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11 results for “biosonar”
Dataset accompanying: Echolocation click parameters and biosonar behaviour of the dwarf sperm whale (Kogia sima)
<p>This dataset accompanies the manuscript "Echolocation click parameters and biosonar behaviour of the dwarf sperm whale (<em>Kogia sima</em>)." All source parameters of on-axis clicks are available in MATLAB files, for both the deep water (n=46) and shallow harbour (n=870) datasets. The deep water dataset was collected using a 7-channel vertical hydrophone array in the Bahamas, and the shallow harbour dataset was collected using a single-channel recorder in South Africa. Metadeta explaining the variables are found within the MATLAB files under 'Comments'. Details on data collection, curation and analysis can be found in the Malinka et al., Kogia publication (https://jeb.biologists.org/content/224/6/jeb240689).</p> <p>For comments/questions, please contact chloe.e.malinka [at] bio.au.dk</p>
Sowerby's beaked whale biosonar and movement strategy indicate deep-sea foraging niche differentiation in mesoplodont whales
<p>Closely related species are expected to diverge in foraging strategy, reflecting the evolutionary drive to optimize foraging performance. The most speciose cetacean genus, Mesoplodon, comprises beaked whales with little diversity in external morphology or diet, and overlapping distributions. Moreover, the few studied species of beaked whales (Ziphiidae) show very similar foraging styles with slow, energy-conserving movement during long, deep foraging dives. This raises the question of what factors drive their speciation. Using data from animal-attached tags and aerial imagery, we tested the hypothesis that two similar-sized mesoplodonts, Sowerby's(Mesoplodon bidens) and Blainville's (Mesoplodon densirostris) beaked whales, exploit a similar low-energy niche. We show that, compared with the low-energy strategist Blainville's beaked whale, AQ6 Sowerby's beaked whale lives in the fast lane. While targeting a similar mesopelagic/bathypelagic foraging zone, they consistently swim and hunt faster, perform shorter deep dives, and echolocate at a faster rate and with higher frequency clicks. Further, extensive nearsurface travel between deep dives challenges the interpretation of beaked whale shallow inter-foraging dives as a management strategy for decompression sickness. The distinctively higher frequency echolocation clicks do not hold apparent foraging benefits. Instead, we argue that a high-speed foraging style influences dive duration and echolocation behaviour, enabling access to a distinct prey population. Our results demonstrate that beaked whales exploit a broader diversity of deep-sea foraging and energetic niches than hitherto suspected. The marked deviation of Sowerby's beaked whales from the typical ziphiid foraging strategy has potential implications for their response to anthropogenic sounds, which appears to be strongly behaviourally driven in other ziphiids.</p>
Dataset accompanying: Directional biosonar beams allow echolocating harbour porpoises to actively discriminate and intercept closely-spaced targets
<p>These datasets accompany the manuscript "Directional biosonar beams allow echolocating harbour porpoises to actively discriminate and intercept closely-spaced targets". Three XLSX spreadsheets contain data for trial-specific variables (Dataset A, n=120, used for trial duration, discrimination success, number of scans, buzz duration, range to target at buzz onset, range to target at discrimination), on-axis click candidates (Dataset B, n=1810, used for delta T, delta EL), and true on-axis clicks (Dataset C, n=906, used for SL and bearing calculations). Units of each variable are denoted in the column headers. Details on data collection, curation, and analysis can be found in the Malinka<em> et al</em>. publication ([insert link to DOI once available]).</p> <p>For comments/questions, please contact chloe.e.malinka [at] bio.au.dk</p>
Sowerby’s beaked whale biosonar and movement strategy indicate deep-sea foraging niche differentiation in mesoplodont whales
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The long-range echo scene of the sperm whale biosonar
<p>Sperm whales use their gigantic nose to produce the most powerful sounds in the animal kingdom, presumably to echolocate deep-sea prey at long ranges and possibly to debilitate prey. To test these hypotheses, we deployed sound recording tags (DTAG-4) on the tip of the nose of three sperm whales. One of these recordings yielded over 6000 echo streams from organisms detected up to 144 m ahead of the whale, supporting a long-range prey detection function of the sperm whale biosonar. The whale navigated this complex acoustic scene by maintaining a stable, long-range acoustic gaze suggesting continual resource evaluation. Less than 10% of the echoic organisms recorded by the tag were targeted for capture and only 18% of the buzzes were emitted within the 50 m depth interval of maximum organism encounter rate, demonstrating echo guided prey selection. Buzzes were initiated >20 m from the prey, showing that sperm whales do not debilitate their prey with sound, but trade echo levels for reduced forward masking and rapid updates on prey location in keeping with the lower manoeuvrability of these large predators. We conclude that the powerful biosonar of sperm whales enables long-range echolocation and selection of prey, but not acoustic debilitation.</p>
