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17 results for “anti-predator response”
Relyea, R. A. 2001. The relationship between predation risk and anti-predator responses in larval anurans. Ecology 82:541-554.
Organisms that produce alternative, nondiscrete phenotypes in response to environmental conditions are expected to alter their phenotypes in relation to the degree of environmental change. This idea has been applied to the evolution of antipredator responses by prey, in which it has been hypothesized that prey should respond more strongly to predators that pose greater mortality risk. In a companion paper, I quantified predatorinduced behavioral and morphological responses in six species of larval anurans across five different predator environments and found that these responses were prey- and predatorspecific. In the present study, I addressed whether the responses were related to the level of predation risk posed by each of the predators. Within each prey species, I found that different predators posed different levels of predation risk; within each predator species, different prey species experienced different levels of risk. The differences in predation risk could be understood mechanistically after I quantified differences among predators in their ability to capture, handle, and consume prey and differences among prey in behavior and morphology. Using multivariate analyses, I found that predation risk had no significant effect on how a given prey responds to predators, although there were significant univariate behavioral effects; higher predation risk was related to greater decreases in activity and greater spatial avoidance. I also examined the relationship between risk and response across the six prey species within a predator treatment and found that higher predation risk across species leads to greater decreases in activity in the presence of Umbra and greater increases in tail depth in the presence of Anax. Thus, while previous studies have found relationships between predation risk and prey response when focusing on relatively few species, few predators, and a single trait, this more powerful test using 30 predator–prey combinations and nine traits sugge
Fig. 1 in Physiological responses of anti-predation in prey fish to the threat of piscivorous fish in different underwater visibility conditions
Fig. 1. Mean and standard error of plasma cortisol levels for Astyanax bimaculatus (Linnaeus, 1758) shoals in treatments with clear (white box) and turbid water (striped box). Different letters above bars indicate significant differences at P<0.05 in the Kruskal Wallis test between predator types. There were no differences between plasma cortisol levels in clear and turbid water treatments.
Antagonistic effects of predator colour morph abundance and saliency on prey anti-predator responses
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Data from: Site-level field of view is associated with altered anti-predator responses in farming damselfish
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Snake-like bird hisses induce anti-predator responses in a frog
<p>Mimicry is a fascinating natural phenomenon, yet the ecological role of vocal mimicry receives limited attention. Some snakes emit hissing calls and many birds perform such acoustic mimicry in order to deter potential predators. Here we hypothesize that snake-like hisses may evoke anti-predator responses in anuran species. We conducted sound playbacks to test how little torrent frogs (<em>Amolops</em> <em>torrentis</em>) varied their behaviors in response to white noise, snake hisses, and snake-like bird hisses. We found that snake hiss from sympatric king cobras (<em>Ophiophagus</em> <em>hannah</em>) could change calling behavior of little torrent frogs, while white noise and snake hiss from allopatric Gaboon vipers (<em>Bitis</em> <em>gabonica</em>) showed no influence. Calling frogs also had no response to white noise and great tit (<em>Parus</em> <em>major</em>) hisses, which had low acoustic similarity with snakes, while they decreased calling activity when exposed to zitting cisticola (<em>Cisticola</em> <em>juncidis</em>) hisses which had high acoustic similarity with snakes. In addition, more individuals cease calling during the playback of zitting cisticola hisses. These results suggest that both snake and snake-like hiss calls may evoke anti-predator responses in frog species. To our knowledge, this is the first study that attempts to reveal the effect of snake calls and avian vocal mimicry on anurans.</p>
Data for: Snake-like bird hisses induce anti-predator responses in a frog
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Data from: Experimentally induced anti-predator responses are mediated by social and environmental factors
Nest predation is a common cause of reproductive failure for many bird species, and various anti-predator defense behaviors have evolved to reduce the risk of nest predation. However, trade-offs between current reproductive duties and future reproduction often limit the parent's ability to respond to nest predation risk. Individual responses to experimentally increased nest predation risk can give insights into these trade-offs. Here, we investigate whether social and ecological factors affect individual responses to predation risk by experimentally manipulating the risk of nest predation using taxidermic mounts in the cooperative breeding Seychelles warbler (Acrocephalus sechellensis). Our results show that dominant females, but not males, alarm called more often when they confront a nest predator model alone than when they do so with a partner, and that individuals that confront a predator together attacked more than those that did so alone. Dominant males increased their anti-predator defense by spending more time nest guarding after a presentation with a nest predator, compared to a non-predator control, but no such effect was found for females, who did not increase the time spent incubating. In contrast to incubation by females, nest guarding responses by dominant males depended on the presence of other group members and food availability. These results suggest that while female investment in incubation is always high and not dependent on social and ecological conditions, males have a lower initial investment, which allows them to respond to sudden changes in nest predation risk.
