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39 results for “body mass estimation”
High-precision body mass estimators for small mammals: A case study in the Mesozoic
<p>Body mass is a pivotal quantity in palaeobiology but must be estimated from an imperfect fossil record. We analyse the precision of skeletal predictors of mammalian body mass as a mean to inform the Mesozoic mammal record, including a new eutriconodont from North America. We focus on the critical small end of the size spectrum – critical because the earliest mammals were small, because small size persisted onto the stems of the major extant radiations, and because small mammals compose a large proportion of crown diversity. Linear regressions based on extant small mammals indicate a universal correlation of body mass with observed measurements, but with clear differences in precision. Postcranial predictors outperform jaw and dental metrics, with certain femoral joint dimensions providing surprisingly precise estimations. Overall, our data indicate small-mammal evolution during the Mesozoic unfolded in patterns of underappreciated complexity. Studying these dynamics is only possible when estimating body mass within a strict, highly focused phylogenetic context. The heuristic value of the estimators we provide here are not limited to the Mesozoic but are phylogenetically justified for any small-bodied mammal regardless of age.</p>
Fig. 4 in Body mass estimation in Triassic cynodonts from Argentina based on limb variables
Fig. 4. Logarithmic scale representation of the body mass ranges of adult forms of amniotes Chañares and Ischigualasto formations, Triassic of Argentina. Body masses for Cynognathia obtained in this work (black silhouettes) compared with other amniotes known from these formations (white silhouettes). Cynodonts Chiniquodon sanjuanensis Martínez and Forster, 1996, and Probainognathus jenseni Romer, 1970; the dicynodont Dinodontosaurus brevirostris Cox, 1968; and archosauriforms Lagerpeton chanarensis Romer, 1971a, Chanaresuchus sp. (includes C. bonapartei Romer, 1971b, and C. ischigualastensis Trotteyn, Martínez and Alcober, 2012), paracrocodylomorphs and the dinosaur Herrerasaurus ischigualastensis Reig, 1963. The horizontal length of the rectangles represents the body mass range for the genus. The silhouettes are not to scale.
Fig. 2 in Body mass estimation in Triassic cynodonts from Argentina based on limb variables
Fig. 2. Measurements used in this work based on Toledo et al. (2014), as illustrated using the 3D model of the left humerus and femur of Andescynodon mendozensis Bonaparte, 1969 (PVL 3894-1) from the Cerro de las Cabras Formation (upper Anisian), Villa de Potrerillos, Mendoza province, Argentina. A. Humerus in anterior (A1) and distal (A2) views. B. Femur in anterior (B1) and distal (B2) views. Scale bars 10 mm.
Fig. 1. Cynognathia phylogeny plotted onto a in Body mass estimation in Triassic cynodonts from Argentina based on limb variables
Fig. 1. Cynognathia phylogeny plotted onto a stratigraphic scale showing the known observed temporal ranges of taxa. Taxa studied in this contribution are in bold. Modified from Hendrickx et al. (2020). Thick dashed lines indicate separation between periods; thin dotted lines indicate separation between ages.
Fig. 5 in Body mass estimation in Triassic cynodonts from Argentina based on limb variables
Fig. 5. Stacked area chart of animal size (after values of the skull length for Therapsida and skull or limb bone lengths, when skull is not preserved, for Archosauromorpha) from the Argentinean Triassic units: Cerro de La Cabras, Río Seco de la Quebrada, Chañares, and Ischigualasto formations. A. Therapsida (Cynodontia plus Dicynodontia). B. Amniota (Therapsida plus Archosauromorpha). Small, maximum skull length below 150 mm; medium, skull length 150–250 mm; large, maximum skull length greater than 250 mm. Fm., Formation.
Fig. 3 in Body mass estimation in Triassic cynodonts from Argentina based on limb variables
Fig. 3. Cynognathians studied in this work (all in anterior views). A. Left humerus of Exaeretodon argentinus Cabrera, 1943 (PVL 2554) from the Ischigualasto Formation (upper Carnian), Hoyada de Ischigualasto, San Juan, Argentina. B. Right humerus (mirrored) of Cynognathus crateronotus Seeley, 1895 (PVL 3859) from the Río Seco de la Quebrada Formation (lower Carnian), Puesto Viejo, Mendoza province, Argentina. C. Left humerus of Andescynodon mendozensis Bonaparte, 1969 (PVL 3894-1) from the Cerro de las Cabras Formation (upper Anisian), Villa de Potrerillos, Mendoza province, Argentina. D. Left humerus of Massetognathus pascuali Romer, 1967 (PVL 5444) from the Chañares Formation (lower Carnian), Campo de Talampaya, La Rioja province, Argentina. E. Right humerus (mirrored) from Pascualgnathus polanskii Bonaparte, 1966 (MLP 65-VI-18-1) from the Río Seco de la Quebrada Formation (lower Carnian), Puesto Viejo, Mendoza province, Argentina. Scale bars 10 mm.
