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51 results for “animal dispersal”
Data from: Forest degradation limits the complementarity and quality of animal seed dispersal
<p><span>Forest degradation changes the structural heterogeneity of forests and species communities, with potential consequences for ecosystem functions including seed dispersal by frugivorous animals. While the quantity of seed dispersal may be robust towards forest degradation, changes in the effectiveness of seed dispersal through qualitative changes are poorly understood. Here, we carried out extensive field sampling on the structure of forest microhabitats, seed deposition sites, and plant recruitment along three characteristics of forest microhabitats (canopy cover, ground vegetation, deadwood) in Europe's last lowland primeval forest (Białowieża, Poland). We then applied niche modelling to study forest degradation effects on multi-dimensional seed deposition by frugivores and recruitment of fleshy-fruited plants. Forest degradation was shown to (1) reduce the niche volume of forest microhabitat characteristics by half, (2) homogenize the spatial seed deposition within and among frugivore species, and (3) limit the regeneration of plants via changes in seed deposition and recruitment. Our study shows that the loss of frugivores in degraded forests is accompanied by a reduction in the complementarity and quality of seed dispersal by remaining frugivores. In contrast, structure-rich habitats, such as old-growth forests, safeguard the diversity of species interactions, forming the basis for high-quality ecosystem functions.</span></p>
Fig.1. Bipartite graph depicting a plant-animal mutualistic network involving 10 in The Role Of Macaca Spp. (Primates: Cercopithecidae) In Seed Dispersal Networks
Fig.1. Bipartite graph depicting a plant-animal mutualistic network involving 10 frugivores (left) and 170 of the plant species (right) they disperse at Khao Yai National Park, Thailand. The list of plant species is based on Kitamura et al. (2002), then the list of frugivores dispersing each species has been completed thanks to data from bin Kassim (1987), Kitamura et al. (2005), Datta & Rawat (2008), Brockelman (2009), McConkey & Brockelman (2011), Albert et al. (2013), Ngoprasert (2012), Khamcha (pers. comm.), Latinne (pers. comm.), Martmoon (pers. comm.).
Code and data from: A hierarchical approach for estimating state-specific mortality and state transition in dispersing animals with incomplete death records
<p>Unbiased mortality estimates are fundamental for testing ecological and evolutionary theory as well as for developing effective conservation actions. However, mortality estimates are often confounded by dispersal, especially in studies where dead-recovery is not possible. In such instances, missing individuals (i.e. individuals with unobserved time of death) may have died or permanently emigrated from a study area, making inferences about their fate difficult. Mortality before and during dispersal, as well as the decision to disperse, usually depend on a suite of individual, social, and environmental covariates, which in turn can be used to draw conclusions about the fate of missing individuals.<br>Here, we propose a Bayesian hierarchical model that takes into account time-varying covariates to estimate transitions between life-history states and mortality in each state using mark-resighting data with missing individuals. Specifically, our framework estimates mortality rates in two states (resident and dispersing state) by treating the fate of missing individuals as a latent (i.e. unobserved) variable that is statistically inferred based on information from individuals with a known fate and given the individual, social, and environmental conditions at the time of disappearance. Our model also estimates rates of state transition (i.e. emigration) to assess whether a missing individual was more likely to have died or survived due to unobserved emigration from the study area. <br>We used simulations to check the validity of our model and assessed its performance with data of varying degrees of uncertainty. Our modeling framework provided accurate mortality and emigration estimates for simulated data of different sample sizes, proportions of missing individuals, and resighting intervals. Variation in sample size appeared to affect the precision of estimated parameters the most.<br>Our approach offers a solution to estimating unbiased mortality of both resident and dispersing individuals as well as the probability of emigration using mark-resighting data with incomplete death records. Conditional on the availability of data on known-fate individuals and relevant time-varying covariates, our model can reconstruct the fate (death or emigration) of missing individuals. The modularity of our framework allows mortality analyses to be tailored to a variety of species-specific life histories.</p>
Data and codes from "How does dispersal shape the genetic structure of animal populations in European cities? A simulation approach"
<p>Codes and data used for "Savary et al. How does dispersal shape the genetic structure of animal populations in European cities? A simulation approach".</p> <p> </p>
