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FIG. 13 in A nearly complete skeleton of the oldest definitive erycine boid (Messel, Germany)

FIG. 13. — Inner ear of HLMD-Me 9723, holotype of Rageryx schmidi n. gen., n. sp. Semitransparent skull for orientation, showing location of left and right bony labyrinth, with inset showing enlarged right inner ear. Scale bar: 1 mm.

FIG. 11 in A nearly complete skeleton of the oldest definitive erycine boid (Messel, Germany)

FIG. 11. — Vertebrae: A, posterior trunk vertebra (precloacal vertebra number 200) of Lichanura trivirgata SMF-PH 21; B, posterior trunk vertebra of HLMD-Me 9723, holotype of Rageryx schmidi n. gen., n. sp.; C-E, anterior, middle and distal caudal vertebrae of HLMD-Me 9723, holotype of Rageryx schmidi n. gen., n. sp.; F, distal caudal vertebra of Lichanura trivirgata CM 145332. Views: dorsal, ventral, left lateral, anterior, posterior. Scale bar: A, F, 2 mm; B-E, 1 mm.

FIG. 12 in A nearly complete skeleton of the oldest definitive erycine boid (Messel, Germany)

FIG. 12. — Phylogenetic relationships of Rageryx schmidi n. gen., n. sp.: A, strict consensus of 176 equally most-parsimonious trees; bootstrap percentages>50% are shown above branches; B, majority-rule consensus of 15 000 trees from standard Bayesian analysis. Posterior probabilities are shown above branches.

FIG. 9 in A nearly complete skeleton of the oldest definitive erycine boid (Messel, Germany)

FIG. 9. — Dentary: A-D, left dentary of HLMD-Me 9723, holotype of Rageryx schmidi n. gen., n. sp., in dorsal, ventral, lateral, and medial views, respectively; E-G, left dentary of Eryx johnii BM 1930.5.8.31 in dorsal, lateral, and medial views, respectively; H-J, left dentary of Lichanura trivirgata CM 145332 in dorsal, lateral, and medial views, respectively. Scale bar: A-D, 1 mm; E-J, 2 mm.

FIG. 7 in A nearly complete skeleton of the oldest definitive erycine boid (Messel, Germany)

FIG. 7. — Pterygoid: A, B, left pterygoid of HLMD-Me 9723, holotype of Rageryx schmidi n. gen., n. sp., in dorsal and ventral views, respectively; C, D, right pterygoid of HLMD-Me 9723, holotype of Rageryx schmidi n. gen., n. sp., in dorsal and ventral views, respectively; E, F, left pterygoid of Eryx johnii BM 1930.5.8.31 in dorsal and ventral views, respectively; G, H, left pterygoid of Lichanura trivirgata CM 145332 in dorsal and ventral views, respectively. Scale bar: A-D, 1 mm; E-H, 2 mm.

FIG. 8 in A nearly complete skeleton of the oldest definitive erycine boid (Messel, Germany)

FIG. 8. — Ectopterygoid: A-D, left ectopterygoid of HLMD-Me 9723, holotype of Rageryx schmidi n. gen., n. sp., in dorsal, ventral, lateral, and medial views, respectively; E, F, right ectopterygoid (mirrored) of Eryx jayakari BM 1909.10.15.8 in dorsal and ventral views, respectively; G-I, left ectopterygoid of Lichanura trivirgata CM 145332 in dorsal, ventral, and medial views, respectively. Scale bar: A-D, 1 mm; E-I, 2 mm.

FIG. 6 in A nearly complete skeleton of the oldest definitive erycine boid (Messel, Germany)

FIG. 6. — Prootic: A-C, left prootic of HLMD-Me 9723, holotype of Rageryx schmidi n. gen., n. sp., in lateral, medial, and ventral views, respectively. A small portion of the parietal is probably artifactually associated here (blurred), but a more precise separation is not possible; D-F, left prootic of Eryx johnii BM 1930.5.8.31 in lateral, medial, and ventral views, respectively; G-I, left prootic of Lichanura trivirgata CM 145332 in lateral, medial, and ventral views, respectively. Scale bar: A-C, 1 mm; D-I, 2 mm.

FIG. 4 in A nearly complete skeleton of the oldest definitive erycine boid (Messel, Germany)

FIG. 4. — Frontal: A-D, left frontal of HLMD-Me 9723, holotype of Rageryx schmidi n. gen., n. sp., in dorsal, ventral, lateral, and anterior views, respectively; E-H, left frontal of Eryx johnii BM 1930.5.8.31 in dorsal, ventral, lateral, and anterior views, respectively; I-L, left frontal of Lichanura trivirgata CM 145332 in dorsal, ventral, lateral, and anterior views, respectively. Scale bar: A-D, 1 mm; E-L, 2 mm.

