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Supplementary data for "Armored with skin and bone: A combined histological and µCT study of the exceptional integument of the Antsingy leaf chameleon Brookesia perarmata (Angel, 1933)"
<p>This project contains the supplementary µCT-scans of the whole body and a lateral flank integumentary armor of <em>Brookesia perarmata</em> (Angel, 1933) (Squamata: Iguania: Chamaeleonidae) belonging to the following publication:</p> <p>Schucht P, Rühr PT, Geier B, Glaw F & M LAmbertz (<strong>2020</strong>): Armored with skin and bone: A combined histological and µCT study of the exceptional integument of the Antsingy leaf chameleon <em>Brookesia perarmata</em> (Angel, 1933). <em>Journal of Morphology</em>. doi: <a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/jmor.21135">10.1002/jmor.21135</a>.</p> <p> </p> <p><strong>Whole body scan:</strong></p> <ul> <li>specimen: ZSM 17/2006, Zoologische Staatssammlung München</li> <li>machine: phoenix nanotom m (GE Measurement & Control)</li> <li>scan settings: <ul> <li>tube voltage = 110 kV</li> <li>ube current = 70 μA</li> <li>target = tungsten</li> <li>no filter</li> <li>total sample rotation = 360°</li> <li>angular step size = 0.24°</li> <li>exposure time = 750 ms</li> <li>binning = 1</li> <li>averaging = 4</li> <li>voxel size = 37.8 μm</li> </ul> </li> <li>filename: Schucht_B_perarmata_whole.tif</li> </ul> <p> </p> <p><strong>Lateral flank integumentary armor scan:</strong></p> <ul> <li>specimen: ZSM 862/2000, Zoologische Staatssammlung München</li> <li>machine: Skyscan 1272 device (Bruker microCT)</li> <li>scan settings: <ul> <li>tube voltage = 70 kV</li> <li>ube current = 142 μA</li> <li>target = tungsten</li> <li>filter = Al 0.5 mm</li> <li>total sample rotation = 180°</li> <li>angular step size = 0.19°</li> <li>exposure time = 1925 ms</li> <li>binning = 2x2</li> <li>averaging = 8</li> <li>random movement = 15</li> <li>voxel size = 4.4 μm</li> </ul> </li> <li>filename: Schucht_B_perarmata_osteoderm.tif</li> </ul>
FIGURE 5 in Growth and limb bone histology of aetosaurs and phytosaurs from the Late Triassic Krasiejów locality (sw Poland) reveals strong environmental inFluence on growth pattern
FIGURE 5 Histological growth of the aetosaur Stagonolepis olenkae on the example of the humerus UOPB 00120 (A-H). Pictures A, C, E and H were taken under normal transmitted light and pictures B, D, and F-G were taken under polarized light. Scale bars represent 1 cm for specimen A, 100 micrometres for specimens B-C, and 500 micrometres for specimens D-H. Abbreviations: eb = endosteal bone, ec = erosion cavity, hpfb = higher organized parallel-fibered bone, lpfb = lower organized parallelfibered bone, mc = medullary cavity, mr = medullary region, pos = primary osteon, sos = secondary osteon, subc = sub cycles, svc = simple vascular canal.
FIGURE 2 in Growth and limb bone histology of aetosaurs and phytosaurs from the Late Triassic Krasiejów locality (sw Poland) reveals strong environmental inFluence on growth pattern
FIGURE 2 Morphology of the studied humeri of the phytosaurs Parasuchus cf. arenaceus UOPB 00145 (A-D), and the aetosaur Stagonolepis olenkae UOBS 01906 (E-H). A and E in ventral view; B and F in dorsal view; C and G in proximal view; D and H in distal view. The arrows point to the histological plane of sectioning. Scale bars represent 5 cm for each specimen.