Data from: Forest degradation limits the complementarity and quality of animal seed dispersal
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Code and data from: A hierarchical approach for estimating state-specific mortality and state transition in dispersing animals with incomplete death records
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Data and code for: Plants with higher dispersal capabilities follow ‘abundant-centre’ distributions but such patterns remain rare in animals
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Data from: Global geographic patterns in the colours and sizes of animal‐dispersed fruits
Aim. Fruit colours attract animal seed dispersers, yet the causes of fruit colour diversity remain controversial. The lack of knowledge of large-scale spatial patterns in fruit colours has limited our ability to formulate and test alternative hypotheses to explain fruit colour, fruit size, and fruit colour diversity. We describe spatial (especially latitudinal) variation in fruit colour, colour diversity, and length, and test for correlations between fruit colour, length, and plant habit. Location. Global. Time period. Present-day. Major taxa studied. Seed plants. Methods. We assembled a database of fruit traits for 13,178 fleshy-fruited plant species spanning 136 sites around the world. To assess whether fruit colour categories correspond with spectral reflectances, we tested for clustering of hue, chroma, and saturation for 236 species for which we had reflectance data. We then quantified latitudinal gradients in fruit colour, fruit length, and fruit colour diversity while controlling for the effects of plant habit, and whether colour categories varied with respect to average fruit size. Results. Colour categories corresponded well with reflectance data. The tropics show high colour diversity, while red fruits progressively constitute a higher proportion of the fleshy-fruited plant community towards high latitudes. All mammal-associated colours (green, orange, brown, and yellow) are more common in the tropics than at high latitudes. Fruit length also increases towards the tropics. Main conclusions. Tropical communities tend to have diverse fruit colours, including many mammal-associated fruit colours, while high latitude communities contain a higher percentage of red-fruited species. The correlation between colour and size is strong, and some latitudinal patterns may be partly driven by changes in fruit size. Differences in geography and in the history of plant lineages in the southern versus the northern hemisphere may help to explain some biogeographic patterns, but alternative hypotheses related to fruit defence, development, and metabolic costs are plausible.
Recent tree diversity increase in NE Iberian forests following intense management release: a task for animal-dispersed and drought tolerant species
<ol> <li>Under increasing human-related threats to forests, many studies suggest that increasing tree species diversity may boost forest resilience by enhancing the range of species' responses to disturbances. However, it remains unclear whether passive or active forest management strategies should be applied to increase tree diversity. This issue would benefit from investigating which management and environmental factors, together with species' functional traits influence temporal changes in tree species diversity.</li> <li>We explored the influence of the bioclimatic region, land-use history, forest cover, protection, management, forest structure and changes in temperature and precipitation, to explain tree species diversity changes in NE Iberian forests, by comparing 3141 plots from the Spanish National Forest Inventory sampled between 1989 and 2016. Moreover, we assessed which species' functional traits (dispersal habit, drought and shade tolerance) were most relevant for diversity changes.</li> <li>After 27 years, tree species richness and diversity moderately increased in the tree and regeneration layers. This trend occurred mostly in long-established, non-recently managed forests and in those with a lower initial basal area. Increasing temperature had negative effects for diversity increase in the tree layer but positive for the regeneration compartment, while decreasing precipitation showed the opposite effects.</li> <li>Tree species with higher drought tolerance, and especially those animal-dispersed ones arriving from the regional pool, mostly contributed to the local diversity increase. This pattern occurred in all forest types, although the taxonomic array of species varied.</li> <li> <em>Synthesis and applications.</em> The main drivers influencing the passive increase in tree species diversity suggest a primary role of diminishing forest exploitation in this recovery process, fine-tuned by climatic changes. This ecological scenario has particularly favored animal-dispersed tree species with higher drought tolerance, which mostly led the diversity increase. A higher presence of such highly mobile and drought-tolerant species can be crucial to increase functional diversity and, ultimately, increase forest resilience under future scenarios of greater aridity. In light of these results, management strategies should continue fostering the restoration of diversity in once intensively exploited forests while ensuring the maintenance of the already gained tree species diversity.</li> </ol>
