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The effect of Israeli acute paralysis infection on honey bee brood care behavior
<p>To protect themselves from communicable diseases, social insects utilize social immunity—behavioral, phsyiological, and organizational means to combat disease transmission and severity. Within a honey bee colony, larvae are visited thousands of times by nurse bees, representing a prime environment for pathogen transmission. We investigated a potential social immune response to Israeli acute paralysis virus (IAPV) infection in brood care, testing the hypotheses that bees will respond with behaviors that result in reduced brood care, or that infection results in elevated brood care as a virus-driven mechanism to increase transmission. We tested for group-level effects by comparing three different social environments in which 0%, 50%, or 100% of bees were experimentally infected with IAPV. We investigated individual-level effects by comparing exposed bees to unexposed bees within the mixed-exposure treatment group. We found no evidence for a social immune response at the group level; however, individually, exposed bees interacted with the larva more frequently than their unexposed nestmates. While this could increase virus transmission from adults to larvae, it could also represent a hygienic response to increase grooming when an infection is detected. Together, our findings underline the complexity of disease dynamics in complex social animal systems.</p>
Figure 16 in Morphological phylogeny of Megachilini and the evolution of leaf-cutter behavior in bees (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae)
Figure 16. Cremnomegachile dolichosoma (Benoist), new combination. A. Facial view of female. B. Detail of female mesoscutum. C. Female metasoma in dorsal view. D. Lateral view of female. E. Male terminal terga. F. Lateral view of male.
Figure 15. Tribes Pseudoheriadini and Ochreriadini. A in Morphological phylogeny of Megachilini and the evolution of leaf-cutter behavior in bees (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae)
Figure 15. Tribes Pseudoheriadini and Ochreriadini. A. Female of Afroheriades hyalinus Griswold & Gonzalez in lateral view. B. Male terminal terga of Pseudoheriades moricei (Friese). C, D. Female of Ochreriades fasciatus (Friese) in dorsal and lateral views. E. Male terminal terga of O. fasciatus.
Figure 12 in Morphological phylogeny of Megachilini and the evolution of leaf-cutter behavior in bees (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae)
Figure 12. Parsimony reconstruction of the two types of interdental laminae of the leaf-cutter bee mandible. We used the tree topology obtained from the total-evidence analysis of the full data set (122 taxa) to visualize character states on the clade of leaf-cutter bees. All photographs are outer views of the mandibles, except for the second from top to bottom, which is an inner view of the mandible below. Odontogenic lamina highlighted in green and ctenogenic lamina in pink.
Figure 11 in Morphological phylogeny of Megachilini and the evolution of leaf-cutter behavior in bees (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae)
Figure 11. Total evidence dated phylogeny of Megachilini from the analysis of the full morphological data matrix (122 taxa). Majority-rule consensus tree from Bayesian analysis using fossils as terminals under the FBD tree prior. Blue bar at each node represents the 95% highest posterior density age range. Posterior probability below 100 indicated above each node. A capital letter above a node indicates a clade discussed in the text. Mandibles with interdental laminae highlighted in green (odontogenic) and pink (ctenogenic).
Figure 8 in Morphological phylogeny of Megachilini and the evolution of leaf-cutter behavior in bees (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae)
Figure 8. Strict consensus tree of 30 parsimonious trees obtained under equal weighting. Numbers above nodes are standard bootstrap values, numbers below nodes are absolute Bremer values. Branches without numbers indicate bootstrap values below 50% and Bremer values of 1. A capital letter above a node indicates a clade discussed in the text. Species within boxes of the same color correspond to the same subgenus of Megachile Latreille s.l. following Michener's (2007) classification. The colored column after the species names indicates approximate number of species per subgenus. Half-colored boxes without a number correspond to species that did not cluster with the other species of the same subgenus included in the analysis. Species richness taken from Michener (2007), Moure et al. (2007), and Ascher & Pickering (2018). Mandibles with interdental laminae highlighted in green (odontogenic) and pink (ctenogenic).
Figure 9 in Morphological phylogeny of Megachilini and the evolution of leaf-cutter behavior in bees (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae)
Figure 9. Preferred total evidence dated phylogeny of Megachilidae. Majority-rule consensus tree from Bayesian analysis using fossils as terminals under the FBD tree prior. Blue bar at each node represents the 95% highest posterior density age range. Posterior probability below 100 indicated above each node.
