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23 results for “attine ants”
Data from: The molecular phylogenetics of Trachymyrmex ants and their fungal cultivars provide insights into the origin and co-evolutionary history of 'higher-attine' ant agriculture
The fungus‐growing ants and their fungal cultivars constitute a classic example of a mutualism that has led to complex coevolutionary dynamics spanning c. 55–65 Ma. Of the five agricultural systems practised by fungus‐growing ants, higher‐attine agriculture, of which leaf‐cutter agriculture is a derived subset, remains poorly understood despite its relevance to ecosystem function and human agriculture across the Neotropics and parts of North America. Among the ants practising higher‐attine agriculture, the genus Trachymyrmex Forel, as currently defined, shares most‐recent common ancestors with both the leaf‐cutter ants and the higher‐attine genera Sericomyrmex Mayr and Xerolitor Sosa‐Calvo et al. Although previous molecular‐phylogenetic studies have suggested that Trachymyrmex is a paraphyletic grade, until now insufficient taxon sampling has prevented a full investigation of the evolutionary history of this group and limited the possibility of resolving its taxonomy. Here we describe the results of phylogenetic analyses of 38 Trachymyrmex species, including 27 of the 49 described species and at least 11 new species, using four nuclear markers, as well as phylogenetic analyses of the fungi cultivated by 23 species of Trachymyrmex using two markers. We generated new genetic data for 112 ants (402 new gene sequences) and 95 fungi (153 new gene sequences). Our results corroborate previous findings that Trachymyrmex, as currently defined, is paraphyletic. We propose recognizing two new genera, Mycetomoellerius gen.n. and Paratrachymyrmex gen.n., and restricting the continued use of Trachymyrmex to the clade of nine largely North American species that contains the type species [Trachymyrmex septentrionalis (McCook)] and that is the sister group of the leaf‐cutting ants. Our fungal cultivar phylogeny generally corroborates previously observed broad patterns of ant–fungus association, but it also reveals further violations of those patterns. Higher‐attine fungi are divided into two groups: (i) the single species Leucoagaricus gongylophorus (Möller); and (ii) its sister clade, consisting of multiple species, recently referred to as Leucoagaricus Singer 'clade B'. Our phylogeny indicates that, although most non‐leaf‐cutting higher‐attine ants typically cultivate species in clade B, some species cultivate L. gongylophorus, whereas still others cultivate fungi typically associated with lower‐attine agriculture. This indicates that the attine agricultural systems, which are currently defined by associations between ants and fungi, are not entirely congruent with ant and fungal phylogenies. They may, however, be correlated with as yet poorly understood biological traits of the ants and/or of their microbiomes.
Data from: The molecular phylogenetics of Trachymyrmex ants and their fungal cultivars provide insights into the origin and co-evolutionary history of 'higher-attine' ant agriculture
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FIGURES 15–18 in Revisionary studies on the attine ant genus Trachymyrmex Forel. Part 3: The Jamaicensis group (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)
FIGURES 15–18. Scanning electron micrograph of Trachymyrmex ixyodus, paratype worker from Brazil, AM: Manaus. 15. Head in frontal view. 16. Mesosoma and waist in lateral view. 17. Mesosoma in dorsal view. 18. Waist and gaster in dorsal view. All scale bars = 250 μm.
FIGURES 27–28 in Revisionary studies on the attine ant genus Trachymyrmex Forel. Part 3: The Jamaicensis group (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)
FIGURES 27–28. Gynes of Trachymyrmex zeteki from Ecuador, Pichincha, Rio Palenque. 27. Head in frontal view. 28. Mesosoma and metasoma in lateral view. Scale bar = 1000 μm.
FIGURES 19–22 in Revisionary studies on the attine ant genus Trachymyrmex Forel. Part 3: The Jamaicensis group (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)
FIGURES 19–22. Scanning electron micrograph of Trachymyrmex jamaicensis, worker from USA: Florida, Marathon. 19. Head in frontal view. 20. Mesosoma and waist in lateral view. 21. Mesosoma, waist and gaster in dorsal view. 22. Waist and gaster in dorsal view. All scale bars = 250 μm.
FIGURES 9–12 in Revisionary studies on the attine ant genus Trachymyrmex Forel. Part 3: The Jamaicensis group (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)
FIGURES 9–12. Scanning electron micrograph of Trachymyrmex isthmicus, worker from Colombia, Valle, Andaluzia. 9. Head in frontal view; scale bar = 250 μm. 10. Mesosoma in lateral view; scale bar = 250 μm. 11. Habitus in dorsal view; scale bar = 500 μm. 12. Waist and gaster in dorsal view; scale bar = 250 μm.
