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69 results for “annual cycle”
N cycling summary 2020-2022 of annually burned bison, cattle and ungrazed experimental watersheds on upland tallgrass prairie soils at the Konza Prairie Biological Station
Nitrogen (N) is a necessary element of soil fertility and a limiting nutrient in tallgrass prairie but grazers like bison and cattle can also recycle N. Bison and cattle impact the nitrogen (N) cycle by digesting forage that is consumed, and recycled back to the soil in a more available forms stimulating soil microbial N cycling activities. Yet we do not know how both grazers comparatively affect N cycling in tallgrass prairie. Thus, we investigated if bison cattle had similar impacts on N cycling in annually burned tallgrass prairie relative to ungrazed conditions over a 3-year period (2020-2022) at the Konza Prairie Biological Station. We took soil samples to investigate soil data: pH, soil water content, mineralized N, nitrification potential, denitrification potential and extracellular enzyme assays on upland soils of the Florence-Benfield complex soil map during the summer growing season from 2020 to 2022 on bison, cattle and ungrazed experimental watersheds at the Konza Prairie Biological Station. Soil sampling was undertaken once late in each summer growing season from 2020-2022. These years spanned a range of above-average rainfall (2020) to well below average (2021) and slightly below average (2022). We sampled along four 10-m transects, parallel to long-term plant sampling transects in each experimental watershed, in two bison grazed (N1A and N1B), two cattle grazed (C1A and C1B), and two ungrazed (1D and SpB) watersheds, all of which are burned annually.
Data from: First records of complete annual cycles in water rails Rallus aquaticus show evidence of itinerant breeding and a complex migration system
<p>In water rails <em>Rallus aquaticus</em>, northern and eastern populations are migratory while southern and western populations are sedentary. Few details are known about the annual cycle of this elusive species. We studied movements and breeding in water rails from southernmost Norway where the species occurs year-round. Colour-ringed wintering birds occurred only occasionally at the study site in summer, and vice versa. Geolocator tracks revealed that wintering birds (n = 10) migrated eastwards in spring to breed on both sides of the Baltic Sea, whereas a single breeding bird from the study site wintered in north Italy. Ambient light records of geolocator birds further indicated that all but one incubated 2–4 clutches per season. By combining information on incubation and movement, we found evidence for itinerant breeding in three individual birds: After a first breeding attempt (one did not incubate), all moved 129–721 km to breed again. This behaviour is rarely recorded in birds and was unexpected because the water rail is described as monogamous with both parents caring for eggs and chicks. The study greatly improves our knowledge about the annual cycle and reproduction in water rails. However, more studies are warranted to evaluate the generality of our findings and causes of breeding itinerancy.</p>
Fig. 5 in Patterns of tooth crown wear in Dryomys nitedula (Mammalia, Rodentia): age-related variation in the light of annual cycle specifics based on museum collections
Fig. 5. Changes in the external appearance of the forest dormouse during the first year of life. The animal was caught in early June 2009 near Luhansk: a — 19 of June, 1–2 weeks old, feeding exclusively with insects, mainly locusts; b — 16 of July, 1+ month of age, active motions, feeding with insects, including locusts, butterflies, and mealworms; c — 18 of August, 2+ months of age, low mobility, willingly feeding with mealworms, also began to consume nuts, honey, and cookies; d — 16 of September, 3+ months of age, low mobility, feeding almost exclusively with nuts, honey and other energy-rich products instead of insects, which became less preferred.
