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Figure 4 in The muscles, body wall and valve-opening mechanism of extant craniid (inarticulated) brachiopods

Figure 4. Line drawings and digital photographs illustrating cilia current flow and valve features of two species. (A) Diagram showing flow directions of dorsal mantle cilia currents. (B) Diagram of craniid valves and body (after Williams et al. 1997). (C–E) Novocrania californica. C. Cutaway drawing down midline of valves and muscle raising structures. (D, E) OU 44518a-b. Oblique photographs of dorsal and ventral valve interiors. (F–H) Novocrania japonica. (F, G) TUM 951117a. Oblique photographs of dorsal and ventral valve interiors. (H) Cutaway drawing down midline of valves and muscle raising structures. Abbreviations: a, anus; aasc, anterior adductor muscle scar; dv, dorsal valve; msp, median spike; pasc, posterior adductor muscle scar; raams, raised anterior adductor muscle scar; rp, raised pedestal; tve, thin valve extension; vmd, ventral mound; vv, ventral valve.

Fig. 4 in A New Siphonotretid Brachiopod from the Silurian of Central-Western New South Wales, Australia

Fig. 4. Siphonotreta australis: a, syntype National Museum of Victoria Number 604, internal mould; b, syntype National Museum of Victoria Number 605, internal mould. Note the lack of spine bases and post-larval shell pitting contrary to the opinion of Chapman (1903). Scale bars = 5 mm.

Fig. 7. Orbaspina gelasinus n.gen. and n in A New Siphonotretid Brachiopod from the Silurian of Central-Western New South Wales, Australia

Fig. 7. Orbaspina gelasinus n.gen. and n.sp.; a–d, paratype AMF122216, fragment from sample BM 13.80, external view (a), detail of spines (b), anterior view (c), interior view with spine openings on internal surface indicated by arrows (d); e, f, paratype AMF122217, fragment from sample BM 14.30, external view (e), detail of spines with weak transverse grooves on spines indicated by arrows (f); g, paratype AMF122218, dorsal valve from sample BM 15.40, external view; h, paratype AMF122219, dorsal valve fragment from sample BM 11.20, external view showing well developed post-larval shell dimpling; i, j, paratype AMF122220, fragment of dorsal valve pseudointerarea from sample BM 14.40, with two spines projecting from underneath the pseudointerea as indicated by arrows, in plan (i) and anterior views (j). Scale bars = 1 mm (a, d, g, h); 100 µm (c, e, f, i, j); 10 µm (b).

Fig. 6. Orbaspina gelasinus n.gen. and n in A New Siphonotretid Brachiopod from the Silurian of Central-Western New South Wales, Australia

Fig. 6. Orbaspina gelasinus n.gen. and n.sp.: a–d, paratype AMF120612, ventral valve from sample BM 14.30, external view (a), detail of spines on anterior slope (b), detail of larval shell (c), internal view (d); e, f, paratype AMF120613, ventral valve from sample BM 14.30, internal view (e), detail of pseudointerarea (f); g, paratype AMF122213, ventral valve from sample BM 13.80, internal view, note the "listrum-like" plate covering the anterior portion of the pedicle track as indicated by arrow; h, paratype AMF122214, ventral valve from sample BM 9.90, external view showing common state of presentation of recovered ventral valves; i, paratype AMF122215, fragment from sample BM 9.30, external view. Scale bars = 500 µm (g); 100 µm (a, c–f, h, i); 10 µm (b).

Fig. 3 in A New Siphonotretid Brachiopod from the Silurian of Central-Western New South Wales, Australia

Fig. 3. Stratigraphic column of the BM section showing lithology and all sampled horizons. Lithological details of massive red and grey lensoidal limestones and sampled horizons for the 5.87 metres of section around the Llandovery-Wenlock boundary, from sample BM 3.65 to BM 16.80, is enlarged in the middle. Key to lithology as for Fig. 2; blank areas indicate no exposure. Modified after Valentine et al. (2003). Distribution and abundance of Orbaspina gelasinus n.gen. and n.sp. recovered from each sampled horizon in the massive red and grey lensoidal limestones is shown to the right. Sample size in kilograms for each horizon is given in brackets after each sample number.