FIGURES 5–8 in Revisionary studies on the attine ant genus Trachymyrmex Forel. Part 3: The Jamaicensis group (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)
FIGURES 5–8. Scanning electron micrograph of Trachymyrmex haytianus, paralectotype worker from Haiti, Pettionville. 5. Head in frontal view; scale bar = 500 μm. 6. Mesosoma and waist in lateral view; scale bar = 500 μm. 7. Mesosoma in dorsal view; scale bar = 500 μm. 8. Waist and gaster in dorsal view; scale bar = 250 μm.
FIGURES 13–14 in Revisionary studies on the attine ant genus Trachymyrmex Forel. Part 3: The Jamaicensis group (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)
FIGURES 13–14. Gyne of Trachymyrmex isthmicus from Ecuador, Pichincha, Rio Palenque. 13. head in frontal view. 14. Mesosoma and metasoma in lateral view. Scale bar = 1000 μm.
FIGURES 23–26 in Revisionary studies on the attine ant genus Trachymyrmex Forel. Part 3: The Jamaicensis group (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)
FIGURES 23–26. Scanning electron micrograph of Trachymyrmex zeteki, worker from Panama, Canal Zone, Barro Colorado. 23. Head in frontal view; scale bar = 250 μm. 24. Mesosoma in lateral view; scale bar = 250 μm. 25. Mesosoma in dorsal view; scale bar = 250 μm. 26. Waist and gaster in dorsal view; scale bar = 500 μm.
FIGURES 1–4 in Revisionary studies on the attine ant genus Trachymyrmex Forel. Part 3: The Jamaicensis group (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)
FIGURES 1–4. Scanning electron micrograph of Trachymyrmex atlanticus, paratype worker from Brazil, RJ: Restinga da Marambaia. 1. Head in frontal view; scale bar = 500 μm. 2. Mesosoma and waist in lateral view; scale bar = 500 μm. 3. Waist in lateral view (detail); scale bar = 125 μm. 4. Postpetiole and gaster in dorsal view; scale bar = 250 μm.
Data from: An evaluation of the possible adaptive function of fungal brood covering by attine ants
Fungus-growing ants (Myrmicinae: Attini) live in an obligate symbiotic relationship with a fungus that they rear for food, but they can also use the fungal mycelium to cover their brood. We surveyed colonies from 20 species of fungus-growing ants and show that brood-covering behavior occurs in most species, but to varying degrees, and appears to have evolved shortly after the origin of fungus-farming, but was partly or entirely abandoned in some genera. To understand the evolution of the trait we used quantitative phylogenetic analyses to test whether brood covering behavior covaries among attine ant clades and with two hygienic traits that reduce risk of disease: mycelial brood cover did not correlate with mutualistic bacteria that the ants culture on their cuticles for their antibiotics, but there was a negative relationship between metapleural gland grooming and mycelial cover. A broader comparative survey showed that the pupae of many ant species have protective cocoons but that those in the subfamily Myrmicinae do not. We therefore evaluated the previously proposed hypothesis that mycelial covering of attine ant brood evolved to provide cocoon-like protection for the brood.
Data from: Slowing them down will make them lose: a role for attine ant crop fungus in defending pupae against infections?
Fungus-growing ants (Attini) have evolved an obligate dependency upon a basidiomycete fungus that they cultivate as their food. Less well known is that the crop fungus is also used by many attine species to cover their eggs, larvae and pupae. The adaptive functional significance of this brood covering is poorly understood. One hypothesis to account for this behaviour is that it is part of the pathogen protection portfolio when many thousands of sister workers live in close proximity and larvae and pupae are not protected by cells, as in bees and wasps, and are immobile. We performed behavioural observations on brood covering in the leaf-cutting ant Acromyrmex echinatior and we experimentally manipulated mycelial cover on pupae and exposed them to the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium brunneum to test for a role in pathogen resistance. Our results show that active mycelial brood covering by workers is a behaviourally plastic trait that varies temporally, and across life stages and castes. The presence of a fungal cover on the pupae reduced the rate at which conidia appeared and the percentage of pupal surface that produced pathogen spores, compared to pupae that had fungal cover experimentally removed or naturally had no mycelial cover. Infected pupae with mycelium had higher survival rates than infected pupae without the cover, although this depended upon the time at which adult sister workers were allowed to interact with pupae. Finally, workers employed higher rates of metapleural gland grooming to infected pupae without mycelium than to infected pupae with mycelium. Our results imply that mycelial brood covering may play a significant role in suppressing the growth and subsequent spread of disease, thus adding a novel layer of protection to their defence portfolio.
