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Pl. 15. — Structural characters of Malaysian species of Amphicnemis. 1 - 3. Male anal appendages, dorsal view and right side. 4. Right lateral view of prothorax . in Descriptions and records of South-East Asiatic Odonata (II)
Pl. 15. — Structural characters of Malaysian species of Amphicnemis. 1 - 3. Male anal appendages, dorsal view and right side. 4. Right lateral view of prothorax .
Figure 8. Gills from the ablation experiment, with images A–D from the side with the 3M epipod ablated and images E–H from the side with all gill grooming appendages intact. A in Grooming behaviors and fouling of the spider crab Libinia dubia (Decapoda: Epialtidae)
Figure 8. Gills from the ablation experiment, with images A–D from the side with the 3M epipod ablated and images E–H from the side with all gill grooming appendages intact. A. Dorsal view of gill, with the central axis and lamellae both fouled; inset showing "shark teeth" nodules on lamellae with minimal fouling. B. Ventral view of gill, with minimal fouling between lamellae. C. Ventral view of gill, with heavily fouled lamellae mostly of sediment. D. Fouling by a gooseneck barnacle attached to lamellae, with minimal. E. Dorsal view of gill, with the central axis and lamellae both fouled; inset showing "shark teeth" nodules on lamellae with fouling. F. Ventral view of gill, with fouling in between lamellae. G. Ventral view of gill, with fouling on gill surface and simple setae along edge. H. Fouling by a gooseneck barnacle attached to lamellae, with minimal fouling.
Plate 1. Figures 1-10. Chimarra spp. Male genitalia. 1-5. Chimarra sikkimensis. 1. Lateral view, 2. Dorsal view, 3. Inferior appendage Ventral view, 4. Phallic apparatus lateral view, 5. Phallic apparatus ventral view. 6-10. C in Genus Chimarra Stephens, 1829 (Insecta: Trichoptera: Philopotamidae) from Suntalekhola Biodiversity Camp, Neora Valley, National Park, West Bengal
Plate 1. Figures 1-10. Chimarra spp. Male genitalia. 1-5. Chimarra sikkimensis. 1. Lateral view, 2. Dorsal view, 3. Inferior appendage Ventral view, 4. Phallic apparatus lateral view, 5. Phallic apparatus ventral view. 6-10. C. rifati.
Plate 4. Figures 29-33. Chimarra spp. Male genitalia. 29-33. Chimarra biungulata. 29. Lateral view, 30. Inferior appendage Ventral view, 31. Dorsal view, 32. Phallic apparatus ventral view, 33 in Genus Chimarra Stephens, 1829 (Insecta: Trichoptera: Philopotamidae) from Suntalekhola Biodiversity Camp, Neora Valley, National Park, West Bengal
Plate 4. Figures 29-33. Chimarra spp. Male genitalia. 29-33. Chimarra biungulata. 29. Lateral view, 30. Inferior appendage Ventral view, 31. Dorsal view, 32. Phallic apparatus ventral view, 33. Phallic apparatus lateral view.
РИС. 2. Дистальные отделы половой системы особей иЗ смеШанной колонии Monacha claustralis (A–D) и M. cartusiana (E–F). D, F. Вскрытый атриум у двух видов. Условные сокраЩениЯ: at – атриум; atpl – складка внутри атриума; ep – Эпифаллус; fl – бич; mg – слиЗистые желеЗы; pe – пенис; pp – папилла пениса; va – вагина; vap1 – баЗальнаЯ часть вагинального придатка; vap2 – апикальнаЯ часть вагинального придатка; vlb – латеральное выпЯчивание вагины. МасШтаб 1 мм. FIG. 2. Distal parts of the reproductive system of specimens from a mixed colony of Monacha claustralis (A–D) and M. cartusiana (E–F). D, F. Dissected atrium in two species. Abbreviations: at – atrium; atpl – pleat inside the atrium; ep – epiphallus; fl – flagellum; mg – mucus glands; pe – penis; pp – penial papilla; va – vagina; vap1 – basal part of vaginal appendage; vap2 – apical part of vaginal appendage; vlb – lateral bulge of the vagina. Scale bars 1 mm. in Monacha claustralis и M. cartusiana (Gastropoda, Hygromiidae) - два криптических вида антропохорных наЗемных моллюсков на Западе Украины
РИС. 2. Дистальные отделы половой системы особей иЗ смеШанной колонии Monacha claustralis (A–D) и M. cartusiana (E–F). D, F. Вскрытый атриум у двух видов. Условные сокраЩениЯ: at – атриум; atpl – складка внутри атриума; ep – Эпифаллус; fl – бич; mg – слиЗистые желеЗы; pe – пенис; pp – папилла пениса; va – вагина; vap1 – баЗальнаЯ часть вагинального придатка; vap2 – апикальнаЯ часть вагинального придатка; vlb – латеральное выпЯчивание вагины. МасШтаб 1 мм. FIG. 2. Distal parts of the reproductive system of specimens from a mixed colony of Monacha claustralis (A–D) and M. cartusiana (E–F). D, F. Dissected atrium in two species. Abbreviations: at – atrium; atpl – pleat inside the atrium; ep – epiphallus; fl – flagellum; mg – mucus glands; pe – penis; pp – penial papilla; va – vagina; vap1 – basal part of vaginal appendage; vap2 – apical part of vaginal appendage; vlb – lateral bulge of the vagina. Scale bars 1 mm.