FIG. 1 in A nearly complete skeleton of the oldest definitive erycine boid (Messel, Germany)

FIG. 1. — HLMD-Me 9723, holotype of Rageryx schmidi n. gen., n. sp.: A, photograph of whole specimen; B, photograph of skull (coated with ammonium chloride) in dorsal view; C, 3D rendering of skull, based on CT scan, in ventral view; D, photograph of tail (coated with ammonium chloride) in roughly dorsal view; E, 3D rendering of tail, based on CT scan, in roughly ventral view. Scale bars: A, 2 cm; B-E, 1 cm.

FIG. 3 in A nearly complete skeleton of the oldest definitive erycine boid (Messel, Germany)

FIG. 3. — Nasal: A-E, left nasal of HLMD-Me 9723, holotype of Rageryx schmidi n. gen., n. sp., in dorsal, ventral, anterior, posterior, and lateral views, respectively; F-J, left nasal of Eryx johnii BM 1930.5.8.31 in dorsal, ventral, anterior, posterior, and lateral views, respectively; K-O, united left and right nasals of Lichanura trivirgata CM 145332 in dorsal, ventral, anterior, posterior, and lateral views, respectively. Scale bar: A-E, 1 mm; F-O, 2 mm.

FIG. 5 in A nearly complete skeleton of the oldest definitive erycine boid (Messel, Germany)

FIG. 5. — Parabasisphenoid: A-C, parabasisphenoid of HLMD-Me 9723, holotype of Rageryx schmidi n. gen., n. sp., in dorsal, ventral, and left lateral views, respectively. Portions of the parietal that articulated with the basisphenoid wings are probably artifactually associated here (blurred), but a more precise separation is not possible; D-F, parabasisphenoid of Eryx johnii BM 1930.5.8.31 in dorsal, ventral, and left lateral views, respectively; G-I, parabasisphenoid of Lichanura trivirgata CM 145332 in dorsal, ventral, and left lateral views, respectively. Scale bar: A-C, 1 mm; D-I, 2 mm.

FIG. 2 in A nearly complete skeleton of the oldest definitive erycine boid (Messel, Germany)

FIG. 2. — Maxilla: A-C, left maxilla of HLMD-Me 9723, holotype of Rageryx schmidi n. gen., n. sp., in dorsal, lateral and medial views, respectively; D-F, left maxilla of Eryx jaculus (Tü-VI.1935) in dorsal, lateral and medial views, respectively; G-I, left maxilla of Lichanura trivirgata (CM 145332) in dorsal, lateral and medial views, respectively. Scale bar: A-C, 1 mm; D-I, 2 mm.

Figure 3 in Systematic revision of the early Miocene fossil Pseudoepicrates (Serpentes: Boidae): implications for the evolution and historical biogeography of the West Indian boid snakes (Chilabothrus)

Figure 3. Paratypes attributed to P. stanolseni (MCZ 1977). Letters A–D denote the specimens. Anatomical views of the vertebrae are sorted in each column. Abbreviations are given in the relevant section. Scale bar: 5 mm.

Figure 4 in Systematic revision of the early Miocene fossil Pseudoepicrates (Serpentes: Boidae): implications for the evolution and historical biogeography of the West Indian boid snakes (Chilabothrus)

Figure 4. Comparison of the neural spine morphology between Chilabothrus, Epicrates and the fossils from Thomas Farm. Only mid-precloacal vertebrae are figured here. A, articulated vertebrae of Chilabothrus inornatus (AMNH 70023); B, articulated vertebrae of Chilabothrus striatus strigilatus (AMNH 70263); C, articulated vertebrae of Chilabothrus angulifer (AMNH 77596); D, paratype of N. barbouri (MCZ 1978) (= Pseudoepicrates); E, paratype of P. stanolseni (MCZ 1977); F, P. stanolseni (MCZ 2417); G, Epicrates crassus (MCN PV DR 003); H, Epicrates cenchria (MCN PV DR 002); I, Chilabothrus angulifer (AMNH 77596); J, P. stanolseni (MCZ 2417); and K, Epicrates cenchria (MCN PV DR 002). In (A–H) lateral and (I–K) dorsal views. Scale bar: 5 mm.

