massif, French Guiana
FIG. 2. — Seven remarkable species found during the survey: A, Adenomera hylaedactyla (Cope, 1868); B, Anomaloglossus mitaraka Fouquet, Vacher, Courtois, Deschamps, Ouboter, Jairam, Gaucher, Dubois & Kok, 2019; C, Chiasmocleis aff. haddadi Peloso, Sturaro, Forlani, Gaucher, Motta & Wheeler, 2014; D, Hyalinobatrachium kawense Castroviejo-Fisher, Vilà, Ayarzagüena, Blanc & Ernst, 2011; E, Pristimantis aff. pluvialis Shepack, von May, Ttito & Catenazzi, 2016; F, Synapturanus cf. mirandaribeiroi Nelson & Lescure, 1975; G, Microcaecilia cf. rochai Maciel & Hoogmoed, 2011.
FIG. 1 in The Amphibians of the Mitaraka massif, French Guiana
FIG. 1. — Topographic map showing the localities of the present survey and of the previous ones that have been undertaken in a 100 km radius.
Figure 4 in Year-round activity patterns in a hyperdiverse community of rainforest amphibians in Madagascar
Figure 4. Canonical correspondence biplot relating amphibian species abundance along the study transect and five environmental predictors (italics, labelled as in Figure 3). Circles identify the sampling units (days) and crosses identify species. Species occurring more frequently at extreme environmental conditions are labelled using the codes presented in Table 1.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
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DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
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The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
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