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35 results for “bamboo forest”
Functional assembly of tropical montane tree islands in the Atlantic Forest is shaped by stress-tolerance, bamboo-presence and facilitation
<p><strong>Aims</strong>: Amidst the Campos de Altitude (Highland Grasslands) in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest, woody communities grow either clustered in tree islands or interspersed within the herbaceous matrix. The functional ecology, diversity and biotic processes shaping these plant communities are largely unstudied. We characterised the functional assembly and diversity of these tropical montane woody communities and investigated how they fit within Grime's CSR (C – competitor, S – stress-tolerant, R – ruderal) scheme, what functional trade-offs they exhibit and how traits and functional diversity vary in response to bamboo presence/absence.</p> <p><strong>Methods</strong>: To characterize the functional composition of the community, we sampled five leaf traits and wood density along transects covering the woody communities both inside tree islands and outside (i.e. isolated woody plants in the grasslands community) . Then, we used Mann Whitney test, t-test and variation partitioning to determine the effects of inside vs outside tree island and bamboo presence on community weighted means, woody species diversity and functional diversity.</p> <p><strong>Results</strong>: We found a general SC/S strategy with drought-related functional trade-offs. Woody plants in tree islands had more acquisitive traits than those within the grasslands. Trait variation was mostly taxonomically than spatially driven, and species composition varied between inside and outside tree islands. Leaf thickness, wood density and foliar water uptake were unrelated to CSR-strategies, suggesting independent trait dimensions and multiple drought-coping strategies within the predominant S-strategy. Islands with bamboo presence showed lower Simpson diversity, lower functional dispersion, lower foliar water uptake and greater leaf thickness than in tree islands without bamboo.</p> <p><strong>Conclusions</strong>: The observed functional assembly hints towards large-scale environmental abiotic filtering shaping stress-tolerant community strategy, and small-scale biotic interactions driving small-scale trait variation. We recommend experimental studies with fire, facilitation treatments, eco-physiological and recruitment traits to elucidate on tree island expansion and communities response to climate change.</p>
Functional assembly of tropical montane tree islands in the Atlantic Forest is shaped by stress-tolerance, bamboo-presence and facilitation
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Data set (2016) Bamboo-dominated forest in Amazonia
<p>Ziccardi, Leonardo G, de Alencastro, Paulo M L, Figueiredo, Evandro O, Fearnside, Philip M (2019) A spatial dataset of bamboo-dominated forest mensuration collected in 2016 in southeastern Amazonia, Acre, Brazil. </p>
Drought decreases carbon flux but not transport speed of newly fixed carbon from leaves to sinks in a giant bamboo forest
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Data from: Nitrogen-transforming microorganisms potentially facilitate the invasion of Moso bamboo (Phyllostachys edulis) into evergreen broadleaf forests
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Bamboo phenology and life cycle drive seasonal and long-term functioning of Amazonian bamboo-dominated forests
<p>1. Bamboo-dominated forests (BDF) extend over large areas in the drought-prone Southwestern Amazon, yet little is known about the dynamics of these ecosystems. Here, we investigate the hypothesis that bamboo modulates large-scale ecosystem dynamics through competition with coexisting trees for water.</p> <p>2. We examined spatio-temporal patterns of remotely sensed metrics (Enhanced Vegetation Index [EVI], Normalized Difference Moisture Index [NDMI]) in >300 Landsat images as proxies for canopy leaf phenology and water content at two time scales: (1) a complete bamboo life cycle (~28 years), and (2) the seasonal cycle; and at two spatial scales: (a) comparing adjacent areas of BDF vs. Terra-firme forests (TFF) to investigate regional dynamics, and (b) comparing the vegetation classes of bamboo, trees in BDF, and trees in TFF to investigate the effects of bamboo on coexisting trees.</p> <p>3. At the regional scale, BDF showed higher EVI (leaf area density) and lower NDMI (water content) than nearby TFF but these differences disappeared as bamboo died, suggesting a strong influence of bamboo life-stage in the functioning of these forests. BDF seasonal cycle showed a bimodal EVI pattern as trees and bamboos had asynchronized leaf production peaks.</p> <p>4. At the scale of vegetation classes, trees in BDF showed lower NDMI (i.e., water content) than trees in TFF except after bamboo mortality, indicating a release from competition with bamboo for water. Canopy water content of trees in BDF was also reduced during bamboo dry-season greening (increased EVI ~ leaf production) due to increased water demands. Nevertheless, long-term and seasonal phenology of trees in BDF did not differ from that of trees in TFF suggesting a potential selection for drought-tolerant trees in BDF.