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20 results for “body elongation”
Text-fig. 3. Pinaceae, Taxaceae. a: Pinus needle fascicle with 3 needles, UAPC-ALTA S 25088A. b: Pinus needle fascicle with at least 4 needles, UAPC-ALTA S 59496. c: Articulate Pinus seed (section Diploxylon) showing seed body partly detached from wing, BBM-PAL-P000007. d: Winged pinaceous seed with elongate, flattened wing and narrow seed body, BBM-PAL-P000048. e: Another winged pinaceous seed with very narrow seed body, BBM-PAL-P000008. f: Amentotaxus leaf, UAPC-ALTA S S25086A. g: Higher magnification counterpart of (f) showing abaxial (lower) leaf surface with two parallel stomatal bands and tapered leaf tip S 25086B. h: Higher magnification of specimen in (f) showing adaxial (upper) leaf surface with detail of single midvein. Scale bars: a–e, g, h = 1 cm, f = 2 cm. in The Early Eocene Flora Of Horsefly, British Columbia, Canada And Its Phytogeographic Significance
Text-fig. 3. Pinaceae, Taxaceae. a: Pinus needle fascicle with 3 needles, UAPC-ALTA S 25088A. b: Pinus needle fascicle with at least 4 needles, UAPC-ALTA S 59496. c: Articulate Pinus seed (section Diploxylon) showing seed body partly detached from wing, BBM-PAL-P000007. d: Winged pinaceous seed with elongate, flattened wing and narrow seed body, BBM-PAL-P000048. e: Another winged pinaceous seed with very narrow seed body, BBM-PAL-P000008. f: Amentotaxus leaf, UAPC-ALTA S S25086A. g: Higher magnification counterpart of (f) showing abaxial (lower) leaf surface with two parallel stomatal bands and tapered leaf tip S 25086B. h: Higher magnification of specimen in (f) showing adaxial (upper) leaf surface with detail of single midvein. Scale bars: a–e, g, h = 1 cm, f = 2 cm.
Data from: Phylogenomics of elongate-bodied Springtails reveals independent transitions from aboveground to belowground habitats in deep time
<p>Soil has become a major hotspot of biodiversity studies, yet the pattern and timing of the evolution of soil organisms are poorly known because of the scarcity of palaeontological data. To overcome this limitation, we conducted a genome-based macroevolutionary study of an ancient, diversified, and widespread lineage of soil fauna, the elongate-bodied springtails (class Collembola, order Entomobryomorpha). To build the first robust backbone phylogeny of this previously refractory group, we sampled representatives of major higher taxa (6 out of 8 families, 11 out of 16 subfamilies) of the order with an emphasis on the most problematic superfamily Tomoceroidea, applied whole-genome sequencing (WGS) methods, and compared the performance of different combinations of datasets (universal single-copy orthologues/USCO versus ultraconserved elements/UCE) and modelling schemes. The fossil-calibrated timetree was used to reconstruct the evolution of body size, sensory organs, and pigmentation to establish a time frame of the ecomorphological divergences. The resultant trees based on different analyses were congruent in most nodes. Several discordant nodes were carefully evaluated by considering method fitness, morphological information, and topology test. The evaluation favoured the well-resolved topology from analyses using USCO amino acid matrices and complex site-heterogeneous models (CAT+GTR and LG+PMSF (C60)). The preferred topology supports the monophyletic superfamily Tomoceroidea as an early-diverging lineage and a sister relationship between Entomobryoidea and Isotomoidea. The family Tomoceridae was recovered as monophyletic, while Oncopoduridae was recovered as paraphyletic, with <em>Harlomillsia</em> as a sister to Tomoceridae and hence deserving a separate family status as Harlomillsiidae Yu and Zhang <strong>fam. n.</strong> Ancestral Entomobryomorpha were reconstructed as surface-living, supporting independent origins of soil-living groups across the Palaeozoic–Mesozoic, and highlighting the ancient evolutionary interaction between aboveground and belowground fauna.</p>