Literature review on the effect of conspecific density on animal dispersal (2000-2023)
<p>We review empirical studies of animal dispersal in relation to conspecific density to examine the evidence for density-dependent dispersal among taxa and test whether reports of its occurrence are taxon-specific and/or biased by the methodology employed. We conducted a thorough review of the literature (2000 - 2023) and found <em>k</em> = 97 empirical studies of amphibians, birds, fishes, invertebrates, mammals, or reptiles that had tested for a correlation between conspecific density and animal dispersal. From each, we derived the correlation coefficient of the relationship between density and dispersal, which we z-transformed to obtain the effect size, <em>Z</em><em><sub>r</sub></em><em>.</em> We also<em> </em>extracted and compiled information on taxonomic group, sex, age, migratory behavior, experimental setup, dispersal metric, density metric, and variable type, as well as temporal and spatial scale to test their relationships with <em>Z</em><em><sub>r</sub></em> using linear regressions and multilevel mixed-effect modeling.</p>
The ability to disperse large seeds, rather than body mass alone, defines the importance of animals in a hyper-diverse seed dispersal network
<p>1. Large-bodied animals play irreplaceable roles in seed dispersal, partly due to their capacity to disperse large seeds. Understanding this role at a community level has been limited by the paucity of network studies that include large vertebrates, and the almost complete absence of studies including synzoochoric dispersers. Synzoochoric dispersers can disperse seeds disproportionately large for their body size, potentially overlapping the roles of large-bodied animals. A comprehensive network, inclusive of large vertebrates and synzoochorous dispersers, is imperative to understand seed dispersal at a community level.</p> <p>2. Here, we analysed the seed dispersal network of a hyper-diverse Sundaic forest in Malaysia using local ecological knowledge and including multiple forms of endozoochorous and synzoochorous dispersal. We evaluated the extent to which three disperser traits: body mass, seed-handling ability (size of the largest seed dispersed), and diet explained the importance of animals in the network. We evaluated dispersers' relative importance using four network metrics — degree of specialisation (nested rank), species strength, within-module connectivity (z-value), and between-modules connectivity (c-value).</p> <p>3. We found that seed-handling ability had the biggest effect on a disperser's importance, with strong effects on three network metrics (species strength, ecological specialization, z-value) and moderate effects on connectivity between modules. Body mass was important in defining interactions within modules, and dietary differences defined the ecological specialisation of species in seed dispersal.</p> <p>4. Important dispersers in our network were large-seed dispersers (e.g., rats, gibbons), large-bodied animals, in particular the Asian elephant, and animals with frugivorous diets such as hornbills.</p> <p>5. Synthesis. Our work uncovers the significance of seed-handling ability in identifying pivotal seed dispersal roles in tropical rainforests. Key dispersers include large-bodied herbivores and medium-sized frugivores that could disperse large seeds by endozoochory, and smaller rodents that dispersed similar-sized seeds by synzoochory. Many of the species that emerged as particularly important for the seed dispersal network are currently threatened (e.g., the Asian elephant, gibbons, and hornbills). Their protection or reintroduction should be a top conservation priority. </p>
Data to support publication figures and animation scripts at GitHub: Modeling weather-driven long-distance dispersal of spruce budworm moths (Choristoneura fumiferana)
<p>Long-term studies of insect populations in the North American boreal forest have shown the vital importance of long-distance dispersal to the maintenance and expansion of insect outbreaks. In this work, we extend several concepts established previously in an empirically-based dispersal flight model with recent work on the physiology and behavior of the adult eastern spruce budworm (SBW) moth, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.). An outbreak of defoliating SBW in Quebec, ongoing since the mid-2000s, already covers millions of hectares of forests in eastern Canada and threatens to spread into neighboring areas through annual summertime episodes of long-distance dispersal. Such flight events in favorable conditions frequently include billions of SBW moths dispersing in the warm atmospheric boundary layer, typically starting around sunset and often lasting through several hours of wind-driven transport over hundreds of kilometers. Successful SBW dispersal to possibly distant host forest areas depends acutely on the weather. Here we describe the components and results of SBW–pyATM, an open-source individual-based modeling framework developed