Fig. 3 in Estimating body mass from the astragalus in mammals
Fig. 3. Scatter plots of the best-performing body mass (BM [g]) regressions, based on A, Li1 (mm); B, Ar1 (mm2); C, Ar3 (mm2). The black line indicates the line of best fit, while the dashed lines represent the upper and lower 95% prediction limits.
Fig. 2 in Estimating body mass from the astragalus in mammals
Fig. 2. Comparison of %SEE, %MPE, and %MPE ad-CF arising from the bivariate regression analyses of the 16 astragalar measurements (Li1–9, Ar1–4, and Vo1–3). Abbreviations: ad-CF, adjusted correction factor; MPE, mean percentage prediction error; SEE, standard error of estimate.
Fig. 2 in Body mass estimation in amphicyonid carnivoran mammals: A multiple regression approach from the skull and skeleton
Fig. 2. Osteological measurements used in the regression analyses, illustrated on the bones of a postcranial skeleton of Ursus maritimus. A. Femur in anterior (A1) and lateral (A2) views, and in the posterior (A3), medial (A4), and lateral (A5) views of the distal epiphysis. B. Tibia in anterior (B1) and lateral (B2) views. C. Humerus in anterior (C1) and lateral (C2) views. D. Ulna in anterior (D1) and lateral (D2) views. E. Radius in anterior (E1) and lateral (E2) views. For abbreviations and definitions of measurements, see Table 3.
Fig. 4 in Body mass estimation in amphicyonid carnivoran mammals: A multiple regression approach from the skull and skeleton
Fig. 4. Box plots of the residuals (log−scale) derived from multiple regression functions. A. Residuals derived from the cranium regression. B. Residuals derived from the mandible regression. C. Residuals derived from the radius regression. D. Residuals derived from the ulna regression. E. Residuals derived from the tibia regression F. Residuals derived from the humerus regression. G. Residuals derived from the femur regression. Vertical lines inside the boxes are the medians. Box length is the interquartile range (IQR) and shows the difference between the 75th and 25th percentiles. Horizontal bars include the largest and smallest values (5–95% confidence limits). Black dots are outliers. Dark grey tones represent the family Ursidae and light grey tones the family Canidae.
Fig. 6 in Body mass estimation in amphicyonid carnivoran mammals: A multiple regression approach from the skull and skeleton
Fig. 6. Mean values of body mass (y−axis, log10−scale) estimated for all amphicyonids included in this study. Each amphicyonid species is represented by a symbol positioned at the midpoint of its stratigraphic range (x−axis; data from Hunt 1998, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2009; Peigné et al. 2006). Timescale (in Ma) from Prothero (1998).
Figueirido, B., Pérez−Claros, J.A., Hunt, R.M. Jr., and Palmqvist, P. 2011. Body mass estimation in amphicyonid carnivoran mammals: A multiple regression approach from the skull and skeleton. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 56 (2): 225–246. in Body mass estimation in amphicyonid carnivoran mammals: A multiple regression approach from the skull and skeleton
Figueirido, B., Pérez−Claros, J.A., Hunt, R.M. Jr., and Palmqvist, P. 2011. Body mass estimation in amphicyonid carnivoran mammals: A multiple regression approach from the skull and skeleton. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 56 (2): 225–246.
Fig. 5 in Body mass estimation in amphicyonid carnivoran mammals: A multiple regression approach from the skull and skeleton
Fig. 5. Reconstruction of three extinct beardogs (right column) compared with their presumed analogues or ecomorphs among the living caniforms (left column). A. Ursus arctos. B. Canis lupus. C. Canis latrans. D. Ysengrinia americana. E. Daphoenodon superbus. F. Daphoenus vetus. Note the three different size classes among these caniforms, and the three types of ecomorphs mentioned in the text. Drawings by Óscar San−Isidro.
Fig. 3 in Body mass estimation in amphicyonid carnivoran mammals: A multiple regression approach from the skull and skeleton
Fig. 3. Bivariate plots with the scores of 442 specimens on the bivariate craniodental morphospaces depicted by the first three principal components. A. Morphospace depicted from first (x−axis) and second (y−axis) principal components. B. Morphospace depicted from second (x−axis) and third (y−axis) principal components.