Fig. 5 in Ascaridoid parasites in European sardine throughout the annual cycle: Variability in parasitic load according to host stock features
Fig. 5. Plot of European sardine (Sardina pilchardus) individuals by total length (cm) and its correlation with the number of ascaridoids. Orange: FAO Division 27.9. a Portuguese Waters - East; blue: GSA 1 Alboran; light grey: GSA 6 Northern Spain; electric blue: GSA 17 Northern Adriatic; pink: GSA 22 Aegean. The red dotted line shows the lowest sardine size parasitised; the black dotted line indicates the critical length from which the differences in the number of parasites cease to be significant. (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)
Fig. 3. A in Ascaridoid parasites in European sardine throughout the annual cycle: Variability in parasitic load according to host stock features
Fig. 3. A. General picture of the Spearman correlation matrixes among the European sardine's (Sardina pilchardus) condition indices, including the abundance of ascaridoid nematodes in the parasitised stocks (Atlantic, Northern Spain and Northern Adriatic). Total length (TL; cm), relative condition index (Kn), tissue fat content (%), mesenteric fat scale, gonadosomatic index (GSI; %), and hepatosomatic index (HSI; %) were related among each other and with the number of parasites per fish. The colour gradient from maroon to dark blue corresponds to the correlation with strength, from negative to positive, respectively. The empty squares represent a nonsignificant correlation according to a p value of <0.05*. B. Annual trends of tissue fat content (%) and GSI (%). Orange: FAO Division 27.9. a Portuguese Waters - East; blue: GSA 1 Alboran; light grey: GSA 6 Northern Spain; electric blue: GSA 17 Northern Adriatic; pink: GSA 22 Aegean. (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)
Fig. 1 in Ascaridoid parasites in European sardine throughout the annual cycle: Variability in parasitic load according to host stock features
Fig. 1. Map of the European sardine (Sardina pilchardus) stocks sampled along its distribution (in dark grey) by subareas (FAO divisions in the Atlantic and GFCM - GSAs (into FAO Major Fishing Area 37 in the Mediterranean)). Orange: FAO Division 27.9. a Portuguese Waters - East; blue: GSA 1 Alboran; light grey: GSA 6 Northern Spain; electric blue: GSA 17 Northern Adriatic; pink: GSA 22 Aegean. (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)
Fig. 2 in Ascaridoid parasites in European sardine throughout the annual cycle: Variability in parasitic load according to host stock features
Fig. 2. Ascaridoid nematodes observed under the UV-press method. A) A specimen of Anisakis simplex (s.s.) and B) four individuals of Hysterothylacium aduncum found in sardines from the Atlantic stock (FAO Division 27.9. a Portuguese Waters – East).
Fig. 4. A in Ascaridoid parasites in European sardine throughout the annual cycle: Variability in parasitic load according to host stock features
Fig. 4. A. Seasonal variations in the frequency of the reproductive developmental stages (those defined by Brown-Peterson et al., 2011) of European sardine (Sardina pilchardus) in the stocks analysed. B. Presence and absence of parasitism by reproductive developmental stage in the stocks with ascaridoids prevalence. Atlantic: FAO Division 27.9. a Portuguese Waters - East; Alboran: GSA 1; Northern Spain: GSA 6; Northern Adriatic: GSA 17; Aegean: GSA 22. (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)
Data from: Non-breeding sites, loop migration and activity patterns over the annual cycle in the Lesser Grey Shrike Lanius minor from a western edge of its range
<p>Raw data from three tracked individuals. Two were tracked with light geolocators (22UL and an incomplete track of 22UH) and one (16KN) with GDL3-PAM multi-sensor logger. All produced by Swisss Ornithological Insitute.</p>
Data for: Emigration and survival correlate with different precipitation metrics throughout a grassland songbird's annual cycle
<p>Many exogenous factors may influence demographic rates (i.e., births, deaths, immigration, emigration), particularly for migratory birds that must cope with variable weather and habitat throughout their range and annual cycle. In midcontinental grasslands, disturbance (e.g., fire and grazing) and precipitation influence variation in grassland structure and function, but we know little about when and why precipitation is associated with grassland species' vital rates. We related estimates of detection, survival, and emigration to <em>a priori </em>sets of precipitation metrics to test the putative alternative factors influencing movement and mortality in grasshopper sparrows (<em>Ammodramus savannarum</em>). This species is a migratory songbird that exhibits exceptionally high rates of within-season and between-season dispersal. Between 2013 and 2020, we captured and resighted grasshopper sparrows in northeastern Kansas, USA, compiling capture histories for 1,332 adult males. We tested predictions of climatic hypotheses explaining variation in survival and emigration throughout a grasshopper sparrow's annual cycle; both survival and emigration were associated with the El Niño-Southern Oscillation precipitation index (ESPI). Survival was positively related with ESPI during winter, and temporary emigration was curvilinearly related to breeding season ESPI lagged 2 years, with the highest site fidelity associated with intermediate rainfall values. The relationship between rainfall and temporary emigration likely reflects the influence of weather over multiple years on vegetation structure with consequent effects on local demography. This study provides compelling support for the idea that grassland species respond to high interannual variability by adopting dispersal strategies unlike those of many well-studied migrant birds. Furthermore, the results imply that the consequences of increasing climatic extremes may not be immediately apparent, with demographic consequences lasting for at least a few years.</p>
Data from: First records of complete annual cycles in water rails Rallus aquaticus show evidence of itinerant breeding and a complex migration system