</p> <p>5. Synthesis. Bamboo-dominated forests have received less attention than other Amazonian forests and their functional dynamics are commonly ignored or misinterpreted. Using remote sensing to characterize forest phenology and water content, we show the distinctive seasonal and long-term dynamics of BDF and coexisting trees and the importance of bamboo competition for water in shaping this ecosystem. Our results suggest a potential selection for drought-tolerant trees in BDF since they maintain the same EVI as trees in bamboo-free forests but with lower water content. A better characterization of BDF and their cyclical dynamics is crucial for accurately interpreting Amazonian forests' responses to extreme climatic events such as high temperatures and droughts.</p>
Data from: Genet dynamics of a regenerating dwarf bamboo population across heterogeneous light environments in a temperate forest understorey
Despite the advantage of plant clonality in patchy environments, studies focusing on genet demography in relation to spatially heterogeneous environments remain scarce. Regeneration of bamboos in forest understoreys after synchronous die-off provides an opportunity for assessing how they come to proliferate across heterogeneous light environments. In a Japanese forest, we examined genet demography of a population of Sasa kurilensis over a 7-year period starting 10 years after die-off, shortly after which some genets began spreading horizontally by rhizomes. The aboveground biomass was estimated and genets were discriminated in 9-m2 plots placed under both canopy gaps and closed canopies. Overall, the results suggest that the survival and spread of more productive genets and the spatial expansion of genets into closed canopies underlie the proliferation of S. kurilensis. Compared to canopy gaps, the recovery rate of biomass was much slower under closed canopies for the first 10 years after the die-off, but became accelerated during the next seven years. Genet survival was greater for more productive genets (with greater initial number of culms), and the spaces occupied by genets that died were often colonized afterward by clonal growth of surviving genets. The number of genets decreased under canopy gaps due to greater mortality, but increased under closed canopies where greater number of genets colonized clonally from outside the plots than genets died. The colonizing genets were more productive (having larger culms) than those originally germinated within the plots, and the contribution of colonizing genets to the biomass was greater under closed canopies. Our study emphasizes the importance of investigating genet dynamics over relevant spatio-temporal scales to reveal processes underlying the success of clonal plants in heterogeneous habitats.
Data from: Episodic bamboo die-off, neighbourhood interactions, and tree seedling performance in a Patagonian mixed forest
1. Episodic mass flowering and subsequent die-off of bamboo understories may generate rare opportunities for tree regeneration by altering consumer-seedling interactions as much as by increasing light availability to seedlings. We hypothesized that bamboo dieback interacts with canopy neighbourhood composition in creating recruitment microsites for tree seedling species with varied shade tolerance and susceptibility to herbivory. 2. We conducted a 2-year experiment in a Patagonian mixed forest altered by extensive, but patchy dieback of the bamboo Chusquea culeou. Newly emerged seedlings of Nothofagus alpina (more shade-tolerant) and N. dombeyi (less shade-tolerant) were planted in conspecific and heterospecific canopy neighbourhoods, with either a flowered (dead) or nonflowered (live) bamboo understorey. Seedlings were placed inside and outside mesh cages to assess mortality from vertebrate or invertebrate consumers. 3. Vertebrate exclusion increased seedling survival regardless of bamboo condition. Seedling loss to invertebrates decreased with bamboo die-off, resulting in higher survival of N. alpina in dead than in live patches. In contrast, bamboo die-off increased N. dombeyi mortality by wilting, which counteracted the benefits of seedling release from consumers. Bamboo die-off increased light availability and enhanced seedling growth for both species. 4. N. alpina seedlings were less damaged or killed by invertebrates under heterospecific canopies than under conspecifics (associational resistance), whereas N. dombeyi performance was unaffected by neighbourhood composition. Bamboo die-off did not change seedling performance patterns observed across canopy neighbourhoods with live bamboo understories. 5. Synthesis. Gaps created by bamboo die-off can exert both positive and negative, species-specific effects on the likelihood of tree seedling establishment. We conclude that infrequent understorey disturbances coupled with canopy neighbourhood effects mediated by seedling herbivores may drive gap-phase succession within old-growth forests.
