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opencc-zeroApr 2022View details →

Out of the temperate zone: a phylogenomic test of the biogeographical conservatism hypothesis in a contrarian clade of ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Stenammini)

Aim: The standard latitudinal diversity gradient (LDG), in which species richness decreases from equator to pole, is a pervasive pattern observed in most organisms. Some lineages, however, exhibit inverse LDGs. Seemingly problematic, documenting and studying contrarian groups can advance understanding of LDGs generally. Here, we identify the ant tribe Stenammini as a contrarian clade and use a historical approach to evaluate alternative hypotheses that might explain the group's atypical diversity pattern. We focus on the biogeographical conservatism hypothesis (BCH) and the diversification rate hypothesis (DRH). Location: Global. Taxon: Ants. Methods: We examined the shape of the LDG in Stenammini by plotting latitudinal midpoints for all described, extant species. We then inferred a genome-scale phylogeny and used the tree to estimate divergence dates and ancestral areas. We also examined diversification rate heterogeneity across the tree and tested for a correlation between rate and latitude. Results: Stenammini has a skewed inverse LDG with a richness peak in the northern temperate zone. Phylogenomic analyses revealed five major clades and several instances of non-monophyly among genera (Goniomma, Aphaenogaster). Stenammini and all its major lineages arose in the northern temperate zone. The tribe originated ~51 Ma during a climatic optimum and then diversified and dispersed southward as global climate cooled. Stenammini invaded the tropics at least seven times, but these events occurred more recently and were not linked with increased diversification. There is evidence for a diversification rate increase in Holarctic Aphaenogaster + Messor, but we found no significant correlation between latitude and diversification rate generally. Main Conclusions: Our results largely support the BCH as an explanation for the inverse latitudinal gradient in Stenammini. The clade originated in the Holarctic and likely became more diverse there due to the combined effects of center-of-origin, time-for-speciation, and niche conservatism, rather than latitudinal differences in diversification rate.

opencc-zeroMay 2022View details →

Data from: Habitat change and its consequences on reef fish specialization in biogeographic transition zones

Aim Reef fishes are commonly recognized as sentinels of the ongoing tropicalization in biogeographic transition zones between temperate and tropical areas. Despite the reliance of these marine ectotherms on the benthos, the importance of benthic habitat has rarely been considered as a factor constraining fish distribution. Therefore, our study aims at examining the consequences of both temperature and benthic variations on the fish fauna and diagnosing potential sentinels of these environmental changes. Location Taiwan, West Pacific. Taxon Teleostei (184 species). Methods We examined how the partitioning of habitats can influence the specialization of fish fauna along a latitudinal gradient. We diagnosed 'specialist' and 'generalist' fishes in this partitioning. For each specialist, we further evaluated whether its distribution is constrained by temperature, benthic habitat, or both factors combined. The change in sea surface temperature over the last three decades was also monitored. Results Fish fauna showed the highest specialization when tropical and subtropical partitions of habitat were considered. Fifty-one tropical specialists, seven subtropical specialists, and 21 possible generalists were identified. Among specialists, 13 species were associated with temperature, 19 with habitat, and 26 with both factors. Steady warming occurred across latitudes but was accentuated in the winter of subtropical habitat. Main conclusions Our results suggested that the distribution of some specialist fishes was constrained only by temperature while the distribution of some others also depended on the availability of benthic habitats. Consequently, under global warming, the distribution of some specialists might shift in a manner that follows the movement of isotherms, while the distribution of others might also be conditioned by the poleward shifts of benthos. A temporal mismatch between the emergence of suitable thermal environments and the arrival of some specialists may exist. Therefore, the tropicalization of high-latitude areas may be characterized by different waves of colonization.

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Text-fig. 2 Cluster diagram of the considered acritarch assemblages. Paired group, Jaccard measure. in Overview Of The Stratigraphy And Initial Quantitative Biogeographical Results From The Devonian Of The Albergaria-A-Velha Unit (Ossa-Morena Zone, W Portugal)

Text-fig. 2 Cluster diagram of the considered acritarch assemblages. Paired group, Jaccard measure.

opencc-by-4.0Dec 2008View details →

publicApr 2022View details →

Out of the temperate zone: a phylogenomic test of the biogeographical conservatism hypothesis in a contrarian clade of ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Stenammini)

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publicJun 2022View details →

Data from: Habitat change and its consequences on reef fish specialization in biogeographic transition zones

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Multi-decadal shifts in fish community diversity across a dynamic biogeographic transition zone

