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9 results for “antipredator defences”
Group augmentation on trial: helpers in small groups enhance antipredator defence of eggs
<p>Mechanisms selecting for the evolution of cooperative breeding are hotly debated. While kin selection theory has been the central paradigm to explain the seemingly altruistic behaviour of non-reproducing helpers, it is increasingly recognized that direct fitness benefits may be highly relevant. The group augmentation hypothesis proposes that alloparental care may evolve to enhance group size when larger groups yield increased survival and/or reproductive success. However, there is a lack of empirical tests. Here we use the cooperatively breeding cichlid fish Neolamprologus pulcher, in which group size predicts survival and group stability, to test this hypothesis experimentally by prompting two cooperative tasks: defence against an egg predator and digging out sand from the breeding shelter. We controlled for alternative mechanisms such as kin selection, load-lightening and coercion. As predicted by the group augmentation hypothesis, helpers increased defence against an egg predator in small compared to large groups. This difference was only evident in large helpers due to size-specific task specialization. Furthermore, helpers showed more digging effort in the breeding chamber compared to alternative personal shelters, indicating that digging was an altruistic service to the dominant breeders.</p>
Ineffective integration of multiple antipredator defences in a rotifer: a low-cost insurance?
<p><span>To maximize survival, prey often integrates multiple anti-predator defenses. How the defenses interact to reduce predation risk is, however, poorly known. We used the rotifer Brachionus calyciflorus to investigate how morphological (spines) and behavioral (floating) defenses are integrated against a common predatory rotifer, Asplanchna brightwellii, and if their combined use improves survival. To this end, we assessed the cost of the behavioral defense and the efficiency of both defenses, individually and combined, as well as their mutual dependency. The results show that </span><span>the behavioral defense is costly in reducing foraging activity, and that the two defenses are used simultaneously, with the presence of the morphological defense enhancing the use of the behavioral defense, as does</span><span> the pre-exposure to predator cues</span><span>. However, while t</span><span>he morphological defense reduces predation risk, the behavioral defense does not, thus, adding the costly behavioral defense to the morphological defense does not improve survival. It is likely that the cost of the behavioral defense is low given its reversibility – compared to the cost of misidentifying the predator species – and that this has promoted the adoption of both defenses, as general low-cost insurance rather than as a tailored strategy toward specific predators. Thus, the optimal strategy in the rotifer appears to be to express both morphological and behavioral defenses when confronted with the cues of a potential predator.</span></p>
Ineffective integration of multiple antipredator defences in a rotifer: a low-cost insurance?
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Group augmentation on trial: helpers in small groups enhance antipredator defence of eggs
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Supplementary material from: Fiddler crab claws work as a deflection antipredator defence
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Interaction between anthropogenic stressors affects antipredator defence in an intertidal crustacean
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Data from: The correlated evolution of antipredator defences and brain size in mammals
Mammals that possess elaborate antipredator defences such as body armour, spines and quills are usually well protected, intermediate in size, primarily insectivorous and live in simple open environments. The benefits of such defences seem clear and may relax selection on maintaining cognitive abilities that aid in vigilance and predator recognition, and their bearers may accrue extensive production and maintenance costs. Here, in this comparative phylogenetic analysis of measurements of encephalization quotient and morphological defence scores of 647 mammal species representing nearly every order, we found that as lineages evolve stronger defences, they suffer a correlated reduction in encephalization. The only exceptions were those that live in trees—a complex three-dimensional world probably requiring greater cognitive abilities. At the proximate level, because brain tissue is extremely energetically expensive to build, mammals may be trading off spending more on elaborate defences and saving by building less powerful brains. At the ultimate level, having greater defences may also reduce the need for advanced cognitive abilities for constant assessment of environmental predation risk, especially in simple open environments.
Data from: The correlated evolution of antipredator defences and brain size in mammals
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Group augmentation on trial: helpers in small groups enhance antipredator defence of eggs
<p>Dataset for the article "Group augmentation on trial: helpers in small groups enhance antipredator defence of eggs".</p>
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