FIG. 5. — Gryllobencain patrickmuelleri n. gen., n in A 100-million-year-old ensiferan with unusual mouthparts and comments on the evolution of raptorial appendages within Polyneoptera
FIG. 5. — Gryllobencain patrickmuelleri n. gen., n. sp., BUB 3073: A, overview in dorsal view; B, close-up in anterior head area with ocelli; C, overview in ventral view; D, close-up on distal part of thorax appendage 1. In A and C background was desaturated to enhance contrast. Abbreviations: an, antenna; ce, cercus; cl, claw of thorax appendage; f1-3, femur of thorax appendage 1-3; mp, maxillary palp; oc, ocelli; ta1, tarsus of thorax appendage 1; ti1-3, tibia of thorax appendage 1-3. Scale bars: A, C, 0.5 mm; B, D, 0.1 mm.
FIG. 8 in A 100-million-year-old ensiferan with unusual mouthparts and comments on the evolution of raptorial appendages within Polyneoptera
FIG. 8. — Reconstructed growth series of Gryllobencain patrickmuelleri n. gen., n. sp. based on specimens investigated in this study: A, BUB 3073; B, PED 0147; C, PED 0178 + BUB 3072. Scale bar: 1 mm.
FIG. 9 in A 100-million-year-old ensiferan with unusual mouthparts and comments on the evolution of raptorial appendages within Polyneoptera
FIG. 9. — Comparison of the new species with other groups; all drawings idealised concerning posture: A, Gryllobencain patrickmuelleri n. gen., n. sp.; B, Saga pedo (Pallas, 1771) (Saginae; drawn from photo, sample ID 01DRAGO_H11, CC BY-NC-SA 3.0, license holder IBER, Sofia, Bulgaria, Centre for Biodiversity Genomics); C, Psacadonotus seriatus Redtenbacher, 1891 (Austrosaginae; modified after Karny 1912); D, Santanmantis axelrodi Grimaldi, 2003 (Mantodea; modified after HÖrnig et al. 2017: fig. 4, wings omitted); E, female of undetermined species (Mantophasmatodea; modified after Klass et al. 2003: fig. 3A); F, male of Cerberodon viridis Perty, 1832 (Listroscelidinae; modified after Fialho et al. 2014: fig. 9B, wings omitted).
FIG. 7 in A 100-million-year-old ensiferan with unusual mouthparts and comments on the evolution of raptorial appendages within Polyneoptera
FIG. 7. — Close-ups on head area in different specimens of Gryllobencain patrickmuelleri n. gen., n. sp. as normal versions (A, C, E) and colour-marked (B, D, F): A-D, PED 0178; A, B, latero-posterior view; C, D, mostly anterior view; elements of maxillary palp difficult to differentiate; E, F, BUB 3073, ventral view. Abbreviations: lp, labial palp; lr, labrum; md, mandible; mmx, median part of maxilla; mp, maxillary palp; mx, maxilla; pmx, proximal part of maxilla. Scale bars: A-D, 0.3 mm; E, F, 0.2 mm.