Text-fig. 10. Progyrolepis heyleri POPLIN, 1999. a: dorsal lobe of the caudal fin with the fulcral scales along the dorsal edge of the lobe, GMC 55, whitened, scale bar 5 mm; b: basal fulcral scales from the dorsal edge of the caudal peduncle, G 123, whitened, scale bar 5 mm; c: fragment of the body of juvenile specimen with dorsal and anal fins, GMC 11, whitened, scale bar 5 mm; d: isolated scales from lateral side of the body, G 123, whitened, scale bar 5 mm; e: ridges on the scale surface, the frame delineates the area illustrated in (f) at higher magnification, G 123, scale bar 500 µm; f: details of the surface with microtubercles, scale bar 50 µm; g: isolated lepidotrichium of an adult specimen with very short and wide segments and with unsegmented basal part, GMC 101, whitened, scale bar 5 mm; h: large conical teeth from the internal row of the maxilla, G 123, scale bar 2 mm; i: microsculpture formed by elliptical proximo-distally elongated protuberances on the large conical tooth, G 123, scale bar 100 µm; j: large conical tooth from the internal row of the maxilla, G 123, scale bar 2 mm; k: microsculpture formed by elliptical proximo-distally elongated protuberances on the large conical tooth, G 123, scale bar 100 µm. in New Actinopterygians From The Permian Of The Brive Basin, And The Ichthyofaunas Of The French Massif Central
Text-fig. 10. Progyrolepis heyleri POPLIN, 1999. a: dorsal lobe of the caudal fin with the fulcral scales along the dorsal edge of the lobe, GMC 55, whitened, scale bar 5 mm; b: basal fulcral scales from the dorsal edge of the caudal peduncle, G 123, whitened, scale bar 5 mm; c: fragment of the body of juvenile specimen with dorsal and anal fins, GMC 11, whitened, scale bar 5 mm; d: isolated scales from lateral side of the body, G 123, whitened, scale bar 5 mm; e: ridges on the scale surface, the frame delineates the area illustrated in (f) at higher magnification, G 123, scale bar 500 µm; f: details of the surface with microtubercles, scale bar 50 µm; g: isolated lepidotrichium of an adult specimen with very short and wide segments and with unsegmented basal part, GMC 101, whitened, scale bar 5 mm; h: large conical teeth from the internal row of the maxilla, G 123, scale bar 2 mm; i: microsculpture formed by elliptical proximo-distally elongated protuberances on the large conical tooth, G 123, scale bar 100 µm; j: large conical tooth from the internal row of the maxilla, G 123, scale bar 2 mm; k: microsculpture formed by elliptical proximo-distally elongated protuberances on the large conical tooth, G 123, scale bar 100 µm.
Text-fig. 42. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of monocolpate pollen of Piercipollis sp. 1 (a–c) from an isolated anther and Piercipollis sp. 2 (d–f) from a coprolite (not shown); Torres Vedras locality, Portugal. a) Narrow elongate anther that yielded the pollen in (b) and (c); b) Distal view of pollen grain showing well-developed reticulum that is only loosely attached to the foot layer; note the smooth foot layer (arrowhead) of a grain from which the reticulum has become detached; c) Reticulum showing the smooth muri and long columellae that are mostly detached from the foot layer; d–f) Pollen grains in distal (d, e), and lateral views (f) showing the very long colpus and the well-developed reticulum only loosely attached to the smooth surface of the foot layer; note the main body of the grains (foot layer) does not fill out the whole space of the reticulum (f). Specimens, TV44-S148218 (a–c), TV142-S170216 (d–f). Scale bars 300 Μm (a), 6 Μm (b, d–f), 3 Μm (c). in The Early Cretaceous Mesofossil Flora Of Torres Vedras (Ne Of Forte Da Forca), Portugal: A Palaeofloristic Analysis Of An Early Angiosperm Community
Text-fig. 42. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of monocolpate pollen of Piercipollis sp. 1 (a–c) from an isolated anther and Piercipollis sp. 2 (d–f) from a coprolite (not shown); Torres Vedras locality, Portugal. a) Narrow elongate anther that yielded the pollen in (b) and (c); b) Distal view of pollen grain showing well-developed reticulum that is only loosely attached to the foot layer; note the smooth foot layer (arrowhead) of a grain from which the reticulum has become detached; c) Reticulum showing the smooth muri and long columellae that are mostly detached from the foot layer; d–f) Pollen grains in distal (d, e), and lateral views (f) showing the very long colpus and the well-developed reticulum only loosely attached to the smooth surface of the foot layer; note the main body of the grains (foot layer) does not fill out the whole space of the reticulum (f). Specimens, TV44-S148218 (a–c), TV142-S170216 (d–f). Scale bars 300 Μm (a), 6 Μm (b, d–f), 3 Μm (c).