FIGURE 1 in Growth and limb bone histology of aetosaurs and phytosaurs from the Late Triassic Krasiejów locality (sw Poland) reveals strong environmental inFluence on growth pattern
FIGURE 1 Morphology of the studied femora of the phytosaurs Parasuchus cf. arenaceus UOPB 00143 (A-D), and Nicrosaurus sp. SMNS 4381/2 (E-G), and the aetosaur Stagonolepis olenkae UOPB 00122 (H-K). A, E and H in lateral view; B, F and I in medial view; C, G and J in proximal view; D and K in distal view. The arrows point to the histological plane of sectioning. Scale bars represent 5 cm for each specimen.
FIGURE 4 in Growth and limb bone histology of aetosaurs and phytosaurs from the Late Triassic Krasiejów locality (sw Poland) reveals strong environmental inFluence on growth pattern
FIGURE 4 Histological growth of the phytosaurs Parasuchus cf. arenaceus on the example of the humerus UOPB 00145 (A-D) and the Nicrosaurus sp. femur SMNS 4381/2. Pictures A, C, E-F and H were taken under normal transmitted light and pictures B, D and G were taken under polarized light. Scale bars represent 1 cm for specimens A and E, 500 micrometres for specimens B-C, F-H and 100 micrometres for specimen D. Abbreviations: eb = endosteal bone, ec = erosion cavity, hpfb = higher organized parallel-fibered bone, LAG = Line of Arrested Growth, lpfb = lower organized parallel-fibered bone, mc = medullary cavity, mrl = multiple resting lines, pos = primary osteon, sos = secondary osteon, svc = simple vascular canal, tr = trabecular region.
FIGURE 7 in Growth and limb bone histology of aetosaurs and phytosaurs from the Late Triassic Krasiejów locality (sw Poland) reveals strong environmental inFluence on growth pattern
FIGURE 7 Growth pattern of the sectioned aetosaur Stagonolepis olenkae humeri (A: UOPB 00135, B: UOPB 00120, C: UOBS 02496, D: UOBS 02363, E: UOBS 01906, F: UOPB 00136, G: UOPB 00142, H: UOPB 00121, I: UOBS 02828, and J: UOPB 00137). Half of the picture is taken under normal transmitted light and the other picture half is taken under polarized light. Please note, that the normally transmitted picture does not show informative histological features. The coloured bars show preserved and counted cycles (zone and annulus). Specimen A-B and H preserve four growth cycles, specimen C, E, G, and I preserve three growth cycles, specimen D and J preserve two growth cycles and specimen F preserved six growth cycles. The arrows in specimens A-C, E, and H-J indicate sub-cycles. Humeri are arranged accordingly to their bone length. Scale bar represents 1 cm for each specimen.
FIGURE 3 in Growth and limb bone histology of aetosaurs and phytosaurs from the Late Triassic Krasiejów locality (sw Poland) reveals strong environmental inFluence on growth pattern
FIGURE 3 Mid-diaphyseal cross-sections of all sectioned specimens showing the bone microanatomy of the phytosaurs Parasuchus cf. arenaceus femora (A: UOPB 00143, B: UOPB 01026, C: UOBS 03370 and humerus (D: UOPB 00145), and Nicrosaurus sp. femur (E: SMNS 4381/2), the aetosaur Stagonolepis olenkae femora (F: UOPB 00122, G: UOPB 00123) and humeri (H: UOPB 00135, I: UOPB 00120, J: UOBS 02496, K: UOBS 02363, L: UOBS 01906, M: UOPB 00136, N: UOPB 00142, O: UOPB 00121, P: UOBS 02828, and Q: UOPB 00137). Taxa are arranged accordingly to their bone length. Scale bar represents 1 cm for each specimen.
FIGURE 6 in Growth and limb bone histology of aetosaurs and phytosaurs from the Late Triassic Krasiejów locality (sw Poland) reveals strong environmental inFluence on growth pattern
FIGURE 6 Growth pattern of the sectioned phytosaurs Parasuchus cf. arenaceus femora (A: UOPB 00143, B: UOPB 01026, C: UOBS 03370) and humerus (D: UOPB 00145) and Nicrosaurus sp. (E: SMNS 4381/2). Half of the picture is taken under normal transmitted light and the other picture half is taken under polarized light. Please note, that the normally transmitted picture does not show informative histological features. The coloured bars show preserved and counted cycles (zone and annulus). Specimen A preserves five growth cycles, specimen B, C and D preserve six growth cycles, and specimen E preserves four growth cycles. Taxa are arranged accordingly to their bone length. Scale bar represents 1 cm for each specimen.