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Data for: Emigration and survival correlate with different precipitation metrics throughout a grassland songbird's annual cycle
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Data for: Environmental conditions alter behavioural organization and rhythmicity of a large Arctic ruminant across the annual cycle
<p><span>The existence and persistence of rhythmicity in animal activity during phases of environmental change is of interest in ecology and chronobiology. A wide diversity of biological rhythms in response to</span> <span>exogenous </span>conditions and internal stimuli have been uncovered, especially for polar vertebrates. However, empirical data supporting circadian organization of large ruminating herbivores remains inconclusive. <span>Using year-round tracking data of the largest Arctic ruminant, the muskox (</span><i>Ovibos moschatus</i><span>), we modelled rhythmicity as a function of behaviour and environmental conditions. Behavioural states were classified based on patterns in hourly movements, and incorporated within a periodicity analyses framework. We found that ultradian rhythmicity was prevalent when muskoxen were foraging and resting in mid-winter (continuous darkness). However, the probability of rhythmicity declined with increasing photoperiod until largely disrupted in mid-summer (continuous light). Individuals that remained rhythmic during mid-summer foraged in areas with lower plant productivity (NDVI) than arrhythmic individuals. We conclude that muskoxen may use internal time keeping when forage resources are low, but that the importance of this mechanism weakens once environmental conditions allow energetic reserves to be replenished. We argue that alimentary function and metabolic requirements are critical determinants of biological rhythmicity in muskoxen, which likely applies to ruminating herbivores in general. </span></p>
Data from: Consequences of breeding system for body condition and survival throughout the annual cycle of tidal marsh sparrows
An individual's body condition and probability of survival can change throughout the annual cycle, based on the combined effects of many factors, including reproductive investment during breeding, colder temperatures during winter, and elevated risks during migration. We evaluated body condition and survival during breeding and non-breeding periods in two closely related species with notably different reproductive systems. Male and female saltmarsh sparrows (Ammodramus caudacutus) represent extremes in parental care: males perform none, leaving females to do everything from build nests to care for fledglings. In contrast, male and female seaside sparrows (A. maritimus) have bi-parental care and similar levels of reproductive investment, intermediate between male and female saltmarsh sparrows. Our results are consistent with the idea that females experience non-lethal effects of reproduction, and that differences between the breeding season and winter affect condition. In both species, females had lower scaled mass index (SMI) values than males during both breeding and non-breeding seasons, and female saltmarsh sparrows had lower SMI values than female seaside sparrows. Females carried more fat than males during the breeding season, and female, but not male, fat and muscle scores decreased over time, which is consistent with the adaptive mass hypothesis. In winter, all groups carried more fat and had higher muscle scores than when breeding, despite having lower SMI scores. Although we observed variation in body condition, within-season survival was uniformly high in both seasons, suggesting that sex, species, season, body size, and body condition have little impacts on within season survival. Comparisons with previously-published estimates of annual adult survival suggest that most mortality occurs during migration, even in these short-distance migrants. The importance of considering multiple aspects of body condition, multiple seasons, and difficult-to-monitor events, such as migration, should not be ignored when thinking about the events and processes that cumulatively determine population dynamics.
Data from: Connecting the dots: Stopover strategies of an intercontinental migratory songbird in the context of the annual cycle
The phases of the annual cycle for migratory species are inextricably linked. Yet, less than five percent of ecological studies examine seasonal interactions. In this study, we utilized stable hydrogen isotopes to geographically link individual black-and-white warblers (Mniotilta varia) captured during spring migration with breeding destinations to understand a migrant's stopover strategy in the context of other phases of the annual cycle. We found that stopover strategy is not only a function of a bird's current energetic state, but also the distance remaining to breeding destination and a bird's time-schedule, which has previously been linked to habitat conditions experienced in the preceding phase of the annual cycle. Birds in close proximity to their breeding destination accumulate additional energy reserves prior to arrival on the breeding grounds, as reflected by higher migratory condition upon arrival, higher refueling rates measured via blood plasma metabolites, and longer stopover durations compared to birds migrating to breeding destinations farther from the stopover site. However, late birds near their breeding destination were more likely to depart on the day of arrival (i.e., transients), and among birds that stopped over at the site, the average duration of stopover was almost half the time of early conspecifics, suggesting late birds are trying to catch-up with the overall time-schedule of migration for optimal arrival time on the breeding grounds. In contrast, birds with long distances remaining to breeding destinations were more likely to depart on the day of arrival and primarily used stopover to rest before quickly resuming migration, adopting similar strategies regardless of a bird's time-schedule. Our study demonstrates that migrants adjust their en route strategies in relation to their time-schedule and distance remaining to their breeding destination, highlighting that strategies of migration should be examined in the context of other phases of the annual cycle.