Data from: Predator exposure improves anti-predator responses in a threatened mammal
Incorporating an understanding of animal behaviour into conservation programmes can influence conservation outcomes. Exotic predators can have devastating impacts on native prey species and thwart reintroduction efforts, in part due to prey naïveté caused by an absence of co-evolution between predators and prey. Attempts have been made to improve the anti-predator behaviours of reintroduced native prey by conducting laboratory-based predator recognition training but results have been varied and have rarely led to improved survival in reintroduction programmes. We investigated whether in situ predator exposure could improve anti-predator responses of a predator-naïve mammal by exposing prey populations to low densities of introduced predators under controlled conditions. We reintroduced 352 burrowing bettongs to a 26-km2 fenced exclosure at the Arid Recovery Reserve in South Australia and exposed them to feral cats (density 0.03–0.15 cats/km2) over an 18-month period. At the same time, we translocated a different group of bettongs into an exclosure free of introduced predators, as a control. We compared three behaviours (flight initiation distances, trap docility and behaviour at feeding trays) of cat-exposed and control bettongs before the translocations, then at 6, 12 and 18 months post-translocation. Cat-exposed bettongs displayed changes in behaviour that suggested increased wariness, relative to control bettongs. At 18 months post-reintroduction, cat-exposed bettongs had greater flight initiation distances and approached feed trays more slowly than control bettongs. Cat-exposed bettongs also increased their trap docility over time. Synthesis and applications. Translocation is recommended as a conservation tool for many threatened species yet success rates are generally low. We demonstrate that controlled levels of in situ predator exposure can increase wariness in the behaviour of naïve prey. Our findings provide support for the hypothesis that in situ predator exposure could be used as a method to improve the anti-predator responses of predator-naïve threatened species populations.
Data for: Landscape of fear or landscape of food? Moose hunting triggers an anti-predator response in brown bears
<p><span>Hunters can affect the behavior of wildlife by inducing a landscape of fear, selecting individuals with specific traits, or by altering resource availability across the landscape. Most research investigating the influence of hunting on wildlife resource selection has focused on target species and less attention has been devoted to non-target species, such as scavengers that can be both attracted or repelled by hunting activities. We used resource selection functions to identify areas where hunters were most likely to kill moose (<em>Alces</em> <em>alces</em>) in south-central Sweden during the fall. Then, we used step-selection functions to determine whether female brown bears (<em>Ursus</em> <em>arctos</em>) selected or avoided these areas and specific resources during the moose hunting season. We found that, </span><span>during both day and nighttime</span><span>, female brown bears avoided areas where hunters were more likely to kill moose. We found evidence that resource selection by brown bears varied substantially during the fall and that some behavioral changes were consistent with disturbance associated with moose hunters. Brown bears were more likely to select concealed locations in young (i.e., regenerating) and coniferous forests and areas further away from roads during the moose hunting season. Our results suggest that brown bears react to both spatial and temporal variations in apparent risk during the fall: moose hunters create a landscape of fear and trigger an anti-predator response in a large carnivore even if bears are not specifically targeted during the moose hunting season. Such anti-predator responses might lead to indirect habitat loss and lower foraging efficiency and the resulting consequences should be considered when planning hunting seasons.</span></p>
Data from: Maternal body condition influences magnitude of anti-predator response in offspring
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Data from: Experimentally induced anti-predator responses are mediated by social and environmental factors
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Data from: Predator exposure improves anti-predator responses in a threatened mammal
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Data for: Landscape of fear or landscape of food? Moose hunting triggers an anti-predator response in brown bears
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Data from: Determinants and co-expression of anti-predator responses in amphibian tadpoles: a meta-analysis
A wide range of taxa respond to perceived predation risk (PPR) through inducible defenses, and many prey are capable of responding both behaviorally and morphologically to the same risk event. In cases where multiple defenses confer protection by independent means (i.e., they are mechanistically independent) responses will either be co-expressed, or the expression of one defense will limit the capacity (or need) to respond along another axis. Our ability to generate a broad understanding of these patters has been limited, in part, by difficulties in comparing results across studies that employ distinct experimental protocols. Using the extensive literature on tadpole responses to PPR, we conducted a meta-analysis to identify the ecological and experimental determinants of inducible defence expression. We then assessed whether the magnitude of response to PPR along behavioural versus morphological response axes was positively, or negatively, correlated. The most commonly quantified responses to perceived risk in tadpoles included reductions in movement and swimming behaviour, and altered tail morphology. Our analyses reveal that tadpole behavioural responses are strongly influenced by prey family, predator taxon, evolutionary history with the predator (native vs. non-native), amount of prey consumed by the predator, and how perceived risk was manipulated (e.g., presence vs. absence of alarm cues). Tail morphology was similarly influenced by these factors, but also whether the target prey was palatable to predators. Thus, our results identify ecological and experimental features that critically influence the observed effect size in tadpole responses to PPR. A positive correlation between behavioural and morphological responses in studies where both were measured indicates that trait co-specialization is the predominant pattern of defense deployment in larval amphibians. This positive relationship suggests that survival tends to be maximized in tadpoles through equivalent coactivation of multiple independent axes of protection, opposed to maximal expression along any single axis.
In utero accumulated steroids predict neonate anti-predator response in a wild mammal
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Data from: Testing social learning of anti-predator responses in juvenile jackdaws: the importance of accounting for levels of agitation
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Data from: Determinants and co-expression of anti-predator responses in amphibian tadpoles: a meta-analysis
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