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Figure 1 in A new molluscivore crab from Lake Poso confirms multiple colonization of ancient lakes in Sulawesi by freshwater crabs (Decapoda: Brachyura)

Figure 1. Sundathelphusa molluscivora sp. nov. Paratype male (23.5 by 19.0 mm) (ZRC 2000.1703). A, overall view; B, frontal view; C, ventral view.

Figure 3 in A new molluscivore crab from Lake Poso confirms multiple colonization of ancient lakes in Sulawesi by freshwater crabs (Decapoda: Brachyura)

Figure 3. Sundathelphusa molluscivora sp. nov. Paratype male (23.5 by 19.0 mm) (ZRC 2000.1703). A, right side of carapace; B, anterior thoracic sternum; C, left third maxilliped; D, right chelipedal carpus; E, male abdomen; F, right fourth ambulatory leg; G, frontal median triangle. Scale bars: A–F, 5.0 mm; G, 1.0 mm.

Figure 5. Bootstrap 50 in A new molluscivore crab from Lake Poso confirms multiple colonization of ancient lakes in Sulawesi by freshwater crabs (Decapoda: Brachyura)

Figure 5. Bootstrap 50% majority rule consensus tree of phylogenetic relationships within freshwater crabs from Sulawesi, with two species from Thailand used as outgroups, based on maximum parsimony (MP), minimum evolution (ME) and Bayesian inference (BI) (last two with the GTR+I+G model of evolution) topologies. Confidence values from 2000 bootstrap pseudoreplicates (MP/ME) or 2 000 000 generations (BI) based on 562 base pairs of the 16S mitochondrial gene in the order MP/ME/BI; only values above 50% confidence are shown. Abbreviations: Mah, Lake Mahalona; Mat, Lake Matano; Tow, Lake Towuti.

Figure 2 in A new molluscivore crab from Lake Poso confirms multiple colonization of ancient lakes in Sulawesi by freshwater crabs (Decapoda: Brachyura)

Figure 2. Sundathelphusa molluscivora sp. nov. Major chelae. A, male (23.5 by 19.0 mm) (ZRC 2000.1703); B, holotype male (24.6 by 20.4 mm) (MZB 1480); C, female (24.3 by 20.0 mm) (ZRC 2000.1703).

FIGURE 12 in Taphonomy of an Eocene micromammal assemblage in a lake-margin depositional setting elucidates an ancient food web

FIGURE 12. Scanning electron micrographs of associated near complete lower right dentition (M67678) of the omomyid Microchoerus erinaceus from bed TB33, How Ledge Limestone, SW Headon Hill, showing crowns with group 4 etching and post-voiding scavenging bite and gnaw marks. A, H, J, P4; B, G, P3; C, F, canine; D, E, I, I1; K, M3; L, M2. Views are: buccal (A-D), mesial (E, I), lingual (F-H), and occlusal (J-L). C shows gnaw marks on the ventral edge of the root of the canine; I shows an enlarged ventral portion of the root of I1 (E shows the whole tooth), with a bite mark on the side and parallel gnaw marks on the medioventral edge. The horizontal crease on the buccal enamel wall of P3 (B) is a developmental pathology. Scale bar equals 0.5 mm for I, 1 mm for the rest.

FIGURE 10 in Taphonomy of an Eocene micromammal assemblage in a lake-margin depositional setting elucidates an ancient food web

FIGURE 10. Dimensions of the long (L) and short (W) axes in millimetres of the seven oval puncture marks on fossil theridomyid bones from bed TB33, How Ledge Limestone, compared with the means with one standard deviation of those on fossil theridomyid bones from bed O3, Osborne Member (from Vasileiadou et al., 2009), of those made by jackals (Canis aureus) on modern ungulate bones (from Dominguez-Rodrigo and Piqueras, 2003) and of those made by leopards (Panthera pardus) on fossil bones of mammals of 4.5-104 kg weight (from Pickering et al., 2004). 1, M67679; 2, M62154.

FIGURE 9 in Taphonomy of an Eocene micromammal assemblage in a lake-margin depositional setting elucidates an ancient food web

FIGURE 9. Scanning electron micrographs of teeth of the carnivoran Paramiacis sp. and puncture marks on theridomyid bones from bed TB33, How Ledge Limestone, SW Headon Hill. A, two puncture marks on distal right tibia (M67679) of Thalerimys fordi; B, enlarged detail of A, the large puncture mark (a) and small puncture mark (b) labelled; C, puncture mark on?Thalerimys distal metapodial (M62154); D, right M1 (carnassial) (M67697) of Paramiacis sp., in occlusal view; E, left P3 (M67697) of Paramiacis sp.; F, puncture mark on?Thalerimys proximal metapodial (M62171); G, enlarged detail of F; H, puncture mark on?Thalerimys phalanx 2 (M62253); I, enlarged detail of H. Scale bars equal 1 mm for A-F, H and 0.2 mm for G and I.