FIGURE 12. Adult Pardaleodes bule, Kakamega Forest. 1 in Observations on the biology of Afrotropical Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera). Part 7. Hesperiinae incertae sedis: grass and bamboo feeders
FIGURE 12. Adult Pardaleodes bule, Kakamega Forest. 1, male sunbathing, Kakamega Forest, 6 Apr 1990 (vouchered); 2, at flower of Justicia flava, 17 Jun 1991 (vouchered).
On following pages 51 Pygmy Bamboo Bat (Tylonyctens pygmaea). 52 Indoma ayan Lesser Bamboo Bat (Tylonycreııs fu/vrda). 53 Sunda Lesser Bamboo Bat (Tylonycrers pachypus) 54 Tonkm Greater Bamboo Bat (Tylonycrerıs ronk nensrs) 55 Malayan Greater Bamboo Bat (Ty onyctens malayana) 56 Sumatran Greater Bamboo Bat (Tyloııycrerıs robusta/a) 57 Yok Don He meted Bat (Cass srre us yokdonens s) 58 Surat He meted Bat (Cassısrrel us dımıssus), 59 Rohu s Bat (Phıleror brachyptems). 60 Western False Prp strelle (Fels srrellus mackenzıeı), 61 Eastern False P pıstrelle (Fa s stre us rasmanıens s) 62 Ye ow-I pped Cave Bat (Vespade us douglasorum). 63 Northern Cave Bat (Vespade us caunnus). 64 Fmleysons Cave Bat (Vaspadelus fınlaysonı), 65 Eastern Cave Bat (Vespade us rroughtonı) 66 In and Forest Bat (Vespade us bavsrstodrı) 67 Eastern Forest Bat (Vespadelus pumılus), 68 Lıttle Forest Bat (Vespade/us vu/turnus) 69 Large Forest Bat (Vespadelus der! ngtonı), 70 Southern Forest Bat (Vespade us ragu us) 71 Large-eared P ed Bet (Cha noobus dwyerr) 72 L tt e Pıed Bat (Cha/ınolobus pıcarus). 73 Hoary Wettled Bet (Che/rnolobus rııgrogrısaus), 74 Gould's Wattled Bat (Chalınolobus gouldıı). 75 New Caledonıan Wattled Bat (Chalıno/obus neocaledonıcus) 76 Chocolate Wattled Bet (Chalnolobus morro), 77 New Zealand Long-taıled Bat (Chahnolobus ruberculetus) in Vespertilionidae
On following pages 51 Pygmy Bamboo Bat (Tylonyctens pygmaea). 52 Indoma ayan Lesser Bamboo Bat (Tylonycreııs fu/vrda). 53 Sunda Lesser Bamboo Bat (Tylonycrers pachypus) 54 Tonkm Greater Bamboo Bat (Tylonycrerıs ronk nensrs) 55 Malayan Greater Bamboo Bat (Ty onyctens malayana) 56 Sumatran Greater Bamboo Bat (Tyloııycrerıs robusta/a) 57 Yok Don He meted Bat (Cass srre us yokdonens s) 58 Surat He meted Bat (Cassısrrel us dımıssus), 59 Rohu s Bat (Phıleror brachyptems). 60 Western False Prp strelle (Fels srrellus mackenzıeı), 61 Eastern False P pıstrelle (Fa s stre us rasmanıens s) 62 Ye ow-I pped Cave Bat (Vespade us douglasorum). 63 Northern Cave Bat (Vespade us caunnus). 64 Fmleysons Cave Bat (Vaspadelus fınlaysonı), 65 Eastern Cave Bat (Vespade us rroughtonı) 66 In and Forest Bat (Vespade us bavsrstodrı) 67 Eastern Forest Bat (Vespadelus pumılus), 68 Lıttle Forest Bat (Vespade/us vu/turnus) 69 Large Forest Bat (Vespadelus der! ngtonı), 70 Southern Forest Bat (Vespade us ragu us) 71 Large-eared P ed Bet (Cha noobus dwyerr) 72 L tt e Pıed Bat (Cha/ınolobus pıcarus). 73 Hoary Wettled Bet (Che/rnolobus rııgrogrısaus), 74 Gould's Wattled Bat (Chalınolobus gouldıı). 75 New Caledonıan Wattled Bat (Chalıno/obus neocaledonıcus) 76 Chocolate Wattled Bet (Chalnolobus morro), 77 New Zealand Long-taıled Bat (Chahnolobus ruberculetus)
Distribution. CE & SE Madagascar; until recently restricted to the SC portion of the country's rainforests including Ranomafana and Andringitra national parks, Ambositra-Vondrozo Corridor and isolated forests between and to the E ofthese localities (e.g. Ambolomavo, Ifanadiana, Kianjavato), and one locality N of the Manampatrana River (Evendra); recent surveys have now confirmed its presence in the forests of Torotorofotsy, in the region of Andasibe-Mantadia, and 18 sites in and around the Ankeniheny-Zahamena Corridor, and at five additional sites around the Marolambo forest corridor and as far N as Zahamena National Park, and it extends to near the Midongy du Sud National Park in the S, 670 km S of Zahamena. Reports of large bamboo lemursfitting this species' description have been filtering in from various other remote sites (e.g. Mananara region). in Lemuridae