Biosonar spatial resolution along the distance axis: revisiting the clutter interference zone
Many echolocating bats forage close to vegetation - a chaotic arrangement of prey and foliage where multiple targets are positioned behind one another. Bats excel at determining distance: they measure the delay between outgoing call and returning echo. In their auditory cortex, delay-sensitive neurons form a topographic map, suggesting that bats can resolve echoes of multiple targets along the distance axis - a skill crucial for the forage-amongst-foliage scenario. We tested this hypothesis combining an auditory virtual reality with formal psychophysics: We simulated a prey item embedded in two foliage elements, one in front of and one behind the prey. The simulated spacing between "prey" (target) and "foliage" (maskers) was defined by the inter-masker delay (IMD). We trained Phyllostomus discolor bats to detect the target in the presence of the maskers, systematically varying both loudness and spacing of the maskers. We show that target detection is impaired when maskers are closely spaced (IMD < 1 ms), but remarkably improves when the spacing is increased: the release from masking is about 5 dB for intermediate IMDs (1-3 ms) and increases to over 15 dB for large IMDs (≥ 9 ms). These results are well comparable to earlier work on bats' clutter interference zone (Simmons et al., 1988). They suggest that prey would enjoy considerable acoustic protection from closely spaced foliage, but also that the range resolution of bats would let them "peek into gaps". Our study puts target ranging into a meaningful context and highlights the limitations of computational topographic maps.
The long-range echo scene of the sperm whale biosonar
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Biosonar spatial resolution along the distance axis: revisiting the clutter interference zone
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Data from: Calling louder and longer: how bats use biosonar under severe acoustic interference from other bats
Active-sensing systems such as echolocation provide animals with distinct advantages in dark environments. For social animals, however, like many bat species, active sensing can present problems as well: when many individuals emit bio-sonar calls simultaneously, detecting and recognizing the faint echoes generated by one's own calls amid the general cacophony of the group becomes challenging. This problem is often termed 'jamming' and bats have been hypothesized to solve it by shifting the spectral content of their calls to decrease the overlap with the jamming signals. We tested bats' response in situations of extreme interference, mimicking a high density of bats. We played-back bat echolocation calls from multiple speakers, to jam flying Pipistrellus kuhlii bats, simulating a naturally occurring situation of many bats flying in proximity. We examined behavioural and echolocation parameters during search phase and target approach. Under severe interference, bats emitted calls of higher intensity and longer duration, and called more often. Slight spectral shifts were observed but they did not decrease the spectral overlap with jamming signals. We also found that pre-existing inter-individual spectral differences could allow self-call recognition. Results suggest that the bats' response aimed to increase the signal-to-noise ratio and not to avoid spectral overlap.
Data from: Calling louder and longer: how bats use biosonar under severe acoustic interference from other bats
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Data and code routines for biosonar data
<p>Processed Acoustic data, and plotting routines to visualize them, for the paper titled "A dolphin-inspired compact sonar for underwater acoustic imaging.", Communications Engineering, by Hari Vishnu, Matthias Hoffmann-Kuhnt, Mandar Chitre, Abel Ho and Eszter Matrai.</p> <p>If using this data, please cite the paper above.</p> <p>To obtain the output visualizations for the acoustic data recorded during the echoic-to-visual matching-to-sample trials (plots shown in Figs. 3, 5, and Supplementary Fig. 3 in the paper), run Plot_biosonar_output.m</p> <p>To obtain the output visualizations with biomimetic sonar data (plots shown in Fig. 4 in the paper), run Plot_biomimetic_output.m</p> <p>These perform the template-matching of acoustic outputs with the shading masks (templates), and give the discrimination coefficient in dB, and plot the acoustic outputs (with the option of plotting the shading masks on top).</p> <p>Change the variable to 'Bartlett'/'SA' for Bartlett beamformer output or Sparsity-aware beamformer output, and the variable to SQ/SQset1/SQset2/FF/FFset1/FFset2 as required</p> <p>More details can be found in comments in the code files.</p>
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