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FIGURE 3 in Body shape and robustness response to water flow during development of brown trout Salmo trutta parr

FIGURE 3 Mass–standard length (M–LS) relationships (MLR) determined for exercised () and control () Salmo trutta cohorts over 0–32 weeks from treatment initiation. Each cohort included LS00 individuals (n = 6) as a common origin

FIGURE 1 in Body shape and robustness response to water flow during development of brown trout Salmo trutta parr

FIGURE 1 (a) Landmark positions () on Salmo trutta parr that were digitised twice and then averaged to minimize measurement error. (b) Shape changes associated with principal components (PCs) 1–3. PCs were derived from a between-group PC analysis of Procrustes superimposed landmarks., Consensus shape with numbered landmark positions;, Shape changes associated with each PC. Shape changes are scaled to observed PC scores: Left hand side shape changes (back outlines) are scaled to the minimum value observed across the sample on each respective PC (shown below the image) and right hand side shape changes (black outlines) are scaled to the maximum value observed across the sample on each respective PC. PC1 describes a change in head size, PC2 describes dorso-ventral arching of the body and PC3 describes changes in overall robustness and body depth

Caudal fin area: body length ratio (A:L 2; mean..) FIGURE 5 CF s S E measured from photographs of Salmo trutta parr at 20 and 32 weeks after exercise treatment initiation. A:L 2 values between the two CF s groups were significantly different (Welch's two sample t- test p <0.05) in Body shape and robustness response to water flow during development of brown trout Salmo trutta parr

Caudal fin area: body length ratio (A:L 2; mean..) FIGURE 5 CF s S E measured from photographs of Salmo trutta parr at 20 and 32 weeks after exercise treatment initiation. A:L 2 values between the two CF s groups were significantly different (Welch's two sample t- test p <0.05)

F I G U R E 5 in Length-weight relationships of 55 mesopelagic fishes from the eastern tropical North Atlantic: Across- and within-species variation (body shape, growth stanza, condition factor)

F I G U R E 5 Log–log plot of the relative condition factor (Krel) vs. standard length (cm) calculated from length–weight relationships (LWRs) of the species (a) Argyropelecus affinis, (b) Argyropelecus sladeni, (c) Ceratoscopelus warmingii, (d) Diaphus dumerilii, (e) Electrona risso, (f) Lampanyctus nobilis, (g) Lepidophanes guentheri, (h) Notoscopelus resplendens and (i) Scopelogadus mizolepis (Table 3). Geographic regions are indicated by linetype, symbol and colour (EQ–C, dotted line, dark-blue square; EQ–N, two-dashed line, turquoise triangle; LO–E, solid line, red circle; LO–W, dashed line, violet diamond). If present, vertical dashed grey line indicates breakpoint in the LWR estimated by segmented regression analysis (cf. Table 2)

F I G U R E 1 in Length-weight relationships of 55 mesopelagic fishes from the eastern tropical North Atlantic: Across- and within-species variation (body shape, growth stanza, condition factor)

F I G U R E 1 Stations in the eastern low-oxygen (LO–E), western low-oxygen (LO–W), northern equatorial (EQ–N) and central equatorial (EQ–C) regions of the eastern tropical North Atlantic sampled in this study

FIGURE 2 in Body shape and robustness response to water flow during development of brown trout Salmo trutta parr

FIGURE 2 (a) Principal component (PC) () C00, () C04, () C10, () C20, () C32, () E04, () E10, () E20, and () E32 and (b) linear discriminant (LD) scores for Salmo trutta treatment groups (C, control; E, exercise) across experimental weeks (i.e., age 00 (control sample before treatment initiation) to 32 (32 weeks of treatment); n = 6 individuals per group). PC1 and PC3, derived from a between-group PC analysis of Procrustes superimposed landmarks corrected for the arching artefact (PC2). LD1 and LD2, derived from a LD analysis on the corrected principal component scores. Ellipses demarcate 95% confidence intervals; O, group centroids. N.B. The change of direction for head size on LD1 resulting from a negative association with PC1 (see Table 2)

FIGURE 4 in Body shape and robustness response to water flow during development of brown trout Salmo trutta parr

FIGURE 4 Box plots showing median (), 25th–75th percentiles () and range () of Salmo trutta condition at length (KÞ for exercised () and control () Salmo trutta cohorts across the experimental period (i.e., age) weeks 4–32 after treatment initiation (n = 6 per group). *, significant differences of pairwise least-squares means between exercised and control cohorts; different lower-case letters (black, exercise; grey, control) denote significant differences of pairwise least-squares means within treatments across the experimental period

F I G U R E 4 in Length-weight relationships of 55 mesopelagic fishes from the eastern tropical North Atlantic: Across- and within-species variation (body shape, growth stanza, condition factor)