in Python for the simulation of these weather-driven SBW dispersal events. Using seasonal SBW phenology results from BioSIM at known outbreak locations and high-resolution Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model output, we focus on modeling dispersal flights over two successive nights in July 2013 in southern Quebec. Our flight model closely reproduces the SBW spatial patterns and motions observed by weather surveillance radar over the St. Lawrence estuary. With SBW–pyATM we can estimate landing locations for both male and female SBW and the resulting spatial patterns of egg distribution, allowing us eventually to forecast future larval defoliation activity in new locations where immigration could help overcome local limitations on SBW populations. This information could then support forest management decisions where SBW outbreaks threaten valuable resources.</p>
Changes in the structure of seed dispersal networks when including interaction outcomes from both plant and animal perspectives
<p>Interaction frequency is the most common currency in quantitative ecological networks, although interaction quality can also affect benefits provided by mutualisms. Here, we evaluate if interaction quality can modify network topology, species' role and whether such changes affect community vulnerability to species loss. We use a well-examined study system (bird-lizard and fleshy-fruited plants in the 'thermophilous' woodland of the Canary Islands) to compare network and species-level metrics from a network based on fruit consumption rates (Interaction Frequency, IF), against networks reflecting functional outcomes: a Seed Dispersal Effectiveness network (SDE) quantifying recruitment, and a Fruit Resource Provisioning network (FRP), accounting for the nutrient supply of fruits. Nestedness decreased in the FRP and the SDE networks, due to the lack of association between fruit consumption rates and (1) nutrient content, and (2) recruitment at the seed deposition sites, respectively. The FRP network showed lower niche overlap due to resource use complementarity among frugivores. Interaction evenness was lower in the SDE network, in response to a higher dominance of lizards in the recruitment of heliophilous species. Such changes, however, did not result in enhanced vulnerability against extinctions. At the plant species level, strength changed in the FRP network in frequently consumed or highly nutritious species. The number of effective partners decreased for species whose seeds were deposited in unsuitable places for recruitment. In frugivores, strength was consistent across networks (SDE vs IF), showing that consumption rates outweighed differences in dispersal quality. In the case of lizards, the increased importance of nutrient-rich species resulted in a higher number of effective partners.</p> <p>Our work shows that although frequency strongly impacts interaction effects, accounting for quality improves our inferences about interaction assembly and species role. Thus, future studies including interaction outcomes from both partners' perspectives will provide valuable insights about the net effects of mutualistic interactions.</p>
Diaspore traits specialized to animal adhesion and sea current dispersal are positively associated with the naturalization of European plants across the World
<p>Understanding what drives non-native species naturalization (the establishment of a self-sustainable population outside its native range) is a central question in invasion science. Plants' capacity for long distance dispersal (LDD) is likely to influence the spread and naturalization of non-native species differently according to their introduction pathways. These pathways include intentional introductions (for economic use, e.g. for agriculture), unintentional introductions (e.g. seed contaminants), plant dispersal via human infrastructures (e.g. roads), and plant spread from an adjacent region where the species was previously introduced. Herein, we tested the relationship between sets of LDD traits (syndromes) of 10,308 European plant species and their global naturalization incidence (i.e. whether a species has become naturalized or not) and extent (i.e. the number of regions where a species has become naturalized) using the most comprehensive database of naturalized plants worldwide (GloNAF). Diaspore traits allowed the identification of four traditional LDD syndromes, namely those with specializations for dispersal by: wind (anemochorous), animal ingestion (endozoochorous), attached to animals (epizoochorous), and sea currents (thalassochorous). These evolutionary specializations have been historically interpreted by biologists even though actual dispersal is not always related to diaspore syndromes. We found that while epizoochorous and thalassochorous traits are positively associated with global plant naturalization incidence, anemochorous and endozoochorous traits show a negative relationship. Species´ residence time outside their native range, their economic use and presence of epizoochorous traits (such as hooks, hairs and adhesive substances) are positively associated with global naturalization extent. Furthermore, we found that plants' economic use reduces the influence of LDD syndromes on the naturalization incidence of intentionally introduced plants. While the success of non-native plants is influenced by a broad array of species- and context-specific factors, LDD syndromes play an important role in this context depending on the economic use of plants.</p>