Fig. 5. Orbaspina gelasinus n.gen. and n in A New Siphonotretid Brachiopod from the Silurian of Central-Western New South Wales, Australia

Fig. 5. Orbaspina gelasinus n.gen. and n.sp.: a–g, holotype AMF120610, dorsal valve from sample BM 14.85, external view (a), detail of spines along posterior margin (b), detail of larval shell (c), internal view (d), detail of pseudointerarea in plan view (e), and anterior view (f), detail of shell lamina along broken section of anterior margin (g); h–k paratype AMF122212, dorsal valve from sample BM 14.85: external view (h), detail of anterior margin showing frill-like nature of growth lamellae (i), deatil of larval shell (j), detail of post-larval shell dimpling (k). Scale bars = 1 mm (a, d, h); 100 µm (b, c, e, f, j, i); 10 µm (g, k).

Fig. 2 in A New Siphonotretid Brachiopod from the Silurian of Central-Western New South Wales, Australia

Fig. 2. Detailed geological map of the study area, showing location of the BM section. Note that section starts at sample BM-39.0 and ends at sample BM 73.30. (Modified after Valentine et al., 2003)

Fig. 2 in Paleoecology of the first Devonian-like sclerobiont association on Permian brachiopods from southeastern Mexico

Fig. 2. Sector divisions of hosts for the encrusted abundance and distributional patterns. Athyridids (A) and rhynchonellids (B), in dorsal (A1, B1) and ventral (A2, B2) views. Co, commissure.

Fig. 4 in Paleoecology of the first Devonian-like sclerobiont association on Permian brachiopods from southeastern Mexico

Fig. 4. Sclerobionts of the studied Roadian community from Monte Redondo locality, Chiapas, Mexico. A. Microconchus maya Heredia-Jiménez, Vinn and Torres-Martínez, 2020. B. Hederella carbonaria Condra and Elias, 1944. C. Encrusting bryozoans. Scale bars 1 mm.

Fig. 3 in Paleoecology of the first Devonian-like sclerobiont association on Permian brachiopods from southeastern Mexico

Fig. 3. Encrusting sclerobionts (arrowed) on different brachiopod Roadian specimens from Monte Redondo locality, Chiapas, Mexico. A. Composita hapsida Stehli and Grant, 1970, IGM 11150, A1 with holdfast of crinoid and two microconchids (left to right arrows); A2 with hederelloids (left black arrow), bryozoans (right black arrow), and holdfast of crinoid (white arrow). B. Composita enormis Cooper and Grant, 1976, IGM 11143 with bryozoans. C–E. Tautosia transenna Cooper and Grant, 1976. C. IGM 11140 with hederelloids. D. IGM 11138 with bryozoans. E. IGM 11139 with microconchid. Scale bars 10 mm.

Fig. 7 in Paleoecology of the first Devonian-like sclerobiont association on Permian brachiopods from southeastern Mexico

Fig. 7. Diversity and abundance of sclerobionts versus potential area of brachiopods brachiopods: athyridids (A), rhynchonellids (B), and both orders (C). The adjustments allowed us to observe low to moderate correlation in all graphs.

Fig. 5 in Paleoecology of the first Devonian-like sclerobiont association on Permian brachiopods from southeastern Mexico

Fig. 5. Percentage of all sclerobiont groups: athyridids (A) and rhynchonellids (B) per brachiopod order.

Fig. 4 in The oldest post-Paleozoic (Ladinian, Triassic) brachiopods from the Betic Range, SE Spain

Fig. 4. Internal structure of zeillerid brachiopod Misunithyris goyi gen. et sp. nov. (BQ-AH2.2) from the lower Ladinian of the South-Iberian Triassic platform, the Arroyo Hurtado section. A. Transverse serial sections through the specimen (distance from the beak in mm). B. Microphotographs of acetate peels showing the hinge plates-crural bases relationship: crural bases are located in the ventral part of the hinge plates but a dorsal thickening emerges towards an early dorsal development. Section at 4.10 mm (B1) and 4.30 mm (B2) from the apex. Abbreviations: cb, crural bases; dp, deltidial plates; ld, dental lamellae; ms, median septum; pc, cardinal process; sp, septalium.