Aim: A 21-year fisheries-independent monitoring dataset was used to explore fish community diversity across a latitudinal gradient to quantify how diversity has changed and relate those changes in diversity to changes in the abiotic environment. Additionally, this study spans a biogeographic transition zone, providing insight into future species assemblages across regions of relatively high species diversity. Location: Indian River Lagoon, Florida, USA Methods: Spatial and temporal beta diversity was quantified latitudinally with "best derived breaks" determined by using chronological cluster analyses. Multiple indices of alpha diversity were quantified, including species richness, Shannon diversity, Simpson diversity, and Pielou's evenness. AIC model selection and environmental fit tests were performed to link patterns of diversity and species assemblages with the abiotic environment. Results: Evidence of a biogeographic transition zone was supported by data spanning the entire study period; the largest break in species assemblage occurred near 28°N. Fine scale analyses using small and large seine catches were noisier than broad analyses but indicated a northern shift in location of the biogeographic transition zone. Beta-diversity was generally dominated by species turnover/balance versus nestedness/gradient components, implying that changes were driven by species sorting associated with the physical environment. Excluding the summation of all environmental variables, temperature and dissolved oxygen best describe patterns of diversity and species composition. Main Conclusions: Over years less affected by disturbances, large and small seine catch data suggest the fish community assemblage and location of the biogeographic transition zone has shifted 9 km and 21 km to the north. If the trends observed in these years were to continue from 1999 until the year 2100, a 111 km to 243 km shift in fish communities could be expected. Variation in rates of movement based on gear type suggest novel species assemblages could ensue.

opencc-zeroDec 2018View details →

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Data from: Integrating fuzzy logic and statistics to improve reliabile definition of biogeographic regions and transition zones

The present study uses the amphibian species of the Mediterranean Region to develop a consistent procedure based on fuzzy sets with which biogeographic regions and biotic transition zones can be objectively detected and reliably mapped. Biogeographical regionalizations are abstractions of the geographical organization of life on Earth that provide frameworks for cataloguing species and ecosystems, for answering basic questions in biogeography, evolutionary biology and systematics, and for assessing priorities for conservation. On the other hand, limits between regions may form sharply defined boundaries along some parts of their borders, whereas elsewhere they may consist of broad transition zones. The fuzzy set approach provided a heuristic way to analyze the complexity of the biota within an area; significantly different regions were detected whose mutual limits were sometimes fuzzy, sometimes clearly crisp. Most of the regionalizations described in the literature for the Mediterranean Region present a certain degree of convergence when they are compared within the context of fuzzy interpretation, as many of the differences found between regionalizations are located in transition zones, according to our case study. Compared to other classification procedures based on fuzzy sets, the novelty of our method is that both fuzzy logic and statistics are used together in a synergy in order to avoid arbitrary decisions in the definition of biogeographic regions and transition zones.

opencc-zeroDec 2011View details →

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Data from: The hidden side of a major marine biogeographic boundary: a wide mosaic hybrid zone at the Atlantic–Mediterranean divide reveals the complex interaction between natural and genetic barriers in mussels

The Almeria-Oran Front (AOF) is a recognised hotspot of genetic differentiation in the sea. It is a barrier to dispersal and an ecological boundary, which explain the position of genetic breaks. However, the maintenance of genetic differentiation is likely reinforced by genetic barriers. A general drawback of previous studies is an insufficient density of sampling sites at the transition zone with a conspicuous lack of samples from the southern coastline. We analysed the genetic structure in the mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis with ancestry-informative loci. We discovered a 600 km wide mosaic hybrid zone eastward of the AOF along the Algerian coasts. This mosaic zone provides a new twist to our understanding of the Atlantic-Mediterranean transition because it demonstrates the two lineages can live in sympatry but hardly interbreed. This implies some form of reproductive isolation must exist to maintain the two genetic backgrounds locally cohesive. The zone ends with an abrupt genetic shift at a barrier to dispersal in the Gulf of Bejaia. Simulations in models that account for hydrodynamic features of the region support the hypothesis that sister hybrid zones could have been differentially trapped at two alternative barriers to dispersal or environmental boundaries. A preponderantly unidirectional north-south gene flow next to the AOF can also maintain a patch of an intrinsically maintained genetic background in the south and the mosaic structure. Our results concur with the coupling hypothesis that suggests natural barriers mostly explain the position of genetic breaks while their maintenance must additionally require genetic barriers.

opencc-zeroDec 2017View details →

FIGURE 8. Tree number 8 in A new genus and species of Ingolfiellidae (Crustacea, Ingolfiellida) from the hyporheic zone in the Sierra de la Ventana, and its biogeographic relevance

FIGURE 8. Tree number 8 (rooted by using user-specified out group): Tree length: 276. Consistency indeX (CI): 0.348, Retention indeX (RI): 0.547. Black dot indicates the node eXplained in the teXt.

FIGURE 3. Yacana ventania n. gen. n in A new genus and species of Ingolfiellidae (Crustacea, Ingolfiellida) from the hyporheic zone in the Sierra de la Ventana, and its biogeographic relevance

FIGURE 3. Yacana ventania n. gen. n. sp. A. Right mandible, paratype female. B. Left mandible, paratype female. C. Right mandible, paratype male. D. Left mandible, paratype male. E. Right maXilla 1, paratype female. F. Left maXilla 1, paratype female. G. Detail of inner seta of outer lobe of maXilla 1, indicated with an arrow on left maXilla 1. H. Right and left maXilla 2, respectiVely. I. Right maXilliped, paratype female. J. Left maXilliped, paratype female. Scales bars: 50 µm.