Figure 6 in Systematic revision of the early Miocene fossil Pseudoepicrates (Serpentes: Boidae): implications for the evolution and historical biogeography of the West Indian boid snakes (Chilabothrus)

Figure 6. Selected examples of the extant comparative material used in the study. A, midtrunk vertebra of Chilabothrus angulifer (AMNH R 77596); B, midtrunk vertebra of Chilabothrus cf C. inornatus from the Pleistocene of Cuba (AMNH 7709); C, midtrunk vertebra of 'barbouri' (previous holotype MCZ 1978); D, midtrunk vertebra of Boa constrictor (MCN.D. 344); and E, midtrunk vertebra of Epicrates cenchria (MCN PV DR 002). Anatomical views of the vertebrae are sorted in column at the lower portion of the image. Scale bar: 5 mm.

Figure 5 in Systematic revision of the early Miocene fossil Pseudoepicrates (Serpentes: Boidae): implications for the evolution and historical biogeography of the West Indian boid snakes (Chilabothrus)

Figure 5. Paratypes previously attributed to N. barbouri (= Pseudoepicrates). Letters A–D denotes the specimens. Anatomical views of the vertebrae are sorted above each image. Abbreviations are given in the relevant section.

Figure 10. A in Systematic revision of the early Miocene fossil Pseudoepicrates (Serpentes: Boidae): implications for the evolution and historical biogeography of the West Indian boid snakes (Chilabothrus)

Figure 10. A, calibrated phylogenetic hypothesis of Reynolds et al. (2013). Blue dot: the estimated age of divergence of the group [(Chilabothrus) + (Epicrates + Eunectes)] at ~30.0 Mya. Red dot: the estimate age for origin of the genus Chilabothrus at ~22 Mya. The dashed line shows the age of the site of Chilabothrus stanolseni comb. nov. ~18.5 Mya, marking the oldest record of the genus. B, schematic map of the early Miocene showing the biogeographical dispersion and diversification of the genus Chilabothrus. Red arrow: probable route of dispersion via Northern South America, which is here considered the most likely based on multiple lines of evidence, including genetic divergence, oceanic current patterns, incidence of vertebrates taxa and estimated dispersal time of initial dispersion ~22 Mya (Hedges, 1996, 2001; Reynolds et al., 2013). Green arrow: alternative route of dispersion to the West Indian Island complex from the Central America, estimate dispersal time of ~22 Mya (Hedges, 1996). Pink arrow: route of dispersion from North America, hypothesis based on Tolson (1987) due to the presence of Pseudoepicrates, considered unlikely here. Orange arrow: second dispersal event of Chilabothrus stanolseni comb. nov. to the North American Territory from the West Indies (estimated age of at least ~18.5 Mya). Blue arrow: dispersion throughout the West Indies' island complex, prefacing the diversification of the current extant species of the insular complex (estimated age since ~22 Mya to the Holocene). Hypothesis adapted from Reynolds et al. (2013). Paleomap reconstruction based on Scotese (2010).

Figure 9 in Systematic revision of the early Miocene fossil Pseudoepicrates (Serpentes: Boidae): implications for the evolution and historical biogeography of the West Indian boid snakes (Chilabothrus)

Figure 9. Comparison between the holotype of P. stanolseni MCZ 1977 and an anterior vertebra of B. constrictor MCN. D. 333. Note differences such as the neural spine orientation; the presence of epizygapophyseal process in B. constrictor; the zygosphene roof morphology; and the shallow posterodorsal notch of P. stanolseni. Abbreviations are given in the relevant section. Scale bar: 5 mm.

Figure 1 in Systematic revision of the early Miocene fossil Pseudoepicrates (Serpentes: Boidae): implications for the evolution and historical biogeography of the West Indian boid snakes (Chilabothrus)

Figure 1. Mid-precloacal vertebra of Boa constrictor (MCN.D. 344). A, showing the anatomical features and terminology adopted in the work. Abbreviations are given in the relevant section. B, quantitative proportions and measurements employed in the present work. Anatomical views of the vertebra is present below each image. Scale bar: 10 mm.

Figure 2 in Systematic revision of the early Miocene fossil Pseudoepicrates (Serpentes: Boidae): implications for the evolution and historical biogeography of the West Indian boid snakes (Chilabothrus)

Figure 2. Isolated precloacal vertebrae attributed to Pseudoepicrates stanolseni. A, anterior precloacal vertebra MCZ 1977; B, schematic drawing outline of MCZ 1977 (holotype) evidencing its morphological structures; C, mid-precloacal vertebra of MCZ 1978 'barbouri' material; D, schematic drawing outline of MCZ 1978 evidencing its morphological structures. Anatomical views of the vertebrae are sorted in each column. Scale bar: 5 mm. Abbreviations in the anatomical abbreviations' section.