Distribution. CE & SE Madagascar; until recently restricted to the SC portion of the country's rainforests including Ranomafana and Andringitra national parks, Ambositra-Vondrozo Corridor and isolated forests between and to the E ofthese localities (e.g. Ambolomavo, Ifanadiana, Kianjavato), and one locality N of the Manampatrana River (Evendra); recent surveys have now confirmed its presence in the forests of Torotorofotsy, in the region of Andasibe-Mantadia, and 18 sites in and around the Ankeniheny-Zahamena Corridor, and at five additional sites around the Marolambo forest corridor and as far N as Zahamena National Park, and it extends to near the Midongy du Sud National Park in the S, 670 km S of Zahamena. Reports of large bamboo lemursfitting this species' description have been filtering in from various other remote sites (e.g. Mananara region).
Deccan region, Madras, India. Genus Vandeleuria is masculine, so widely used specific name oleracea has been changed for gender agreement. Vandeleuria oleraceusis possibly a composite of species. Polytypic, but subspecific taxonomy requires reassessment. Distribution. Widespread in S Asia (India, Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh, and Sri Lan-ka), S China (W & S Yunnan), and mainland SE Asia N of the Isthmus of Kra. Descriptive notes. Head-body 68 mm, tail 105 mm, ear 13 mm, hindfoot 17 mm; weight 10 g. The Indomalayan Long-tailed Climbing Mouse is small, with flat nail on outer finger and outertoe; tail is slender, brown, twice as long as head-body length, and lacks distal tuft. Dorsal pelageis silky and salmon in color; venter is white, with fulvous hues. Habitat. Tall cane and tangled vines in primary and secondary forest such as bamboo forest, moist deciduous forest, temperate forests, montane wet zone, and disturbed secondary forests, and perhaps agricultural areas at elevations of 150-1500 m. Food and Feeding. Indomalayan [Long-tailed Climbing Mice eat fruits, buds, and flowers. Breeding. Litters of the Indomalayan Long-tailed Climbing Mouse have 3-6 young. Activity patterns. Indomalayan Long-tailed Climbing Mice are arboreal and nocturnal, although one individual was caught duringthe day. Movements, Home range and Social organization. Indomalayan Long-tailed Climbing Mice build nests in tall bushes or cane to rear their young. Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red Last (as V. olacea). The Indomalayan Long-tailed Climbing Mouse occurs in several habitats and a wide distribution that includes national parks. Further taxonomical studies are required to assess conservation status ofthis potentially diverse species complex. Bibliography. Corbet & Hill (1992), Dang Huy Huynh et al. (1994), Ellerman (1941), Marshall (1977b), Musser & Carleton (2005), Osgood (1932), Phillips (1980), Wang Yingxiang (2003). in Muridae
Deccan region, Madras, India. Genus Vandeleuria is masculine, so widely used specific name oleracea has been changed for gender agreement. Vandeleuria oleraceusis possibly a composite of species. Polytypic, but subspecific taxonomy requires reassessment. Distribution. Widespread in S Asia (India, Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh, and Sri Lan-ka), S China (W & S Yunnan), and mainland SE Asia N of the Isthmus of Kra. Descriptive notes. Head-body 68 mm, tail 105 mm, ear 13 mm, hindfoot 17 mm; weight 10 g. The Indomalayan Long-tailed Climbing Mouse is small, with flat nail on outer finger and outertoe; tail is slender, brown, twice as long as head-body length, and lacks distal tuft. Dorsal pelageis silky and salmon in color; venter is white, with fulvous hues. Habitat. Tall cane and tangled vines in primary and secondary forest such as bamboo forest, moist deciduous forest, temperate forests, montane wet zone, and disturbed secondary forests, and perhaps agricultural areas at elevations of 150-1500 m. Food and Feeding. Indomalayan [Long-tailed Climbing Mice eat fruits, buds, and flowers. Breeding. Litters of the Indomalayan Long-tailed Climbing Mouse have 3-6 young. Activity patterns. Indomalayan Long-tailed Climbing Mice are arboreal and nocturnal, although one individual was caught duringthe day. Movements, Home range and Social organization. Indomalayan Long-tailed Climbing Mice build nests in tall bushes or cane to rear their young. Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red Last (as V. olacea). The Indomalayan Long-tailed Climbing Mouse occurs in several habitats and a wide distribution that includes national parks. Further taxonomical studies are required to assess conservation status ofthis potentially diverse species complex. Bibliography. Corbet & Hill (1992), Dang Huy Huynh et al. (1994), Ellerman (1941), Marshall (1977b), Musser & Carleton (2005), Osgood (1932), Phillips (1980), Wang Yingxiang (2003).