FIGURE 7 in Taphonomy of an Eocene micromammal assemblage in a lake-margin depositional setting elucidates an ancient food web

FIGURE 7. Scanning electron micrographs of teeth and bones of Nyctitheriidae and teeth of Omomyidae, Apatemyidae and Amphilemuridae from bed TB33, How Ledge Limestone, SW Headon Hill, showing damage. A, right dentary with M2 (M67692) of Cheilonyctia lawsoni, showing etching group 5 and rounded breakage anteriorly, sharp breakage posteriorly; B, right I2 (M67693) of C. lawsoni, showing dentine exposure of etching group 5; C, distal left humerus (M67694) of Nyctitheriidae, showing sharp spiral irregular breakage; D, right M1/2 (M62126) of Vectipithex smithorum, showing almost total loss of enamel, of etching group 5; E, right M1 (M67695) of Heterohyus nanus, showing etching group 4; F, left P2 (M61711) of Gesneropithex latidens, showing etching group 2; G, enlarged detail of F. Arrows highlight areas of maximum etching on A-B, E and the only remaining enamel on D. Scale bars equal 1 mm for A and C, 0.5 mm for D-F, 0.25 mm for G and 0.2 mm for B.

FIGURE 6 in Taphonomy of an Eocene micromammal assemblage in a lake-margin depositional setting elucidates an ancient food web

FIGURE 6. Scanning electron micrographs of teeth and bones of Herpetotheriidae from bed TB33, How Ledge Limestone, SW Headon Hill, showing damage. A, right M3 (M67688) of Amphiperatherium species B, in etching group 1; B, enlarged detail of A; C, right M2 (M67689) of Amphiperatherium species A, in etching group 2; D, left M4 (M67690) of Amphiperatherium species A, in etching group 4; E, right calcaneum (M67691) of Herpetotheriidae, showing etching on the sustentaculum edge and tuber tip; F, left upper incisor (M67680) of Herpetotheriidae, showing two puncture marks on its root; G, enlarged detail of F. Arrows highlight areas of maximum etching on C-E. Scale bars equal 0.3 mm for A, C-E, 0.1 mm for B, G.

FIGURE 4 in Taphonomy of an Eocene micromammal assemblage in a lake-margin depositional setting elucidates an ancient food web

FIGURE 4. Scanning electron micrographs of teeth and bones of Theridomyidae and teeth of Pseudosciuridae, from bed TB33, How Ledge Limestone, SW Headon Hill, showing damage. A-C, Thalerimys fordi; D-F,?Thalerimys; G, Treposciurus mutabilis; H-I, Tarnomys quercyi vectisensis. A, Right M1/2 (M67681) in etching group 2; B, left M1/2 (M67682) in etching group 3; C, right M1/2 (M67683) in etching group 4; D, proximal radius (M61425), showing etching on the epiphysis and parallel grooves perpendicular to the long axis; E, proximal metapodial (M61438) with multiple fine parallel grooves perpendicular to the long axis on both edges; F, enlarged detail of E; G, left M1/2 (M61749) in etching group 2; H, right M1/2 (M61753) in etching group 2; I, right M3 (M61754) in etching group 4. Arrows highlight areas of maximum etching on A-C, G-I. Scale equals 0.5 mm for A-D, F-I, 1 mm for E.

FIGURE 5 in Taphonomy of an Eocene micromammal assemblage in a lake-margin depositional setting elucidates an ancient food web

FIGURE 5. Scanning electron micrographs of teeth and bones of Gliridae from bed TB33, How Ledge Limestone, SW Headon Hill, showing damage. A, right M (M67699) of Bransatoglis bahloi in etching group 5 (arrows); B-C, right P4 3 (M67684) of Glamys priscus, showing very fine irregular grooves on the root (B is enlarged detail); D, left lower incisor (M67685) of Gliridae, showing splitting from weathering stage 1; E, proximal phalanx 1 (M67686) of Gliridae, showing rounded breakage and grooves perpendicular to the long axis (arrows); F, proximal metatarsal III (M67687) of Gliridae, showing spiral rounded fracture; G, proximal left femur (M61428) of Gliridae, showing etching (arrows) and spiral breakage without rounding. Scale bars equal 0.2 mm for A, C-E, 0.5 mm for F-G, 0.1 mm for B.

FIGURE 2 in Taphonomy of an Eocene micromammal assemblage in a lake-margin depositional setting elucidates an ancient food web

FIGURE 2. Percentages of the minimum numbers of individuals (MNI) of each family of micromammals from bed TB33, How Ledge Limestone, SW Headon Hill. See Table 1 for numerical data.