Supplementary material 1 from: Montoya QV, Martiarena MJS, Polezel DA, Kakazu S, Rodrigues A (2019) More pieces to a huge puzzle: Two new Escovopsis species from fungus gardens of attine ants. MycoKeys 46: 1-22. https://doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.46.30951
: Data type: phylogenetic data
Figure 2 from: Montoya QV, Martiarena MJS, Polezel DA, Kakazu S, Rodrigues A (2019) More pieces to a huge puzzle: Two new Escovopsis species from fungus gardens of attine ants. MycoKeys 46: 1-22. https://doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.46.30951
Figure 2 Escovopsisclavatus. A, B Conidiophores without "swollen cells" C, D Conidiophores with "swollen cells" (red arrows) E–GVesicles in various shapes with phialides pattern G Conidia.
Figure 6 from: Montoya QV, Martiarena MJS, Polezel DA, Kakazu S, Rodrigues A (2019) More pieces to a huge puzzle: Two new Escovopsis species from fungus gardens of attine ants. MycoKeys 46: 1-22. https://doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.46.30951
Figure 6 Phylogenetic position of Escovopsisclavatus and Escovopsismultiformis considering each molecular marker separately (ITS, LSU and tef1). The trees were reconstructed under Bayesian and Maximum Likelihood inferences. The numbers on branches indicate the posterior probabilities and the bootstrap support values, respectively. The seven Escovopsis ex-type strains are denoted in bold and the new species are highlighted in green (E.clavatus) and light brown (E.multiformis). The trees include a total of 46 Escovopsis sequences of each marker (ITS – 619 bp, LSU – 594 bp and tef1 – 758 bp) and Escovopsioides, Hypomyces, Sphaerostilbella, Trichoderma and Protocrea were included as the closest phylogenetic relatives of Escovopsis. Lecanicilliumantillanum CBS 350.85 was used as the outgroup. ET: ex-type.
Figure 5 from: Montoya QV, Martiarena MJS, Polezel DA, Kakazu S, Rodrigues A (2019) More pieces to a huge puzzle: Two new Escovopsis species from fungus gardens of attine ants. MycoKeys 46: 1-22. https://doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.46.30951
Figure 5 Escovopsismultiformis. SEM images A, B Conidiophores mono- and polycephalous without "swollen cells" C–F Conidiophores mono- and polycephalous with "swollen cells" (red arrows) G, HVesiclesIPhialidesJ Conidia.
Figure 1 from: Montoya QV, Martiarena MJS, Polezel DA, Kakazu S, Rodrigues A (2019) More pieces to a huge puzzle: Two new Escovopsis species from fungus gardens of attine ants. MycoKeys 46: 1-22. https://doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.46.30951
Figure 1 Colony macroscopic characters of Escovopsisclavatus and Escovopsismultiformis on CMD, CYA, MA2%, MEA, OA, PCA, PDA and SNA media after 14 days at 10, 20, 25 and 30 °C.
Figure 4 from: Montoya QV, Martiarena MJS, Polezel DA, Kakazu S, Rodrigues A (2019) More pieces to a huge puzzle: Two new Escovopsis species from fungus gardens of attine ants. MycoKeys 46: 1-22. https://doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.46.30951
Figure 4 Escovopsismultiformis. A–C Conidiophores mono- and polycephalous without "swollen cells" D–G Conidiophores mono and polycephalous with "swollen cells" (red arrows) H, IVesicles in various shapes J Conidia.
Figure 3 from: Montoya QV, Martiarena MJS, Polezel DA, Kakazu S, Rodrigues A (2019) More pieces to a huge puzzle: Two new Escovopsis species from fungus gardens of attine ants. MycoKeys 46: 1-22. https://doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.46.30951
Figure 3 Escovopsisclavatus. SEM images A–D Conidiophores without "swollen cells" E Conidiophore with "swollen cells" (red arrows) F, GVesiclesHPhialidesG Conidia.
Figure 7 from: Montoya QV, Martiarena MJS, Polezel DA, Kakazu S, Rodrigues A (2019) More pieces to a huge puzzle: Two new Escovopsis species from fungus gardens of attine ants. MycoKeys 46: 1-22. https://doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.46.30951
Figure 7 Phylogenetic position of Escovopsisclavatus and Escovopsismultiformis. The phylogenetic analysis is based on the concatenated sequences of ITS, LSU and tef1; and the tree was reconstructed using Bayesian and Maximum Likelihood inferences. Numbers on branches indicate the posterior probabilities and the bootstrap support values, respectively. All Escovopsis species previously described are denoted in bold and the new species are highlighted in green (E.clavatus) and light brown (E.multiformis). The tree includes a total of 40 Escovopsis sequences with 1971 bp (ITS – 619 bp, LSU – 594 bp and tef1 – 758 bp). The data also included sequences from Escovopsioides, Hypomyces, Sphaerostilbella, Trichoderma and Protocrea as the closest phylogenetic relatives of the parasite. Lecanicilliumantillanum CBS 350.85 was used as the outgroup. ET: ex-type strains. Bar: 0.04 substitutions per nucleotide position.
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