FIG. 6. — Gryllobencain patrickmuelleri n. gen., n in A 100-million-year-old ensiferan with unusual mouthparts and comments on the evolution of raptorial appendages within Polyneoptera
FIG. 6. — Gryllobencain patrickmuelleri n. gen., n. sp., BUB 3072: A, overview in dorsal view; B, close-up on cercus; C, overview in ventral view; D, close-up on head. Abbreviations: an, antenna; ce, cercus; f1, 3, femur of thorax appendage 1, 3; hc, head capsule; mp, maxillary palp; ti1, 3, tibia of thorax appendage 1, 3. Scale bars: A, C, 1 mm; B, D, 0.5 mm.
FIG. 3 in A 100-million-year-old ensiferan with unusual mouthparts and comments on the evolution of raptorial appendages within Polyneoptera
FIG. 3. — Holotype of Gryllobencain patrickmuelleri n. gen., n. sp., PED 0147, close-up on posterior end with thorax appendage 3 and cerci. Abbreviations: ce, cercus; ta3, tarsus of thorax appendage 3; ti3, tibia of thorax appendage 3. Scale bar: 0.5 mm.
FIG. 4 in A 100-million-year-old ensiferan with unusual mouthparts and comments on the evolution of raptorial appendages within Polyneoptera
FIG. 4. — Paratype of Gryllobencain patrickmuelleri n. gen., n. sp., PED 0178: A, overview in dorso-lateral view; B, detail of thorax appendage 1 in posterior view; C, overview in ventro-lateral view; D, detail of thorax appendage 1 in anterior view. Abbreviations: an, antenna; c1, coxa of thorax appendage 1; ce, cercus; ey, compound eye; f1-3, femur of thorax appendage 1-3; hc, head capsule; mp, maxillary palp; sp, spine-like seta; ta1, 3, tarsus of thorax appendage 1, 3; tcl, tibia claw; ti1-3, tibia of thorax appendage 1-3; tr1, trochanter of thorax appendage 1. Scale bars: A, C, 1 mm; B, D, 0.5 mm.
FIG. 2 in A 100-million-year-old ensiferan with unusual mouthparts and comments on the evolution of raptorial appendages within Polyneoptera
FIG. 2. — Holotype of Gryllobencain patrickmuelleri n. gen., n. sp., PED 0147, close-up on thorax appendages: A, thorax appendage 1; B, thorax appendage 2; C, thorax appendage 3. Abbreviations: c2, coxa of thorax appendage 2; ce, cercus; cl, claw of thorax appendage; f1-3, femur of thorax appendage 1-3; ta1-3, tarsus of thorax appendage 1-3; tcl, tibia claw; ti1-3, tibia of thorax appendage 1-3. Scale bars: 0.5 mm.
FIG. 1 in A 100-million-year-old ensiferan with unusual mouthparts and comments on the evolution of raptorial appendages within Polyneoptera
FIG. 1. — Holotype of Gryllobencain patrickmuelleri n. gen., n. sp., PED 0147: A, overview in dorsal view; B, overview in ventral view; C, close-up on maxillary palp, distal part; D, close-up on thorax appendage 1. Abbreviations: an, antenna; ce, cercus; cl1, claw of thorax appendage 1; f1-2, femur of thorax appendage 1-2; hc, head capsule; mp, maxillary palp; sp, spine-like seta; t1-3, thorax segment 1-3; ta1-3, tarsus of thorax appendage 1-3; tcl, tibia claw; ti1-3, tibia of thorax appendage 1-3. Scale bars: A, B, 1 mm; C, 0.25 mm; D, 0.5 mm.