FIGURE 4. Yacana ventania n. gen. n in A new genus and species of Ingolfiellidae (Crustacea, Ingolfiellida) from the hyporheic zone in the Sierra de la Ventana, and its biogeographic relevance

FIGURE 4. Yacana ventania n. gen. n. sp. A. Right gnathopod 1, lateral, paratype male. B. Right gnathopod 1, detail of palm and dactylus, paratype male. C. Left gnathopod2, lateral, paratype male. D. Left gnathopod 2, detail of palm and dactylus, paratype male. Scale bars: 50 µm.

FIGURE 7. Yacana ventania n. gen. n in A new genus and species of Ingolfiellidae (Crustacea, Ingolfiellida) from the hyporheic zone in the Sierra de la Ventana, and its biogeographic relevance

FIGURE 7. Yacana ventania n. gen. n. sp. A. Pleopod 1, paratype female. B. Pleopod 2, paratype female. C. Pleopod 3, paratype female. D. Pleopod 1, allotype male. E. Pleopod 2, allotype male. F. Pleopod 3, allotype male. G. Left uropod 1, paratype female. H. Right uropod 2, paratype female. I. Left uropod 1, allotype male. J. Uropods 2, detail of inner side, allotype male. K. Uropods 3 and telson, paratype female, lateral View. L. Detail of uropods and telson, paratype female, lateral View. Scale bars: 100 µm.

FIGURE 2. A. Yacana ventania n. gen. n in A new genus and species of Ingolfiellidae (Crustacea, Ingolfiellida) from the hyporheic zone in the Sierra de la Ventana, and its biogeographic relevance

FIGURE 2. A. Yacana ventania n. gen. n. sp., holotype female. Scale bar: 1 mm. B. Antenna 1, paratype female. Scale bar: 100 µm. C. Detail of antenna 1. Scale bar: 100 µm. D. Left antenna 2 and basis-merus of right antenna 2, the arrows show the gland cones, paratype female. Scale bar: 50 µm. E. Labrum, paratype female. Scale bar: 100 µm. F. Labium, paratype female. Scale bar: 50 µm.

FIGURE 1. A in A new genus and species of Ingolfiellidae (Crustacea, Ingolfiellida) from the hyporheic zone in the Sierra de la Ventana, and its biogeographic relevance

FIGURE 1. A. Map of a section of Ventana Stream showing the sampling site where Yacana ventania n. gen. n. sp. was collected. B. Rithronic sector of Ventana Stream showing the different size of clasts where the hyporheic water emerges. C. Sampling of the material.

FIGURE 6. Yacana ventania n. gen. n in A new genus and species of Ingolfiellidae (Crustacea, Ingolfiellida) from the hyporheic zone in the Sierra de la Ventana, and its biogeographic relevance

FIGURE 6. Yacana ventania n. gen. n. sp. A. Left pereiopod 6, paratype female. B. Detail of merus and carpus of left pereiopod 6, paratype female. C. Detail of claw of pereiopod 6, paratype female. D. Left pereiopod 7, paratype female. E. Setation and spines of merus and carpus of female´s pereiopod 7. F. Claw of female's pereiopod 7. Scale bars: Scale bars: 50 µm. G. Left pereiopod 7, allotype male. H. Detail of the arrangement of the setae of male pereiopod 7. I. Claw of male's pereiopod 7. J. Sensory feature of seta, indicated with an arrow on pereiopods 7 of the female and male specimens. Scale bars: 100 µm.

FIGURE 5. Yacana ventania n. gen. n in A new genus and species of Ingolfiellidae (Crustacea, Ingolfiellida) from the hyporheic zone in the Sierra de la Ventana, and its biogeographic relevance

FIGURE 5. Yacana ventania n. gen. n. sp. A. Left pereiopod 3, paratype female. B. Detail of claw of pereiopod 3, paratype female. C. Right pereiopod 4, paratype male. D. Detail of claw of pereiopod 4, paratype male. E. Left pereiopod 5, paratype female. F. Detail of claw of pereiopod 5, paratype female. Scale bars: Scale bars: 50 µm.

opennotspecifiedNov 2023View details →

FIGURE 2 in A new species of the genus Eutyphoeus Michaelsen 1900 (Clitellata: Acanthodrilidae) from the North-Eastern Biogeographic Zone, India

FIGURE 2. Eutyphoeus dhubriensis sp. nov. A. internal anatomy, B. spermathecae, C. Ventral intestinal caecae, D. supraintestinal glands. (am, ampulla; di, diverticulum; gi, gizzard; ic, intestinal caecae; mg, genital marking glands; pg, prostate glands; si, supra-intestinal glands; sv, seminal vesicles; ts, testis).

opennotspecifiedNov 2023View details →

FIGURE 1 in A new species of the genus Eutyphoeus Michaelsen 1900 (Clitellata: Acanthodrilidae) from the North-Eastern Biogeographic Zone, India

FIGURE 1. Eutyphoeus dhubriensis sp. nov. A. ventral view, B. prostomium, C&D. penial setae (gm, genital markings; mp, male pores; ps, penial setae; spp, spermathecal pores).