FIGURE 5 in Six new species of Cladosporium associated with decayed leaves of native bamboo (Bambusoideae) in a fragment of Brazilian Atlantic Forest
FIGURE 5. Cladosporium brigadeirensis (VIC 44238, holotype). A–D. Colonies on A. Potato dextrose agar; B. Malt extract agar; C. Oatmeal agar; D. Synthetic nutrient-poor agar, after 14 days at 25 ºC, under near-ultraviolet light, respectively. E–K. Macronematous conidiophores. E. Mult-branched conidiophore. I. Conidiogenous cell details. J. Terminal and intercalary conidiogenous cells. K. Secondary ramoconidia prolongation. L. Micronematous conidiophores. M. Microcyclic conidiogenesis. Scale bars: E = 50 µM; F–M = 20 µM.
FIGURE 7 in Six new species of Cladosporium associated with decayed leaves of native bamboo (Bambusoideae) in a fragment of Brazilian Atlantic Forest
FIGURE 7. Cladosporium pseudotenuissimum (VIC 44422, holotype). A–D. Colonies on A. Potato dextrose agar; B. Malt extract agar; C. Oatmeal agar; D. Synthetic nutrient-poor agar, after 14 days at 25 ºC, under near-ultraviolet light, respectively. E–J. Macronematous conidiophores and conidia. E, F. Micronematous conidiophores at arrows. K. Conidiogenous cel with conidia. L. Bubble-like swelling details. M. Microcyclic conidiogenesis (black arrow) and Ramoconidia (red arrow). Scale bars: E = 50 µM; F–M = 20 µM.
FIGURE 6 in Six new species of Cladosporium associated with decayed leaves of native bamboo (Bambusoideae) in a fragment of Brazilian Atlantic Forest
FIGURE 6. Cladosporium chusqueae (VIC 44239, holotype). A–D. Colonies on A. Potato dextrose agar; B. Malt extract agar; C. Oatmeal agar; D. Synthetic nutrient-poor agar, after 14 days at 25 ºC, under near-ultraviolet light, respectively. E–K. Macronematous conidiophores and conidia. G. Terminal conidiophore. H. Short peg-like prolongation. I. Bent conidiophore; J–K. Conidiophore branched near the base at a 90º angle. L. Micronematous conidiophores. M. Microcyclic conidiogenesis. Scale bars: E = 50 µM; F–M = 20 µM.
FIGURE. Cladosporium benschii (VIC 44412, holotype). A–D. Colonies on A. Potato dextrose agar; B. Malt extract agar; C. Oatmeal agar; D. Synthetic nutrient-poor agar, after 14 days at 25 ºC, under near-ultraviolet light, respectively. E–J. Non-geniculate macronematous conidiophores and conidia. K. Conidiogenous cells with slightly protuberant loci. L. Micronematous conidiophores. M. Microcyclic conidiogenesis. Scale bars: E–M = 20 µM. in Six new species of Cladosporium associated with decayed leaves of native bamboo (Bambusoideae) in a fragment of Brazilian Atlantic Forest
FIGURE. Cladosporium benschii (VIC 44412, holotype). A–D. Colonies on A. Potato dextrose agar; B. Malt extract agar; C. Oatmeal agar; D. Synthetic nutrient-poor agar, after 14 days at 25 ºC, under near-ultraviolet light, respectively. E–J. Non-geniculate macronematous conidiophores and conidia. K. Conidiogenous cells with slightly protuberant loci. L. Micronematous conidiophores. M. Microcyclic conidiogenesis. Scale bars: E–M = 20 µM.