Data from: The roles of growth regulation and appendage patterning genes in the morphogenesis of treehopper pronota
<p>Treehoppers of the insect family Membracidae have evolved enlarged and elaborate pronotal structures, which is hypothesized to involve co-opted expression of genes that are shared with the wings. Here, we investigate the similarity between the pronotum and wings in relation to growth. We show that the ontogenetic allometry of the pronotum is similar to that of wings in Membracidae, but not the outgroup. Using transcriptomics, we find genes related to protein synthesis and translation are mutually upregulated. These genes are implicated in the eIF2, eIF4/p70S6K, and mTOR pathways, and have known roles in regulating cell growth and proliferation. We show that species-specific differential growth patterning of the pronotum begins as early as the third instar. This finding suggests that co-option of appendage patterning genes must occur before the metamorphic molt. We propose that a network related to growth and size determination is the more likely mechanism shared with wings. However, regulators upstream of the shared genes in the pronotum and wings need to be elucidated to substantiate whether co-option has occurred. Finally, we<span> believe it will be helpful to distinguish the mechanisms leading to pronotal size from those regulating pronotal shape as we make sense of this spectacular evolutionary innovation. </span></p>
Plate 3. Figures 21-28. Chimarra spp. Male genitalia. 21-25. Chimarra biungulata. 21. Lateral view, 22. Dorsal view, 23. Inferior appendage Ventral view, 24. Phallic apparatus ventral view, 25. Phallic apparatus lateral view. 26-28. C. aberrans. 26. Lateral view, 27. Dorsal view, 28 in Genus Chimarra Stephens, 1829 (Insecta: Trichoptera: Philopotamidae) from Suntalekhola Biodiversity Camp, Neora Valley, National Park, West Bengal
Plate 3. Figures 21-28. Chimarra spp. Male genitalia. 21-25. Chimarra biungulata. 21. Lateral view, 22. Dorsal view, 23. Inferior appendage Ventral view, 24. Phallic apparatus ventral view, 25. Phallic apparatus lateral view. 26-28. C. aberrans. 26. Lateral view, 27. Dorsal view, 28. Inferior appendage Ventral view.
Plate 2. Figures 11-20. Chimarra spp. Male genitalia.11-15. Chimarra nepalensis. 11. Lateral view, 12. Dorsal view, 13. Phallic apparatus lateral view, 14. Phallic apparatus ventral view, 15. Inferior appendage Ventral view. 16-20. C. fenestrata. 16. Lateral view, 17. Dorsal view, 18. Phallic apparatus lateral view, 19. Phallic apparatus ventral view, 20 in Genus Chimarra Stephens, 1829 (Insecta: Trichoptera: Philopotamidae) from Suntalekhola Biodiversity Camp, Neora Valley, National Park, West Bengal
Plate 2. Figures 11-20. Chimarra spp. Male genitalia.11-15. Chimarra nepalensis. 11. Lateral view, 12. Dorsal view, 13. Phallic apparatus lateral view, 14. Phallic apparatus ventral view, 15. Inferior appendage Ventral view. 16-20. C. fenestrata. 16. Lateral view, 17. Dorsal view, 18. Phallic apparatus lateral view, 19. Phallic apparatus ventral view, 20.Inferior appendage Ventral view.
Fig. 8 in Systematics, morphology, and appendages of an Early Ordovician pilekiine trilobite Anacheirurus from Fezouata Shale and the early diversification of Cheiruridae
Fig. 8. Reconstructions of cranidia (A1–E1) and pygidia (A2–E2) of different members of the subfamily Pilekiinae. A. Anacheirurus adserai (Vela and Corbacho, 2008). B. Parapilekia olesnaensis (Růžička, 1935), based on Mergl (2006). C. Tesselacauda depressa Ross, 1951, based on Adrain and Karim (2019). D. Landyia elizabethae Jell, 1985, based on Jell (1985). E. Macrogrammus rafi Edgecombe, Chatterton, Vaccari, and Waisfeld, 1999, based on Edgecombe et al. (1999).
Fig. 2 in Systematics, morphology, and appendages of an Early Ordovician pilekiine trilobite Anacheirurus from Fezouata Shale and the early diversification of Cheiruridae
Fig. 2. Cheirurid trilobites Anacheirurus adserai (Vela and Corbacho, 2007) from the Fezouata Shale, Araneograptus murrayi Zone, Tremadocian, Lower Ordovician, near Beni Zouli, Zagora Province, Morocco (A, B) and Lehua vinculum (Barrande, 1852) from the Dobrotivá Formation, upper Darriwilian to lowermost Sandbian, Zaječov-Svatá Dobrotivá, Czech Republic (C–E). A. YPM 522182, part, complete holaspid with hypostome impressed. B. YPM 530933, complete holaspid. C. NM L19066, complete holaspid. D. NM L19075, complete cranidium. E. JV1607, anterior half of an holaspid specimen. Specimens in C–E covered by ammonium chloride.
Fig. 9 in Systematics, morphology, and appendages of an Early Ordovician pilekiine trilobite Anacheirurus from Fezouata Shale and the early diversification of Cheiruridae
Fig. 9. Biramous appendages reconstruction for the cheirurid trilobite Anacheirurus adserai, showing the anterior (A) and the posterior (B) morphology. Dashed lines indicate inferred proximal parts of the appendages.
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