Fig. 1 in Bone histology of eosauropterygian diapsid Proneusticosaurus silesiacus from the Middle Triassic of Poland reveals new insights into taxonomic affinities
Fig. 1. Remaining specimen of the eosauropterygian diapsid Proneusticosaurus silesiacus Volz, 1902 (MGU Wr. 4438s), from the Lower Muschelkalk of Poland. A. Photograph of the remaining part of the holotype. B. Distally incomplete femur. Sampling location is indicated by the black arrow, the grey arrow marks the position of the femur at the slab. Arrows indicating the anterior orientation is only an estimate because the specimen is partially disarticulated. Abbreviations: v, vertebra. For more details see Volz (1902) and Rieppel and Hagdorn (1997) who both provided outline sketches of the bones preserved with the slab.
Fig. 3 in Bone histology of eosauropterygian diapsid Proneusticosaurus silesiacus from the Middle Triassic of Poland reveals new insights into taxonomic affinities
Fig. 3. Growth pattern in the femoral cross section of the eosauropterygian diapsid Proneusticosaurus silesiacus Volz, 1902 (MGU Wr. 4438s), from the Lower Muschelkalk of Poland; in normal (A1) and polarized (A2) light. Arrows indicate the end of annual growth cycles. Altogether seven annual cycles are counted. The individual thus died in its 8 year of life. The innermost juvenile tissue is also divided by a clear growth mark, accompanied by a distinct change in tissue organization and vascularization. In polarized light subcycles are obvious, marked by grey arrows.
Fig. 2 in Bone histology of eosauropterygian diapsid Proneusticosaurus silesiacus from the Middle Triassic of Poland reveals new insights into taxonomic affinities
Fig. 2. Bone histological details of the femur of the eosauropterygian diapsid Proneusticosaurus silesiacus Volz, 1902 (MGU Wr. 4438s), from the Lower Muschelkalk of Poland. Detail of inner cortex, i.e., the medullary region and juvenile bone tissue in normal (A1) and polarized (A2) light. Note the remains of calcified cartilage and small erosion cavities in the medullary region as well as the well vascularized surrounding periosteal tissue; the white arrow marks the sharp line, which separates the endosteal from the periosteal region. Detail of low organized and well vascularized parallel-fibred tissue, here interpreted as juvenile tissue in normal (A3) and polarized (A4) light. Note the mixture of primary osteons, simple vascular canals and a secondary osteon. Highly organized parallel-fibred tissue in the middle cortex showing local accumulation of primary osteons in normal light (A5). Middle and outer cortex in polarized light (A6). Note the highly organized parallel-fibred tissue, which is stratified by thin bright layers formed by multiple rest lines. Detail of inner and middle →
Fig. 5 in Bone histology of the graviportal dinocephalian therapsid Jonkeria from the middle Permian Tapinocephalus Assemblage Zone of the Karoo Basin of South Africa
Fig. 5. Transverse section of the rib (BP/1/5409) of cf. Jonkeria sp. from the middle Permian Tapinocephalus Assemblage Zone of the Karoo Basin of South Africa. A1, overall view of the rib showing the highly cancellous nature of the cortex; note that only the top area of the section preserves the compact cortical bone tissue. A2, A3, detail showing slight change in the tissue type around the lines of arrested growths but overall matrix is woven; note: numbers associated with arrowheads indicate lines of arrested growth (LAGs) in ascending order from the medullary region to periosteal periphery. A4, detail showing enlarged erosional cavities (inset). A5, detail showing fibrolamellar bone between lines of arrested growth. A6, detail showing dense woven matrix; note the change in the density of osteocyte lacunae around the LAG (number associated with arrowhead indicates LAG). Abbreviation: wb, woven bone. Photographs under ordinary light (A1, A3, A4, A5), and cross-polarized light with lambda compensator (A2, A6).