Text-fig. 2. Scanning electron microscope (SEM, a, c–f) and synchrotron radiation X-ray tomographic microscopy (SRXTM, b, g) images of the flower of Mugideiriflora portugallica (a, b) and fruits, seeds and pollen of Canrightia resinifera (c–g); Catefica locality, Portugal. a) Oblique, apical view of flower showing multiparted organization with numerous laminar tepals, stamens that are rhomboidal and flattened in transverse section and carpels that are borne on the short conical apex of the receptacle; b) Transverse section (orthoslice xy0800) through basal part of flower showing the elongate bases of the laminar tepals and the flattened rhomboidal bases of the stamens; c) Fruit in lateral view showing irregular surface resulting from the abundant resin bodies in the fruit and hypanthium wall, scars from stamens on the rim of the hypanthium (arrowheads) and the lobed apical stigmatic region (st); d) Broken fruit with one or two seeds missing but showing three pendant, orthotropous seeds with pointed micropylar regions (mi) and a finely pitted crystalliferous endotesta; note the remains of the apical vascular bundles (vb); e) Single seed isolated from a fruit showing two distinct bundles (vb) still attached apically to the chalazal region of the seed, the pointed micropyle (mi) and the finely pitted surface of the crystalliferous endotesta; f) Monocolpate pollen from stigmatic region of fruit showing the long colpus and coarse reticulum; g) Transverse section (orthoslice xy0705) through a fruit showing four seeds all with radially elongated endothelium cells formed from the inner epidermis of the tegmen (asterisks). Specimens, Catefica 150-S174254 (a, b), Catefica 49-S170377 (c), Catefica 49-S170372 (d), Catefica 50-S170401 (e), Catefica 50-S170404 (f), Catefica 50-S174906 (g). Scale bars = 300 Μm (a–e, g), 6 Μm (f). in The Early Cretaceous Mesofossil Flora Of Catefica, Portugal: Angiosperms
Text-fig. 2. Scanning electron microscope (SEM, a, c–f) and synchrotron radiation X-ray tomographic microscopy (SRXTM, b, g) images of the flower of Mugideiriflora portugallica (a, b) and fruits, seeds and pollen of Canrightia resinifera (c–g); Catefica locality, Portugal. a) Oblique, apical view of flower showing multiparted organization with numerous laminar tepals, stamens that are rhomboidal and flattened in transverse section and carpels that are borne on the short conical apex of the receptacle; b) Transverse section (orthoslice xy0800) through basal part of flower showing the elongate bases of the laminar tepals and the flattened rhomboidal bases of the stamens; c) Fruit in lateral view showing irregular surface resulting from the abundant resin bodies in the fruit and hypanthium wall, scars from stamens on the rim of the hypanthium (arrowheads) and the lobed apical stigmatic region (st); d) Broken fruit with one or two seeds missing but showing three pendant, orthotropous seeds with pointed micropylar regions (mi) and a finely pitted crystalliferous endotesta; note the remains of the apical vascular bundles (vb); e) Single seed isolated from a fruit showing two distinct bundles (vb) still attached apically to the chalazal region of the seed, the pointed micropyle (mi) and the finely pitted surface of the crystalliferous endotesta; f) Monocolpate pollen from stigmatic region of fruit showing the long colpus and coarse reticulum; g) Transverse section (orthoslice xy0705) through a fruit showing four seeds all with radially elongated endothelium cells formed from the inner epidermis of the tegmen (asterisks). Specimens, Catefica 150-S174254 (a, b), Catefica 49-S170377 (c), Catefica 49-S170372 (d), Catefica 50-S170401 (e), Catefica 50-S170404 (f), Catefica 50-S174906 (g). Scale bars = 300 Μm (a–e, g), 6 Μm (f).