FIGURE 4. Body mass estimate regressions for Agerinia roselli. 1 in New dental material and redescription of Agerinia roselli (Primates, Adapiformes) from Les Saleres (early Eocene, NE Iberian Peninsula)
FIGURE 4. Body mass estimate regressions for Agerinia roselli. 1, derived from the area of the M1; 2, derived from the area of the M2. Black dots represent different molars of A. roselli. Black line indicates regression based on extant prosimian data from Egi et al. (2004).
Fig. 1 in Estimating body mass in New World ''monkeys'' (Platyrrhini, Primates), with a consideration of the Miocene platyrrhine, Chilecebus carrascoensis
Fig. 1. Cladogram from molecular phylogenies (Canavez et al., 1999; von Dornum and Ruvolo, 1999) of platyrrhine primates used in the phylogenetically corrected regressions of body mass on morphometric variables. This cladogram is a synthetic topology of these two phylogenetic analyses. The topologies for the two analyses were congruent for overlapping taxa, with two exceptions. First the Callicebus/Cacjao/ Chiropotes/Pitehca clade was basal to all other Platyrrhini in von Dornum and Ruvolo (1999), but was allied with the Ateles/Bachyteles/Lagothrix/Allouata clade in Canavez et al. (1999). Second, Aotus was allied with Saimiri and Cebus in Canvez et al. (1999), but left in an unresolved polytomy in von Dornum and Ruvolo (1999). Therefore both nodes are conservatively left in polytomies here.
Active season body mass patterns of Little Brown Bats and Northern Myotis: Raw and fitted mass values, environmental conditions and inflection point estimates
<p><span>Animals are expected to adjust their behavioural patterns to improve fitness outcomes, such as fecundity or offspring survival. For long-lived hibernators, decisions made in each annual cycle may reflect considerations not just for concurrent survival and reproduction, but also the pressure to maximize overwinter survival and future reproductive success. We examined how these elements manifest themselves in the body mass variation patterns of North American northern latitude temperate bats, whose size and roosting habits present considerable monitoring challenges. We characterized and compared the summer and fall mass variation patterns of little brown myotis (<em>Myotis lucifugus</em>) and northern myotis (<em>M. septentrionalis</em></span><span>) from a historic dataset. In summer, the estimated date of parturition was strongly associated with spring foraging conditions (low wind, low precipitation, warm temperatures), and mass gain associated with female reproduction conferred considerable differentiation between the mass variation patterns of females and males. In fall, differences were most apparent among species, although adults exhibited a greater capacity for rapid mass gain than juveniles. These results demonstrate how reproductive constraints and interannual survival have important influences on the behaviour of temperate bats. Future work should seek to quantify the fitness benefits of patterns identified in this study, such as the rate of prehibernation mass gain.</span></p>
Dataset for: On the estimation of body mass in temnospondyls: A case study using the large-bodied Eryops and Paracyclotosaurus
<p>Temnospondyli are a morphologically varied and ecologically diverse clade of tetrapods that survived for over 200 million years. The body mass of temnospondyls is a key variable in inferring their ecological, physiological, and biomechanical attributes. However, estimating the body mass of these extinct creatures has proven difficult because the group has no extant descendants. Here we apply a wide range of body mass estimation techniques developed for tetrapods to the iconic temnospondyls <em>Paracyclotosaurus davidi</em> and <em>Eryops megacephalus</em>. These same methods are also applied to a collection of extant organisms that serve as ecological and morphological analogues. These include the giant salamanders <em>Andrias japonicus</em> and <em>Andrias davidianus</em>, the tiger salamander <em>Ambystoma tigrinum</em>, the California newt <em>Taricha torosa,</em> and the saltwater crocodile, <em>Crocodylus porosus</em>. We find that several methods can provide accurate mass estimations across this range of living taxa, suggesting their suitability for estimating the body masses of temnospondyls. Based on this, we estimate the mass of <em>Paracyclotosaurus</em> was between 159 and 365 kg, and <em>Eryops</em> was between 102 and 222 kg. These findings provide a basis for examining body size evolution in this clade across their entire temporal span.</p>
Active season body mass patterns of Little Brown Bats and Northern Myotis: Raw and fitted mass values, environmental conditions and inflection point estimates
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Leveraging functional morphology to increase accuracy of body mass estimation: A study using canids
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