Applicability of the inverse dispersion method to measure emissions from animal housings - data set & R scripts
<h2>Data availability</h2> <p>Provided are:<br>- raw data of the instruments<br>- R Scripts to reproduce the findings in the publication<br>- R outputs</p> <h2>Scripts</h2> <p>In total, there are 10 scripts provided, of which most of them are needed to reproduce the data in the publication.</p> <p>Below, a brief explanation of the content of the different scripts.</p> <ul> <li>01_Datatreatment_01_Weatherstation.r ## This script reads in the weather station data and makes it ready for further use.</li> <li>01_Datatreatment_02_Sonics.r ## This script reads in the 3D ultrasonic data and makes it ready for further use.</li> <li>01_Datatreatment_03_GasFinder.r ## This script reads in the GasFinder data and makes it ready for further use.</li> <li>01_Datatreatment_04_MFC_Pressuresensor.r ## This script reads in the mass flow controller (MFC) and pressure sensor data and makes it ready for further use.</li> <li>02_Calculation_01_bLS.r ## This script is made to run the bLSmodelR and tailored to the number cruncher of the University of Applied Sciences BFH. The code should also work on your computer but you have to adopt the number of cores.</li> <li>02_Calculation_02_Concentration.r ## This script treats the unprocessed concentration data. It removes false concentrations, applies an intercalibration, and makes the data ready for further use.</li> <li>02_Calculation_03_Emissions.r ## This script calculates emissions and makes it ready for further use.</li> <li>02_Calculation_04_contourXYZ_Plume.r ## This script calculates the plume contours in the XY and XZ plane. This script is not necessary to reproduce the findings of the publication.</li> <li>03_Apply_filter.r ## This script applies the quality filtering and makes the data ready for further use.</li> <li>04_Plots_Tables.r ## With this script one can recreate all the plots and values in the tables of the publication, the supplement, and the initial submission.</li> </ul> <p>Note, for the geometry, there is no script provided. The coordinates of the different sensors and the source are solely provided as R output.</p> <h3>Naming of instruments</h3> <p>The instruments in the publication have different names than in the scripts. In some scripts the final names are also provided but throughout the evaluation the original device names are used. Only in the script 04_Plots_Tables.r are the final names introduced. Below is an overview of what original name corresponds to the final name of the devices:</p> <h4><strong>GasFinder instruments called 'OP' in the publication</strong></h4> <ul> <li>OP-UW = GF26</li> <li>OP-2.0h = GF17</li> <li>OP-5.3h = GF18</li> <li>OP-6.8h = GF16</li> <li>OP-12h = GF25</li> </ul> <p><strong>3D ultrasonic anemometer instruments called 'UA' in the publication</strong></p> <ul> <li>UA-UW = SonicC</li> <li>UA-2.0h = SonicA</li> <li>UA-5.3h = Sonic2</li> <li>UA-6.8h = SonicB</li> </ul> <p><strong>Source</strong><br>In some of the scripts, the source might be called 'Schopf' which is a local term for 'shed'.</p> <h2>Note</h2> <p>This code was written by Marcel Bühler (minor code chunks were originally written by Christoph Häni) and is intended to reproduce the findings of the linked publication. Please feel free to use and modify it (e.g., use it to run different dispersion models), but attribution is appreciated.</p> <h2>Disclaimer</h2> <p>I do not guarantee that everything works. It might be that not all variables were changed to English for better understanding correctly. Unfortunately, it is not possible to provide all the catalogs of the bLS run, as the total size is several 100s of GB. In case you run the bLS model on your own, the result will have a minimal difference, as no bLS run produces the same result twice. This should, however, not alter the findings.</p> <h2>Contact</h2> <p>In case you have questions, please contact Marcel Bühler (mb@bce.au.dk). In case this does not work, Christoph Häni might also be able to help (christoph.haeni@bfh.ch).</p>
Diaspore traits specialized to animal adhesion and sea current dispersal are positively associated with the naturalization of European plants across the World
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The ability to disperse large seeds, rather than body mass alone, defines the importance of animals in a hyper-diverse seed dispersal network
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How spatiotemporal cognition and movement of seed-dispersing animals influence plant distribution
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Data from: Global geographic patterns in the colours and sizes of animal‐dispersed fruits
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Literature review on the effect of conspecific density on animal dispersal (2000-2023)
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