Fig. 6 in The oldest post-Paleozoic (Ladinian, Triassic) brachiopods from the Betic Range, SE Spain

Fig. 6. Paleogeographical map of the Ladinian times (modified after Pérez-López and Pérez-Valera 2007), showing the distribution of taxa highly related to, or common with the brachiopod fauna inhabiting the Middle Triassic peri-Iberian platforms system. Color of arrows and taxa symbolizes the inferred paleobiogeographical affinities. ACP, Apennine Carbonate Platform; AM, Armorican Massif; BM: Bohemian Massif; CM, Central Massif; EM, Ebro Massif; MM, Meso-Mediterranean Massif; Mi, Misunithyris; Me, Menathyris; Mz, Mentzelia; Co, Coenothyris. Occurrences mainly based on Schmidt (1935), Siblík (1972, 1988, 2001), Popiel-Barczyk and Senkowiczowa (1989), Dagys (1993), Török (1993), Kaim (1997), Torti and Angiolini (1997), Pálfy (2003), Feldman (2005, 2013), Ruban (2010), Escudero-Mozo et al. (2015), among others (see text for details). Dotted line shows palaeogeographic position of the currently emerged land.

Fig. 3 in The oldest post-Paleozoic (Ladinian, Triassic) brachiopods from the Betic Range, SE Spain

Fig. 3. Intraspecific variability of zeillerid brachiopod Misunithyris goyi gen. et sp. nov. of the lower Ladinian from the South-Iberian Triassic platform, the Arroyo Hurtado (A, B), Calasparra (C, E), Talave (D, F) sections; in dorsal (A1–F1), anterior (A2–F2), and lateral (A3–F3) views. A. BQ-AH2.1. B. BQ-AH2.2, sectioned in the present work. C. BQ-CL1.1. D. BQ-TA1.1. E. BQ-CL1.2. F. BQ-TA1.2, holotype. All specimens were coated with magnesium oxide.

Fig. 5 in The oldest post-Paleozoic (Ladinian, Triassic) brachiopods from the Betic Range, SE Spain

Fig. 5. Microphotographs of acetate peels from zeillerid brachiopod Misunithyris goyi gen. et sp. nov. (BQ-AH2.2) from the lower Ladinian of the South-Iberian Triassic platform, the Arroyo Hurtado section. A. Section at 1.00 mm from the apex showing dental lamellae enveloped in a thick-shelled wall. B. Section at 2.60 mm from the apex showing the disposition of deltidial plates. C, D. Sections at 3.30 and 3.50 mm from the apex, respectively, showing the first stages of hinge plates and earlier cardinalia and the evolution of the cardinal process, clearly striated and raised by a high cardinal platform. E, F. Sections at 4.10 and 4.30 mm from the apex, respectively, showing the cardinal area with the position of crural bases and the articulation system. G–I. Partial sections at 4.90, 5.70, and 7.10 mm from the apex, respectively, showing the evolution of the crural architecture and dorsal median septum development.

Fig. 1 in The oldest post-Paleozoic (Ladinian, Triassic) brachiopods from the Betic Range, SE Spain

Fig. 1. Geographical and geological setting of the localities studied yielding Ladinian brachiopods in the Betic Range context emphasizing the South-Iberian Triassic outcrops. AH, Arroyo Hurtado section; CL, Calasparra section; TA, Talave section.

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Figure 4 in Description and Figures of New Lectotype and Paralectotype Material of Recent Brachiopod Thecidellina maxilla (Hedley, 1899)

Figure 4. Thecidellina maxilla AM C.593655. (A) Ventral valve interior with tubercles on valve floor and long hemispondYlium prongs reaching past the teeth. (B) Dorsal valve interior with partiallY fused spicule canopY. (C) Dorsal valve interior with brachial bridge and calcitic pole broken off showing triangular base. (D) Lateral view of dorsal valve interior with prominent septum blade. (E) Close-up of partiallY infilled spicule canopY. (F) Close-up of broken base of calcitic pole and verY fine median spur on the cardinal process. Abbreviations: cpb, calcitic pole base; ms, median spur.

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Figure 5 in Description and Figures of New Lectotype and Paralectotype Material of Recent Brachiopod Thecidellina maxilla (Hedley, 1899)

Figure 5. Thecidellina maxilla AM C.593656. (A) Ventral valve interior with tubercle-ridges and cup-shaped hemispondYlium. (B) Close-up of cup-shaped hemispondYlium, free from valve floor. (C) Dorsal valve interior with sparse canopY spicules. (D) SlightlY oblique dorsal valve interior. (E) Lateral view of dorsal valve interior with prominent blade on septum. (F) Close-up of tubercles at base of septum and on anterior margin. (G) Close-up of septum tip, marsupial orifice and ovarial notches. (H) Oblique close-up of curved calcitic pole attached to brachial bridge. (I) Posterior view of dorsal interior, calcitic pole divides visceral foramen, wide visceral gap without calcitic connections. Abbreviations: cp, calcitic pole; tr, tubercle-ridge; vg, visceral gap.