Fig. 2 in Bone histology of the graviportal dinocephalian therapsid Jonkeria from the middle Permian Tapinocephalus Assemblage Zone of the Karoo Basin of South Africa
Fig. 2. Transverse sections of the radius (SAM-PK-12233b) of Jonkeria parva (Boonstra, 1955) from the middle Permian Tapinocephalus Assemblage Zone of the Karoo Basin of South Africa. A1, diaphyseal cross-section showing highly vascularized fibrolamellar bone tissue in the outer cortex and the medullary cavity filled with bony trabeculae; note: the numerous enlarged resorption cavities in the perimedullary region. A2, detail showing an annulus with lamellar bone (arrowhead). A3, detail showing extension of an annulus in the cortex (arrowhead). B1, fibrolamellar bone tissue with woven matrix in the outer cortex showing circumferential and reticular organization of the vascular canals; B2, B3, detail showing the change to a reticular organization of the vascular canals. Abbreviations: mr, medullary region; po, primary osteon; tb, trabeculae; wb, woven bone. Photographs under cross-polarized light with lambda compensator (A1–A3, B1, B2) and ordinary light (B3).
Fig. 4 in Bone histology of the graviportal dinocephalian therapsid Jonkeria from the middle Permian Tapinocephalus Assemblage Zone of the Karoo Basin of South Africa
Fig. 4. Thin section of a core of the humerus (SAM-PK-11994) of Jonkeria ingens (Broom, 1923) from the middle Permian Tapinocephalus Assemblage Zone of the Karoo Basin of South Africa. A1, overall view of humerus showing laminar fibrolamellar bone in the outer cortex and the increasingly cancellous nature of the bone towards the medullary cavity; note: numerous enlarged resorption cavities in the perimedullary cavity, and the layer of indurated sediments at the top of the section. A2, A3, highly vascularized laminar fibrolamellar bone. A4, A5, details showing a few isolated simple longitudinal vascular canals and primary osteons. A6, A7, detail showing large resorption cavities lined by narrow deposit of lamellar bone (arrows). Abbreviations: po, primary osteons; rc, resorption cavity; wb, woven bone. Photographs under ordinary light (A1, A2, A4, A6), and cross-polarized light with lambda compensator (A3, A5, A7).
Fig. 3 in Bone histology of the graviportal dinocephalian therapsid Jonkeria from the middle Permian Tapinocephalus Assemblage Zone of the Karoo Basin of South Africa
Fig. 3. Transverse sections of the tarsal (SAM-PK-12233c) of Jonkeria parva (Boonstra, 1955) from the middle Permian Tapinocephalus Assemblage Zone of the Karoo Basin of South Africa. A1, diaphyseal cross-section showing highly vascularized fibrolamellar bone tissue in the outer cortex and cancellous bone tissue with extensively developed bony trabeculae in the medullary cavity; note: numerous enlarged resorption cavities in the perimedullary region. A2, detail showing highly vascularized reticular FLB. A3, A4, detail showing simple longitudinal vascular canals. A5, A6, detail showing reticular vascular canals. Photographs under cross-polarized light with lambda compensator (A1–A3, A5) and ordinary light (A4, A6).
Fig. 6 in Bone histology of the graviportal dinocephalian therapsid Jonkeria from the middle Permian Tapinocephalus Assemblage Zone of the Karoo Basin of South Africa
Fig. 6. Longitudinal section of the rib (BP/1/5409) of cf. Jonkeria sp. from the middle Permian Tapinocephalus Assemblage Zone of the Karoo Basin of South Africa. A1, overall view of the rib showing highly secondarily remodeled cortex; note: numerous enlarged resorption cavities. A2, detail showing woven bone and enlarged resorption spaces. Photographs under ordinary light (A1) and cross-polarized light with lambda compensator (A2).