Figure 6 in Morphological phylogeny of Megachilini and the evolution of leaf-cutter behavior in bees (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae)
Figure 6. Examples of the types of setae found on the male S4–S6 of Megachile Latreille s.l. A. Branched, unmodified, S4, Megachile (Acentron) albitarsis Cresson. B. Acuminate, S4, M. (Megachile) centuncularis (Linnaeus). C. Acuminate, S6, M. (Chalicodoma) sicula (Rossi). D. Fan-shaped, S6, M. (Chelostomoides) exilis Cresson. E. Capitate-spatulate, S5, M. (Chelostomoides) rugifrons (Smith). F. Capitate-spatulate, S5, M. (Xanthosarus) fortis Cresson.
Figure 4 in Morphological phylogeny of Megachilini and the evolution of leaf-cutter behavior in bees (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae)
Figure 4. Some female morphological features used in the phylogenetic analysis. A, B. Lateral view of axilla. C. Dorsal view of mesoscutellum and metanotum. D, E. Outer view of apex of mesotibia. F–I. Pretarsal claws. Megachile (Melanosarus) xylocopoides Smith (A); M. (Stenomegachile) dolichosoma Benoist (B, C); M. (Chelostomoides) rugifrons (Smith) (D); M. (Megachiloides) pascoensis Mitchell (E); Dioxys productus (Cresson) (F); M. (Acentron) albitarsis Cresson (G); M. (Hackeriapis) ferox Smith (H); M. (Schizomegachile) monstrosa Smith (I).
Figure 1 in Morphological phylogeny of Megachilini and the evolution of leaf-cutter behavior in bees (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae)
Figure 1. Species richness of currently recognized genera in the bee tribe Megachilini. A. Dorsal habitus of a female of Coelioxys sp. B. Lateral habitus of a female of Noteriades spinosus Griswold & Gonzalez. C. Male of Megachile (Zonomegachile) kalina Gonzalez, Griswold, & Engel on top of a brood cell built with leaf pieces. D. Facial habitus of leaf-cutter M. (Eutricharaea) minutissima Radoszkowski (left) and dauber bee M. (Callomegachile) pluto (Smith) (right). E. Outer surface of the female mandible of M. (Leptorachis) laeta Smith, a leaf-cutter bee, showing interdental lamina in pink. F. Dorsal habitus of M. (Rhyssomegachile) kartaboensis Mitchell. G. Dorsal views of M. (E.) minutissima (upper left) and M. (C.) pluto (right). Photographs are not at the same scale, except for the large and small species compared in figures D and G.
Figure 2. Leaf excisions and a in Morphological phylogeny of Megachilini and the evolution of leaf-cutter behavior in bees (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae)
Figure 2. Leaf excisions and a sampling of the morphological diversity among the female mandible of leaf-cutter bees. A. Leaves of Rosa sp. (Rosaceae) from Lesvos, Greece. B. Fossil leaf cut (Fabaceae) from Eckfeld Maar, Germany (~43 Ma). C–J. Outer view of the mandible showing interdental laminae in green (odontogenic) and pink (ctenogenic). C. Megachile (Chrysosarus) parsonsiae Schrottky. D. M. (Rhyssomegachile) simillima Smith. E. M. (Pseudocentron) pruina Smith. F. M. (Zonomegachile) sp. G. M. (Moureapis) maculata Smith. H. M. (Melanosarus) xylocopoides Smith. I. M. (Acentron) albitarsis Cresson. J. M. (Leptorachis) petulans Cresson. Abbreviations: Mt = mandibular tooth.
Figure 13 in Morphological phylogeny of Megachilini and the evolution of leaf-cutter behavior in bees (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae)
Figure 13. Female mandible of leaf-cutter ants and extinct Baltic amber megachilids. A–C. Right mandible of leaf-cutter ant (Formicidae: Attini: Atta sp.) in frontal, lateral, and inner views, respectively. Arrow points to the lower margin. D–G. Synchrotron-radiation µCT scan of Glyptapis sp. (Glyptapini) from Eocene Baltic amber; facial view of the head and right mandible in outer, superior, and inner views, respectively [note that the scan resolution could not resolve the finest setae, such as those of the compound eyes which are present in this specimen as in all species of Glyptapis Cockerell (Engel, 2001)].
Figure 3 in Morphological phylogeny of Megachilini and the evolution of leaf-cutter behavior in bees (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae)
Figure 3. Female mandible of Megachile Latreille s.l. in outer (A, E, G), frontal (D), and inner views (B, C, F, H). A. Megachile (Callomegachile) pluto Smith. B. M. (Callomegachile) sp. C–E. M. (Chelostomoda) spissula Cockerell. F. M. (Rhyssomegachile) simillima Smith. G. M. (Creightonella) frontalis (Fabricius). H. M. (Pseudocentron) pruina Smith. Interdental laminae highlighted in green (odontogenic) and pink (ctenogenic). Abbreviations: CR = corono-radicular ridge; AP = adductor apical ridge.