Data and code to explore annual cycle schedule adjustments in a long distance migrant
<p>Matching the timing of annual cycle events with the required resources can have crucial consequences for individual fitness. But as the annual cycle is comprised of sequential events, a delay at any point may be carried over to the subsequent stage (or more, in a domino effect) and negatively influence individual performance. To investigate how migratory animals navigate their annual schedule, and where and when it may be adjusted, we used full annual cycle data of 38 Icelandic whimbrels <em>Numenius phaeopus islandicus</em> tracked over 7 years – a subspecies that typically performs long-distance migrations to West Africa. We found that individuals apparently used the wintering sites to compensate for delays that mostly arose due to previous successful breeding, and a domino effect was observed from spring departure to laying date, with the potential to affect breeding output. However, the total time saved during all stationary periods is apparently enough to avoid interannual effects between breeding seasons. These findings highlight the importance of preserving good quality non-breeding sites in which individuals may adjust annual schedules and avoid potentially adverse effects of arriving late at the breeding grounds.</p>
Processed Data for Short Gianotti et al., "Two Sub-Annual Time-Scales and Coupling Modes for Terrestrial Water and Carbon Cycles" (2024), Global Change Biology.
<p>These files include all data used to create Figures in Short Gianotti et al., "Two Sub-Annual Time-Scales and Coupling Modes for Terrestrial Water and Carbon Cycles" (2024), Global Change Biology. Raw data provenances and methodological processing are cited in the published manuscript.</p> <p>See README file for metadata information.</p>
Data: Annual-Cycle Movements and Phenology of Black Scoters in Eastern North America
<p>This data file consists of R code and associated data files used to analyze movements of black scoters in Eastern North America and is associated with the manuscript "Annual-Cycle Movements and Phenology of Black Scoters in Eastern North America" published in Journal of Wildlife Management.</p> <p>***</p> <p>blsc.csv (main datafile) contains state-space model-derived locations and individual data. Columns are organized as follows:</p> <p>id - unique identifier</p> <p>date - date of location (mm/dd/yy)</p> <p>jday - Julian date of location</p> <p>year - calendar year of location</p> <p>lon - longitude of location</p> <p>lat - latitude of location</p> <p>b - average assignment of location to either migrant (1) or resident (2) across all runs of the state-space model</p> <p>b.5 - most probable behavioral category based on average state assignment (1 = b ≤ 1.5 ; 2 = b > 1.5)</p> <p>sex - sex of individual (M = male, F = female)</p> <p>age_y1 - age of individual (HY = hatch year, SY = second year, TY = third year, ASY = after second year, ATY = after third year, AHY = after hatch year</p> <p>capture_reg - general area where individual was captured</p> <p>capture_subreg - specific region within capture region where individual was captured</p> <p>stage - period of the annual cycle to which the centroid belongs (W = winter, B = breeding, S = spring staging, M = fall staging and molt, WM = winter migration, BM = breeding migration, MM = molt migration, SM = spring migration)</p> <p>site - position of centroid within season (i.e., W1 = first site occupied during winter, W2 = second site occupied, etc.)</p> <p>cycle - number of annual cycles following transmitter attachment (1 = first cycle after attachment, 2 = second cycle after attachment, etc.)</p> <p>season - season of annual cycle in which centroid occurred (W = winter, F = fall, B = breeding, S = spring</p> <p>***</p> <p>ind_vars.csv contains additional information on individual capture seasons and dates. Columns are as defined above with additional columns as follows:</p> <p>tagging_season - season in which bird was captured and fitted with PTT (W = winter, S = spring)</p> <p>tagging_date - date on which bird was captured and fitted with PTT</p> <p>***</p> <p>all_seasons2.csv contains calculated values for between-year distances. Columns are as defined above with additional columns as follows:</p> <p>sex - AVG = average of all sites used by all other individuals in the following year, M = sites used by same individual in the following year (male), F = sites used by same individual in the following year (female)</p> <p>min_same = distance between sites used in subsequent years</p>
Climatic niche variation in genetically distinct populations throughout the annual cycle for a migratory parulid bird, <em>Cardellina pusilla</em>
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Data from: Connecting the dots: Stopover strategies of an intercontinental migratory songbird in the context of the annual cycle
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Allen Brain Atlas
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DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.