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20 results for “aquatic snakes”
Data from: The Life Aquatic: an association between habitat type and skin thickness in snakes
An aquatic animal faces challenges not encountered by its terrestrial counterparts, promoting adaptive responses in multiple traits. For example, a thicker dermis might protect snakes when they are pushed against sharp objects by water currents, and might enable a snake to shed fouling organisms attached to its skin. We thus predicted that marine snakes should have thicker skin than terrestrial species; and that smaller sea snakes should have relatively thicker skin (because absolute, not relative, thickness determines vulnerability to fouling). Measurements of 192 snakes of 44 species supported those predictions. Many (but not all) sea snakes have skins 50% thicker than those of terrestrial and amphibious snake species, representing multiple independent evolutionary origins of thicker skin (in acrochordids, and Laticauda sea kraits, and both main clades of hydrophiine sea snakes). Marine snakes showed different allometries of skin thickness than did their terrestrial counterparts; larger snakes had thicker skin within and among species of amphibious and terrestrial snakes, but larger aquatic snake species had thinner skin than did smaller taxa. Interspecific variation in skin thickness was primarily due to increased collagen in the deep dermis, a physical barrier well-suited to protecting against physical injury and to resisting penetration by epibionts.
FIGURE 8–9 in Variation and taxonomic status of the aquatic coral snake Micrurus surinamensis (Cuvier, 1817) (Serpentes: Elapidae)
FIGURE 8–9. Maxillas of Micrurus surinamensis from state of Amazonas, Brazil. 8, inner face; 9, outer face. Scale bar 5 mm.
FIGURE 3–5 in Variation and taxonomic status of the aquatic coral snake Micrurus surinamensis (Cuvier, 1817) (Serpentes: Elapidae)
FIGURE 3–5. Skull of Micrurus surinamensis from state of Amazonas, Brazil. 3, dorsal view; 4, ventral view; 5, lateral view. Scale bar 5 mm.
FIGURE 10 in Variation and taxonomic status of the aquatic coral snake Micrurus surinamensis (Cuvier, 1817) (Serpentes: Elapidae)
FIGURE 10. Distribution of Micrurus surinamensis (closed circles: our records; open circles: literature records), and Micrurus nattereri (closed triangles: our records; open triangles: literature records). Material examined and literature records are cited in Appendix I.
FIGURE 4 in Taxonomic identity of two enigmatic aquatic snake populations (Squamata: Homalopsidae: Cerberus and Homalopsis) from southern Thailand
FIGURE 4. Nine live newborn Homalopsis semizonata; their mother is QSMI 1390 from Muang District, Ranong Province. Photograph by M. Sumontha.
FIGURE 3 in Taxonomic identity of two enigmatic aquatic snake populations (Squamata: Homalopsidae: Cerberus and Homalopsis) from southern Thailand
FIGURE 3. General ventral view of an adult Homalopsis semizonata (QSMI 1390) from Muang District, Ranong Province. Photograph by O.S.G. Pauwels.
FIGURE 2 in Taxonomic identity of two enigmatic aquatic snake populations (Squamata: Homalopsidae: Cerberus and Homalopsis) from southern Thailand
FIGURE 2. Dorsal head view of a preserved adult Homalopsis semizonata (QSMI 1389) from Muang District, Ranong Province, showing a frontal scale divided into five parts, three internasals and two prefrontals. Photograph by O.S.G. Pauwels.
FIGURE 1 in Taxonomic identity of two enigmatic aquatic snake populations (Squamata: Homalopsidae: Cerberus and Homalopsis) from southern Thailand
FIGURE 1. General laterodorsal view of a preserved adult Homalopsis semizonata (QSMI 1389) from Muang District, Ranong Province. Photograph by O.S.G. Pauwels.
Figure 1 in Reproductive phenology in a Neotropical aquatic snake shows marked seasonality influenced by rainfall patterns
Figure 1. Habitat of Helicops pastazae in the Bata River. (a) Map locating the studied population of H. pastazae. (b) Adult female of H. pastazae. (c) Bata River during the dry season surrounded by rocks and relictual forest. (d) Chivor dam. (e) Discharge of the water dam of Chivor. Photographs A-D by Diego A. Gómez-Sánchez, and photograph E by Adrian Pinzón.
Figure 4 in Reproductive phenology in a Neotropical aquatic snake shows marked seasonality influenced by rainfall patterns
Figure 4. Proportion of adult females and males of H. pastazae in different reproductive stages by season. (a) Females in previtellogenic (dark grey), vitellogenic I (light grey), vitellogenic II (white), and gravid (black) stages. (b) Males in stage 4 (black), stage 5 (dark grey), stage 6 (light grey), and stage 7 (white) of spermatogenesis. The numbers above the bars represent the sample size.