Fig. 2 in Growth dynamics and body size evolution of South American long-necked chelid turtles: A bone histology approach
Fig. 2. Stylopodial bones of chelid turtles sampled in this study, showing the position where the thin sections were obtained (gray bar) and the complete shaft section in each element. A–D. Hydromedusa tectifera Cope, 1869; Recent, La Plata, Buenos Aires province, Argentina. A. MLPR-6291, dorsal view of the left humerus (A1), cross section (A2). B. MLPR-6291, dorsal view of the left femur (B1), cross section (B2). C. MLPR-6411, dorsal view of the right humerus (C1), cross section (C2). D. MLPR-6411, dorsal view of the right femur (D1), cross section (D2). E–G. Yaminuechelys maior (Staesche, 1929); Cerro Hansen, Danian of Salamanca Formation, Chubut Province, Argentina. E. MPEFPV-599, dorsal view of the right humerus (E1), cross section (E2). F. MPEFPV-599, dorsal view of the left femur (F1), cross section (F2). G. MLP-14-9-23-1, dorsal view of the left humerus (G1), cross section (G2). Note that the expansion of the medullary region is higher in Y. maior than in H. tectifera (see discussion in the text).
Fig. 3 in Growth dynamics and body size evolution of South American long-necked chelid turtles: A bone histology approach
Fig. 3. Stylopodial bone histology of chelid turtle Yaminuechelys maior (Staesche, 1929), Cerro Hansen, Danian, Paleocene of Salamanca Formation, Chubut Province, Argentina (Bona and De la Fuente 2005). A. MPEFPV-599, humerus: dorsal (A1), dorsomedial (A2), dorsolateral (A3), and lateral (A4) areas. B. MLP-14-9-23-1, humerus: lateral (B1), dorsal (B2), medial (B3), and ventral (B4) areas. Arrowheads in A1 and B4 indicate lines of arrested growth. C. MPEFPV-599, femur: dorsal (C1), dorsolateral (C2), and ventral (C3, C4) areas. Photographs under normal light (A1, A4, B3), under polarized light (C4), under polarized light with lambda compensator (A2, A3, B1, B2, B4, C1–C3). Abbreviations: LVC, simple longitudinal vascular canals; PFB, parallel-fibered bone; RS, resorption cavities; RVC, simple radial vascular canals; SF, Sharpey's fibres.
Fig. 4 in Growth dynamics and body size evolution of South American long-necked chelid turtles: A bone histology approach
Fig. 4. Stylopodial bone histology of chelid turtle Hydromedusa tectifera Cope, 1869; Recent, La Plata, Buenos Aires province, Argentina. A. MLPR-6474, humerus: dorsolateral (A1) and ventral (A2) areas. B. MLPR-6474, femur: ventral (B1) and dorsal (B2) areas. C. MLPR-6291, humerus: dorsal (C1) and ventral (C2) areas. D. MLPR-6291, femur: lateral (D1) and ventrolateral (D2) areas; annuli, yellow A; zones, green Z. E. MLPR-6411, humerus: dorsal (E1) and ventral (E2) areas. F. MLPR-6411, femur: lateral areas (F1, F2). Arrowheads in E2 and F2 indicate lines of arrested growth. Photographs under normal light (B1, B2, D1, E1, F2), under polarized light (E2), under polarized light with lambda compensator (A1, A2, C1, C2, D2, F1). Abbreviations: LVC, simple longitudinal vascular canals; PFB, parallel-fibered bone; RS, resorption cavities; SF, Sharpey's fibers.
Fig. 1 in Growth dynamics and body size evolution of South American long-necked chelid turtles: A bone histology approach
Fig. 1. Size distribution of chelid turtles represented in two different phylogenetic hypotheses from Maniel et al. (2018). Both topologies recover two alternative hypotheses (orange): the monophyly of the South American chelid clade (A) and the monophyly of the of the long necked chelid turtles (B) see Maniel et al. 2018, for more information). Grey, species smaller than 20 cm; green, 20–60 cm; blue and bold, larger than 60 cm. The size is based on the carapace length.
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