F I G U R E 4 Distribution of form factor a3.0 for 55 mesopelagic species related to (a) body shape, (b) taxonomic family and (c) species. Form factor calculated from Equation 2 using across-species slope of S = 1.358 based on 1223 fish species presented in equation 17 in Froese (2006)

F I G U R E 3 in Length-weight relationships of 55 mesopelagic fishes from the eastern tropical North Atlantic: Across- and within-species variation (body shape, growth stanza, condition factor)

F I G U R E 3 Scatter plot of mean log a (SL) over mean b for 55 mesopelagic species with information on body shape. Body shape:, elongated;, fusiform;, short-deep

F I G U R E 2 in Length-weight relationships of 55 mesopelagic fishes from the eastern tropical North Atlantic: Across- and within-species variation (body shape, growth stanza, condition factor)

F I G U R E 2 Frequency distribution of (a) mean log a (binwidth 0.2) and (b) mean exponent b (binwidth 0.1) based on 55 records (measured in centimetres and grams) of mesopelagic species of the eastern tropical North Atlantic during cruise WH383

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Shaped by the sun: the effect of exposure to sunlight on the evolution of spider bodies

Body temperature strongly influences fitness. Some sun-exposed ectotherms thermoregulate by adjusting body posture according to the sun's position. To evaluate the impact of body shape, size and posture on body temperature, we first built a model combining traditional heat transfer models with models of thermoregulatory postures in spiders. The model indicates that both body size and shape determine thermoregulation efficiency by affecting heat gain via solar irradiance. These estimates corroborate previous empirical studies on spider thermoregulation. We then coupled meteorological data to our heat transfer model. The model predicts that body elongation in large orb-web spiders decreases the risk of high body temperatures. Lastly, we measured the elongation of orb-web spiders across 1,024 species and found that sun-exposed species evolved more elongate bodies than sun-protected species. Overall, our results suggest that thermoregulation influenced the evolution of body shapes of orb-web spiders.

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Data and analysis from: Body mass, temperature, and depth shape the maximum intrinsic rate of population increase in sharks and rays

An important challenge in ecology is to understand variation in species' maximum intrinsic rate of population increase, 𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑥, not least because 𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑥 underpins our understanding of the limits of fishing, recovery potential, and ultimately extinction risk. Across many vertebrate species, terrestrial and aquatic, body mass and environmental temperature are important correlates of 𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑥. In sharks and rays, specifically, 𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑥 is known be lower in larger species, but also in deep-sea ones. We use an information-theoretic approach that accounts for phylogenetic relatedness to evaluate the relative importance of body mass, temperature and depth on 𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑥. We show that both temperature and depth have separate effects on shark and ray 𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑥 estimates, such that species living in deeper waters have lower 𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑥. Furthermore, temperature also correlates with changes in the mass scaling coefficient, suggesting that as body size increases, decreases in 𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑥 are much steeper for species in warmer waters. These findings suggest that there are (as-yet understood) depth-related processes that limit the maximum rate at which populations can grow in deep sea sharks and rays. While the deep ocean is associated with colder temperatures, other factors that are independent of temperature, such as food availability and physiological constraints, may influence the low 𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑥 observed in deep sea sharks and rays. Our study lays the foundation for predicting the intrinsic limit of fishing, recovery potential, and extinction risk species based on easily accessible environmental information such as temperature and depth, particularly for data-poor species. This repository contains the data and a minimum working example of the model-fitting process used for the article "Body mass, temperature, and depth shape productivity in sharks and rays", which is currently in press at Ecology and Evolution.

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Text-fig. 17. Aeduellidae. Scale bars 5 mm. a: the scales of oblong shape on the lateral side of the body, locality Otovice "Stěnava", DP 4307, whitened; b: drawing of the scales with fine denticles on their posterior edge, locality Otovice "Stěnava", DP 4307; c, d: drawing and photograph (whitened) of the scales of lateral side of the body, two times large scales occur in the rows 14, 16, 17, 19 (they are marked with arrows), locality Otovice "Černý potok", NM-M 4912; e: lepidotrichia of the anal fin with sigmoidal sutures between the segments (marked by arrows), locality Otovice, NM-M 4931, whitened; f: anterior edge of the dorsal fin and lepidotrichia with sigmoidal sutures between the segments, locality Otovice "Stěnava", DP 4307, whitened; g: anterior edge of the ventral lobe of the caudal fin, locality Otovice, NM-M 4931, whitened; h: the caudal peduncle with begin of bifurcation of the dorsal and ventral lobes of the caudal fin, locality Otovice, NM-M 4931. in Actinopterygians Of The Broumov Formation (Permian) In The Czech Part Of The Intra-Sudetic Basin (The Czech Republic)