Figure 3 in Reproductive phenology in a Neotropical aquatic snake shows marked seasonality influenced by rainfall patterns
Figure 3. Monthly variation in gonadal measurements and reproductive stages versus mean rainfall by month. Striped bars indicate the 4-month dry season. White bars indicate the high-rainfall portion of the wet season and grey bars indicate the low-rainfall portion. (a) Monthly variation in the follicular diameter and reproductive stages in H. pastazae. Dark grey triangles: previtellogenic follicles. Squares: vitellogenic I follicles. Dark grey circles: vitellogenic II follicles. Open circles: females with oviductal eggs. (b) Monthly variation in testicular volume (mm3) and spermatogenic stages. Open circles: Stage 4 (early spermatids at lumen). Gray triangles: stage 5 (transforming spermatids at lumen). Dark grey circles: stage 6 (abundant spermatozoa at lumen). White squares: Stage 7 (testicular regression).
Figure 2 in Reproductive phenology in a Neotropical aquatic snake shows marked seasonality influenced by rainfall patterns
Figure 2. Sexual dimorphism in juveniles and adults body shape of H. pastazae. (a) Snout-vent length for both juveniles and adults. (b) Juveniles tail length. (c–f) Sexual dimorphism in adults. (c) Tail length. (d) Head length. (e) Head width. (f) Mid-body width considering only previtellogenic females. Closed circle: males. Opened circles: females.
Data from: The Life Aquatic: an association between habitat type and skin thickness in snakes
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Data from: Loss of olfaction in sea snakes provides new perspectives on the aquatic adaptation of amniotes
Marine amniotes, a polyphyletic group, provide an excellent opportunity for studying convergent evolution. Their sense of smell tends to degenerate, but this process has not been explored by comparing fully-aquatic species with their amphibious relatives in an evolutionary context. Here, we sequenced the genomes of fully-aquatic and amphibious sea snakes, and identified repertoires of chemosensory receptor genes involved in olfaction. Snakes possess large numbers of the olfactory receptor (OR) genes and the type-2 vomeronasal receptor (V2R) genes, and expression profiling in the olfactory tissues suggests that snakes use the ORs in the main olfactory system (MOS) and the V2Rs in the vomeronasal system (VNS). The number of OR genes has decreased in sea snakes, and fully-aquatic species lost the MOS which is responsible for detecting airborne odors. In contrast, sea snakes including fully-aquatic species retain a number of V2R genes and a well-developed VNS for smelling underwater. This study suggests that the sense of smell also degenerated in sea snakes, particularly in fully-aquatic species, but their residual olfactory capability is distinct from that of other fully-aquatic amniotes. Amphibious species show an intermediate status between terrestrial and fully-aquatic snakes, implying their importance in understanding the process of aquatic adaptation.
Data from: Does aquatic foraging impact head shape evolution in snakes?
Evolutionary trajectories are often biased by developmental and historical factors. However, environmental factors can also impose constraints on the evolutionary trajectories of organisms leading to convergence of morphology in similar ecological contexts. The physical properties of water impose strong constraints on aquatic feeding animals by generating pressure waves that can alert prey and potentially push them away from the mouth. These hydrodynamic constraints have resulted in the independent evolution of suction feeding in most groups of secondarily aquatic tetrapods. Despite the fact that snakes cannot use suction they have invaded the aquatic milieu many times independently. Here we test whether the aquatic environment has constrained head shape evolution in snakes and whether shape converges on that predicted by biomechanical models. To do so, we used 3D geometric morphometrics and comparative, phylogenetically informed analyses on a large sample of aquatic snake species. Our results show that aquatic snakes partially conform to our predictions and have a narrower anterior part of the head and dorsally positioned eyes and nostrils. This morphology is observed irrespective of the phylogenetic relationships among species suggesting that the aquatic environment does indeed drive the evolution of head shape in snakes, thus biasing the evolutionary trajectory of this group of animals.
FIGURE 6 in Taxonomic identity of two enigmatic aquatic snake populations (Squamata: Homalopsidae: Cerberus and Homalopsis) from southern Thailand
FIGURE 6. Live subadult male from Phuket Province, detail of head. Photograph by M. Sumontha.
FIGURE 5 in Taxonomic identity of two enigmatic aquatic snake populations (Squamata: Homalopsidae: Cerberus and Homalopsis) from southern Thailand
FIGURE 5. Live subadult male from Phuket Province, general view in situ. Photograph by M. Sumontha.
Bioinspired Design and Experimental Validation of an Aquatic Snake Robot
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Data from: Does aquatic foraging impact head shape evolution in snakes?
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Data from: Loss of olfaction in sea snakes provides new perspectives on the aquatic adaptation of amniotes
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OpenNeuro
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