Data from: Phylogenomics of elongate-bodied Springtails reveals independent transitions from aboveground to belowground habitats in deep time
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Different drivers of diversification for body elongation and limb reduction in convergently snake-like lizards
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Data from: Migrate small, sound big: functional constraints on body size promote tracheal elongation in cranes
Organismal traits often represent the outcome of opposing selection pressures. While social or sexual selection can cause the evolution of traits that constrain function or survival (e.g., ornamental feathers), it is unclear how the strength and direction of selection respond to ecological shifts that increase the severity of the constraint. For example, reduced body size might evolve by natural selection to enhance flight performance in migratory birds, but social or sexual selection favoring large body size may provide a countervailing force. Tracheal elongation is a potential outcome of these opposing pressures because it allows birds to convey an auditory signal of exaggerated body size. We predicted that the evolution of migration in cranes has coincided with a reduction of body size and a concomitant intensification of social or sexual selection for apparent large body size via tracheal elongation. We used a phylogenetic comparative approach to examine the relationships among migration distance, body mass, and trachea length in cranes. As predicted, we found that migration distance correlated negatively with body size and positively with proportional trachea length. This result was consistent with our hypothesis that evolutionary reductions in body size led to intensified selection for trachea length. The most likely ultimate causes of intensified positive selection on trachea length are the direct benefits of conveying a large body size in intraspecific contests for mates and territories. We conclude that the strength of social or sexual selection on crane body size is linked to the degree of functional constraint.
Data from: Different evolutionary pathways lead to incomplete convergence of elongate body shapes in carnivoran mammals
<p><span>Although convergence is often recognized as a ubiquitous feature across the Tree of Life, whether the underlying traits also exhibit similar evolutionary pathways towards convergent forms puzzles biologists. In carnivoran mammals, "elongate," "slender," and "long" are often used to describe and even to categorize mustelids (martens, polecats, and weasels), herpestids (mongooses), viverrids (civets and genets), and other carnivorans together. But just how similar these carnivorans are and whether there is convergence in the morphological component that contribute to elongation has never been assessed. Here, I found that these qualitatively-described elongate carnivorans exhibited incomplete convergence towards elongate bodies compared to other terrestrial carnivorans. In contrast, the morphological components underlying body shape variation do not exhibit convergence despite evidence that these components are more elongate in elongate carnivorans compared to non-elongate carnivorans. Furthermore, these components also exhibited shorter but different phylogenetic half-lives towards more elongate adaptive peaks, indicating that different selective pressures can create multiple pathways to elongation. Incorporating the fossil record will facilitate further investigation of whether body elongation evolved adaptively or if it is simply a retained ancestral trait. </span></p>
Data from: Different evolutionary pathways lead to incomplete convergence of elongate body shapes in carnivoran mammals
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Data from: Shared extremes by ectotherms and endotherms: body elongation in mustelids is associated with small size and reduced limbs
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Data from: Migrate small, sound big: functional constraints on body size promote tracheal elongation in cranes
Open the record for dataset details and reuse information.
Single cell gene expression analysis of zebrafish body elongation
GEO Series GSE173894. Danio rerio. 16 samples. Type: Expression profiling by high throughput sequencing.
Srf is essential for mesodermal cell migration during elongation of the embryonic body axis
GEO Series GSE44406. Mus musculus. 24 samples. Type: Expression profiling by array.
Nr6a1 controls axially-restricted body elongation, patterning and lineage allocation [dataset 2]
GEO Series GSE180426. Mus musculus. 6 samples. Type: Expression profiling by high throughput sequencing.
Nr6a1 controls axially-restricted body elongation, patterning and lineage allocation [dataset 1]
GEO Series GSE179858. Mus musculus. 30 samples. Type: Expression profiling by high throughput sequencing.
The late chromatoid body component TSSK2 associates with translational machinery in elongating spermatids in mice
GEO Series GSE262643. Mus musculus. 4 samples. Type: Other.
Zebrafish sall1a and sall4 contribute to posterior body elongation
GEO Series GSE283823. Danio rerio. 6 samples. Type: Expression profiling by high throughput sequencing.
Gene body H2B1ub regulates RNA Polymerase II pause release and is not needed for transcription elongation
GEO Series GSE69738. Homo sapiens. 18 samples. Type: Expression profiling by high throughput sequencing; Other; Genome binding/occupancy profiling by high throughput sequencing.
The Lin28/let-7 pathway regulates the mammalian caudal body axis elongation program
GEO Series GSE123193. Mus musculus. 10 samples. Type: Expression profiling by high throughput sequencing.
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