Text-fig. 17. Aeduellidae. Scale bars 5 mm. a: the scales of oblong shape on the lateral side of the body, locality Otovice "Stěnava", DP 4307, whitened; b: drawing of the scales with fine denticles on their posterior edge, locality Otovice "Stěnava", DP 4307; c, d: drawing and photograph (whitened) of the scales of lateral side of the body, two times large scales occur in the rows 14, 16, 17, 19 (they are marked with arrows), locality Otovice "Černý potok", NM-M 4912; e: lepidotrichia of the anal fin with sigmoidal sutures between the segments (marked by arrows), locality Otovice, NM-M 4931, whitened; f: anterior edge of the dorsal fin and lepidotrichia with sigmoidal sutures between the segments, locality Otovice "Stěnava", DP 4307, whitened; g: anterior edge of the ventral lobe of the caudal fin, locality Otovice, NM-M 4931, whitened; h: the caudal peduncle with begin of bifurcation of the dorsal and ventral lobes of the caudal fin, locality Otovice, NM-M 4931.

Fig. 5 in Geometric morphometric analysis of cyclical body shape changes in color pattern variants of Cichla temensis Humboldt, 1821 (Perciformes: Cichlidae) demonstrates reproductive energy allocation

Fig. 5. Relative mean GSI vs. relative mean HSI of color pattern variants of Cichla temensis. Points for GSI represent the mean value for each CPV grade as compared to the range encountered. Points for HSI represent the mean value for each CPV grade compared to the range encountered.

Fig. 3 in Geometric morphometric analysis of cyclical body shape changes in color pattern variants of Cichla temensis Humboldt, 1821 (Perciformes: Cichlidae) demonstrates reproductive energy allocation

Fig. 3. Biplot of the uniform components in each direction (UniX and UniY) of morphometrical differences in 80 specimens of Cichla temensis in 4 color variation patterns (CPV) as measured by 9 Thin Plate Spline (TPS) distortion variables (V1-V9). Colored numbers indicate the CPV grade of individuals. The total spread of scores among individuals of each CPV are indicated by an envelope (solid line polygon) calculated as the minimum convex hull for that group. Position in the plot relative to other individuals indicates the degree of similarity in morph. Vectors point in the direction of gradient change for that TPS variable and the magnitude indicates the strength of the gradient. Angles between vectors indicate the TPS interset correlations.

Fig. 8 in Populations of Odontesthes (Teleostei: Atheriniformes) in the Andean region of Southern South America: body shape and hybrid individuals

Fig. 8. Geometric Morphometric Analysis applied to O. hatcheri individuals. Left: plot of DF3 vs. DF2 showing means and 95% confidence intervals by sampling sites (locality labels as in Fig. 1) NIHL (white triangle), CDP (black circle), 7: PELE (gray square), PDA (black triangle), MITO (black diamond), CARI (white square), EPU (black and white diamond), RIV (gray circle), ROS (white diamond), AME (black square), CHU (gray diamond), MUS (gray triangle), LBA (white circle), and PUY (white triangle). Right: deformation grids correspond to a relative warps analysis involving only CDP, PDA, and NIHL and PUY. Arrowheads indicate displacement of landmarks relative to consensus. Shaded area remarks relative position of landmarks 5 (anterior insertion of the first dorsal fin) and 12 (distal tip of the pelvic fin onto fish body).

Fig. 6 in Populations of Odontesthes (Teleostei: Atheriniformes) in the Andean region of Southern South America: body shape and hybrid individuals

Fig. 6. Probability for taxonomically identified Odontesthes hatcheri individuals of being O. hatcheri (left) and probability of taxonomically identified O. bonariensis individuals of being O. bonariensis (right). Number of fish, median, quartiles, and data outside 10 and 90th percentile are indicated. Water bodies are named as in Fig. 1.

Fig. 5 in Populations of Odontesthes (Teleostei: Atheriniformes) in the Andean region of Southern South America: body shape and hybrid individuals

Fig. 5. Morphometric differences between species. DF1 and residual DF2 (of the regression of DF2 versus Standard length) vs. Standard length (SL). Odontesthes bonariensis (white circle), O. hatcheri (black circle), and presumptive hybrids (gray circle).

Fig. 4 in Populations of Odontesthes (Teleostei: Atheriniformes) in the Andean region of Southern South America: body shape and hybrid individuals

Fig. 4. Geometric Morphometric Analysis applied to Odontesthes individuals. RW2 versus RW1 and deformation grids (tied to group means) for Odontesthes bonariensis (white circle), O. hatcheri (black circle) and presumptive hybrids (gray circle). Arrowheads indicate displacement of landmarks relative to consensus. Shaded area shows relative position of landmarks 5 (anterior insertion of the first dorsal fin) and 12 (distal tip of the pelvic fin onto fish body).