FIGURE. Cladosporium bambusicola (VIC 44237, holotype). A–D. Colonies on A. Potato dextrose agar; B. Malt extract agar; C. Oatmeal agar; D. Synthetic nutrient-poor agar, after 14 days at 25 ºC, under near-ultraviolet light, respectively. E–F. Conidiophore and bigger conidia. G–H. Conidiophores and smaller conidia. I. Stromatic hyphal aggregation. J–K. Micronematous conidiophores. L. Ramoconidia and conidia. M. Microcyclic conidiogenesis. Scale bars: E = 50 µM; F–M = 20 µM. in Six new species of Cladosporium associated with decayed leaves of native bamboo (Bambusoideae) in a fragment of Brazilian Atlantic Forest
FIGURE. Cladosporium bambusicola (VIC 44237, holotype). A–D. Colonies on A. Potato dextrose agar; B. Malt extract agar; C. Oatmeal agar; D. Synthetic nutrient-poor agar, after 14 days at 25 ºC, under near-ultraviolet light, respectively. E–F. Conidiophore and bigger conidia. G–H. Conidiophores and smaller conidia. I. Stromatic hyphal aggregation. J–K. Micronematous conidiophores. L. Ramoconidia and conidia. M. Microcyclic conidiogenesis. Scale bars: E = 50 µM; F–M = 20 µM.
FIGURE. Multilocus phylogenetic tree inferred from Bayesian analysis based on the combined TEF1-α and ACT sequences. Bayesian posterior probabilities are indicated next to the nodes. The tree was rooted with Cladosporium herbarum CBS 121621. The species in this study are indicated in bold. Types of species are indicated after the culture collection number (T = ex-type, ex-epitype, ex-neotype, or reference strain). in Six new species of Cladosporium associated with decayed leaves of native bamboo (Bambusoideae) in a fragment of Brazilian Atlantic Forest
FIGURE. Multilocus phylogenetic tree inferred from Bayesian analysis based on the combined TEF1-α and ACT sequences. Bayesian posterior probabilities are indicated next to the nodes. The tree was rooted with Cladosporium herbarum CBS 121621. The species in this study are indicated in bold. Types of species are indicated after the culture collection number (T = ex-type, ex-epitype, ex-neotype, or reference strain).
FIGURE. (Continued) Multilocus phylogenetic tree inferred from Bayesian analysis based on the combined TEF1-α and ACT sequences. Bayesian posterior probabilities are indicated next to the nodes. The tree was rooted with Cladosporium herbarum CBS 121621. The species in this study are indicated in bold. Types of species are indicated after the culture collection number (T = ex-type, ex-epitype, exneotype, or reference strain). in Six new species of Cladosporium associated with decayed leaves of native bamboo (Bambusoideae) in a fragment of Brazilian Atlantic Forest
FIGURE. (Continued) Multilocus phylogenetic tree inferred from Bayesian analysis based on the combined TEF1-α and ACT sequences. Bayesian posterior probabilities are indicated next to the nodes. The tree was rooted with Cladosporium herbarum CBS 121621. The species in this study are indicated in bold. Types of species are indicated after the culture collection number (T = ex-type, ex-epitype, exneotype, or reference strain).
FIGURE. Cladosporium aulonemiae (VIC 44413, holotype). A–D. Colonies on A. Potato dextrose agar; B. Malt extract agar; C. Oatmeal agar; D. Synthetic nutrient-poor agar, after 14 days at 25 ºC, under near-ultraviolet light, respectively. E–G. Macronematous conidiophores and numerous conidia; H–I. Formation of loci in close succession; I. Spread polysaccharide-like material; J. Micronematous conidiophores; K. Ramoconidia and conidia; L. Microcyclic conidiogenesis; M. Stromatic hyphal aggregation. Scale bars: E–M = 20 µM. in Six new species of Cladosporium associated with decayed leaves of native bamboo (Bambusoideae) in a fragment of Brazilian Atlantic Forest
FIGURE. Cladosporium aulonemiae (VIC 44413, holotype). A–D. Colonies on A. Potato dextrose agar; B. Malt extract agar; C. Oatmeal agar; D. Synthetic nutrient-poor agar, after 14 days at 25 ºC, under near-ultraviolet light, respectively. E–G. Macronematous conidiophores and numerous conidia; H–I. Formation of loci in close succession; I. Spread polysaccharide-like material; J. Micronematous conidiophores; K. Ramoconidia and conidia; L. Microcyclic conidiogenesis; M. Stromatic hyphal aggregation. Scale bars: E–M = 20 µM.
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