FIGURE 11 in Taphonomy of an Eocene micromammal assemblage in a lake-margin depositional setting elucidates an ancient food web

FIGURE 11. Scanning electron micrographs of teeth of the pantolestid Cryptopithecus major (A-B) and tooth and bones of the carnivoran Paramiacis sp. (C-F) from bed TB33, How Ledge Limestone, SW Headon Hill, showing damage. A, left DP4 (M61688) in etching group 5, arrows indicating the only islets of enamel left on the crown; B, lower right premolar (M62331) in etching group 5, devoid of all enamel, the dentine core also penetrated by etching; C, left M2 (M67697) in etching group 2, broken with fracture edges rounded; D, phalanx 2 shaft (M67697), showing distal etching and rounded proximal fracture edge (arrowed); E-F, phalanx 1 (M67697) broken into a distal articulatory part (E) and the shaft and proximal articulation (F), with rounded fracture edges (arrowed), but closely fitting broken surfaces. Scale bars equal 0.5 mm for A-B, 0.3 mm for C-D and 1 mm for E-F.

FIGURE 1 in Taphonomy of an Eocene micromammal assemblage in a lake-margin depositional setting elucidates an ancient food web

FIGURE 1. Geological context of the site studied. A, General field photograph of the upper part of the Totland Bay Member, including the How Ledge Limestone, and overlying Colwell Bay Member, SW Headon Hill, Isle of Wight. B; detailed photograph of bed TB30-34, with scale divisions measuring 10 cm; C, location map of coastal Hampshire and the western half of the Isle of Wight, with period level geology and sites mentioned in the text; D, Lithic log of the How Ledge Limestone and adjacent beds. Bed numbers are from Hooker (2021).

FIGURE 3 in Taphonomy of an Eocene micromammal assemblage in a lake-margin depositional setting elucidates an ancient food web

FIGURE 3. Percentages of etched bones and teeth (left Y axis and left two X axis plots) and breakage types of elongate bones (right Y axis and right three X axis plots) for the four best represented micromammalian families in bed TB33, How Ledge Limestone. Fresh bones are those broken while still fresh, showing irregular spiral breakage. Rounded indicates bones with rounded (etched) broken edges. Dry indicates bones with broken edges perpendicular to their long axes. See Tables 5-7 for numerical data.

FIGURE 8 in Taphonomy of an Eocene micromammal assemblage in a lake-margin depositional setting elucidates an ancient food web

FIGURE 8. Percentages of teeth of the theridomyid Thalerimys fordi and the three other best represented families in each etching group (Vasileiadou et al., 2007a), numbered on X axes, from bed TB33, How Ledge Limestone, and bed O3, Osborne Member. The teeth of T. fordi and Gliridae are restricted to the cheek teeth. N = total number of etched teeth in each taxon for each bed.

FIGURE 13 in Taphonomy of an Eocene micromammal assemblage in a lake-margin depositional setting elucidates an ancient food web

FIGURE 13. Trophic relationships between predators and prey derived from damage patterns of bones and teeth of the best represented micromammals in bed TB33, How Ledge Limestone, SW Headon Hill. The two hypothetical owls and the crocodilian are drawn at smaller scales than the rest.

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Permafrost-thaw lake development in Central Yakutia: sedimentary ancient DNA and element analyses from a Holocene sediment record

<p>In Central Yakutia (Siberia) livelihoods of local communities depend on alaas (thermokarst depression) landscapes and the lakes within. Development and dynamics of these alaas lakes are closely connected to climate change, permafrost thawing, catchment conditions, and land use. To reconstruct lake development throughout the Holocene we analyze sedimentary ancient DNA (sedaDNA) and biogeochemistry from a sediment core from Lake Satagay, spanning the last c. 10,800 calibrated years before present (cal yrs BP). SedaDNA of diatoms and macrophytes and microfossil diatom analysis reveal lake formation earlier than 10,700 cal yrs BP. The sedaDNA approach detected 42 amplicon sequence variants (ASVs) of diatom taxa, one ASV of Eustigmatophyceae (Nannochloropsis), and 12 ASVs of macrophytes. We relate diatom and macrophyte community changes to climate-driven shifts in water level and mineral and organic input, which result in variable water conductivity, in-lake productivity, and sediment deposition. We detect a higher lake level and water conductivity in the Early Holocene (c. 10,700–7000 cal yrs BP) compared to other periods, supported by the dominance of Stephanodiscus sp. and Stuckenia pectinata. Further climate warming towards the Mid-Holocene (7000–4700 cal yrs BP) led to a shallowing of Lake Satagay, an increase of the submerged macrophyte Ceratophyllum, and a decline of planktonic diatoms. In the Late Holocene (c. 4700 cal yrs BP–present) stable shallow water conditions are confirmed by small fragilarioid and staurosiroid diatoms dominating the lake. Lake Satagay has not yet reached the final stage of alaas development, but satellite imagery shows an intensification of anthropogenic land use, which in combination with future warming will likely result in a rapid desiccation of the lake.</p>