Figure 5 in Morphological phylogeny of Megachilini and the evolution of leaf-cutter behavior in bees (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae)
Figure 5. Some male morphological features used in the phylogenetic analysis. A–C. Ventral projection of mandible. D–F. Dorsal (left half) and ventral (right half) views of sixth tergum. G–I. Dorsal view of seventh tergum. J. Ventral view of sixth sternum. K–M. Ventral view of eighth sternum. N–P. Dorsal view of genital capsule. Q, R. Profile view of genital capsule. S. Apex of penis valves. Taxa: Megachile (Acentron) albitarsis Cresson (A, L); M. (Callomegachile) biseta Vachal (B); M. (Maximegachile) maxillosa Guérin-Méneville (C); M. (Argyropile) longuisetosa Gonzalez & Griswold (D, G); M. (Grosapis) cockerelli (E, H, R); M. (Creightonella) cognata Smith (F, I); M. (Zonomegachile) moderata Smith (J, K); M. (Largella) donbakeri Gonzalez & Engel (M); M. (Austromegachile) montezuma Cresson (N); M. (M.) centuncularis (Linnaeus) (O); M. (Moureapis) maculata Smith (P); M. (Chalicodoma) parietina (Geoffroy) (Q); M. (Chalicodoma) sicula (Rossi) (S).
Fig. 1 in Behavioral repertoires and interactions between Apis mellifera (Hymenoptera: Apidae) and the native bee Lithurgus littoralis (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae) in flowers of Opuntia huajuapensis (Cactaceae) in the Tehuacán desert
Fig. 1. Behavior accumulation curves of bees in 150 flowers of Opuntia huajuapensis. A: Apis mellifera (1) and Lithurgus littoralis (2). B: L. littoralis females (3) and L. littoralis males (4). Dotted lines indicate the 95% confidence intervals.
Fig. 2 in Behavioral repertoires and interactions between Apis mellifera (Hymenoptera: Apidae) and the native bee Lithurgus littoralis (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae) in flowers of Opuntia huajuapensis (Cactaceae) in the Tehuacán desert
Fig. 2. Time spent (A) and mean feeding duration (B) in flowers of Opuntia huajuapensis by Apis mellifera females and Lithurgus littoralis females and males. No A. mellifera males were recorded at any time during the experiment. Vertical bars indicate 95% confidence intervals.
Figure 1 in The effect of photobleaching on bee (Hymenoptera: Apoidea) setae color and its implications for studying aging and behavior
Figure 1. Unstandardized color photographs of the dorsal view of a worker of Bombus huntii Greene. The square box demarcates the lateral distal region of terga 2 and 3 where setal color was sampled for the 'before' and 'after' comparisons in the control and sun-exposed treatments.
Figure 2 in The effect of photobleaching on bee (Hymenoptera: Apoidea) setae color and its implications for studying aging and behavior
Figure 2. Data distributions of 'before' and 'after' measurements of setal color on the lateral distal region of the terga 2 and 3 for the control and sun-exposed treatments. Setal color was measured using the color property hue (H). Letters above each boxplot correspond to a significant difference between treatments of at least 0.05 based on Tukey's adjusted multiple comparison tests.
Figure 3 in The effect of photobleaching on bee (Hymenoptera: Apoidea) setae color and its implications for studying aging and behavior
Figure 3. Correlation (τ) between wing wear (W) and setal color (hue, H) of three bee species: Bombus huntii Greene, Melecta pacifica fulvida Cresson, and Osmia integra Cresson. Larger H values represent increased photobleaching of setae, whereas smaller values of H represent less photobleaching of setae. Larger W represents increased wing wear, whereas smaller W represents decreased wing wear.
FIGURES 42–45 in Nest Site Selection and Nesting Behavior of the Bee Lithurgopsis apicalis (Megachilidae: Lithurginae)
FIGURES 42–45. SEM micrographs of inner surface of cocoons of Lithurgopsis apicalis. 42. Longitudinal section of cocoon, front removed, showing long shiny inner surface of wall and modified apical tip showing cushion of multiple layers of silk fibers. 43. Close-up of surface of multiple layers identified by rectangle in figure 42. 44. Posterior end of another cocoon, inner view, showing cushion of multiple layers of silk fibers, somewhat off center. 45. Close-up of cushion of multiple layers of silk fibers identified by rectangle in figure 44.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
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DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.