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147 results for “breadth”
The predator problem and PCR primers in molecular dietary analysis: swamped or silenced; depth or breadth? - Dataset
<p>Raw sequencing data and other metadata files are associated with Cuff et al. (2022), available at https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4708418</p> <p>The associated code, files and description pertain to the non-metric multi-dimensional scaling plot presented in this review (Figure 4). The code and data required for the boxplot (Figure 3) are given at the Zenodo link above (for Cuff et al. 2022).</p> <p>Data were collected and processed according to Cuff et al., (2022) up to the point of aggregating the two primer pair datasets. Binary matrices for prey detections were combined for the two primer pairs, but each sample represented separately for each primer pair (i.e., not aggregated by sample). Instances where taxa were only identified to genus (or lower, e.g., family) level by only one of the primer pairs resulted in aggregation for the other primer pair at that taxonomic level, except for species within those groups that were reliably identified to species level by both primers. Samples for which only one primer pair generated prey data were removed. The non-metric multidimensional scaling spider plot was created using ‘metaMDS’ with a Jaccard distance matrix and 999 tries in the ‘vegan’ package (Oksanen et al., 2016). Outliers that obscured the overall patterns were removed, the final plot having a stress of 0.061. Point colours were assigned using the ‘set1’ palette of the ‘RColorBrewer’ package (Neuwirth, 2014) and the final plot created using ‘ggplot2’ (Wickham, 2016).</p>
Raw data for: "Altered trophic interactions in warming climates: consequences for predator diet breadth and fitness"
<p><strong>Raw data for the article:</strong> Bestion, E, Soriano-Redondo, A, Cucherousset, J, Jacob, S, White, J, Zinger, L, Fourtune, L, Di Gesu, L, Teyssier, A, Cote, J. Altered trophic interactions in warming climates: consequences for predator diet breadth and fitness. Proceedings of the Royal Society: B. 2019. 286:20192227. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2019.2227</p> <p><strong>This data should be cited as</strong>: Bestion, E, Soriano-Redondo, A, Cucherousset, J, Jacob, S, White, J, Zinger, L, Fourtune, L, Di Gesu, L, Teyssier, A, Cote, J (2019). Raw data for: "Altered trophic interactions in warming climates: consequences for predator diet breadth and fitness", Bestion et al 2019 Proceedings B. (Version 1). Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3475402</p> <p><strong>This data is composed of</strong> one dataset with 21 columns and a README file</p> <p>Composition of the Bestion_2019_isotopy_dataset_for_zenodo.csv dataset</p> <p>- Individual: numerical index corresponding to each of the 327 individuals in the dataset<br> - Age: age class, J = juvenile (<1 year old), A = adult (1 and 2+ year old)<br> - Sex: F (female) or M (male)<br> - Climate: Present-day climate or Warm climate<br> - Enclosure: enclosure number (10 enclosures, 5 per climatic treatment)<br> - delta13C_september: stable isotope values for delta13C in september<br> - delta15N_september: stable isotope values for delta15N in september<br> - delta13C_september_corrected: stable isotope values for delta13C in september corrected for the stable isotope value of the three invertebrate prey categories<br> - delta15N_september_corrected: stable isotope values for delta15N in september corrected for the stable isotope value of the three invertebrate prey categories<br> - Prop_predator_eaten: proportion of predatory invertebrates eaten by each individual derived from the corrected stable isotope values<br> - Prop_phytophagous_eaten: proportion of phytophagous invertebrates eaten by each individual derived from the corrected stable isotope values<br> - Prop_detritivorous_eaten: proportion of detritivorous invertebrates eaten by each individual derived from the corrected stable isotope values<br> - Levins_diet_index: levins' dietary index corresponding to lizard diet specialization (with 3 = completely generalist and 1 = completely specialist lizard)<br> - Body_Size_september: lizard body size (snout-vent length in mm)<br> - Body_Mass_september: lizard body mass (in g)<br> - Body_Condition_september: lizard body condition (residuals of body mass by body size)<br> - Microbiota_shannon_index: shannon index representing gut microbial bacteria community diversity<br> - Survival_winter: survival during the winter (1 = survived, 0 = died)<br> - Abundance_predator_enclosure: abundance of predatory invertebrates within the enclosure<br> - Abundance_phytophagous_enclosure: abundance of phytophagous invertebrates within the enclosure<br> - Abundance_detitivorous_enclosure: abundance of detritivorous invertebrates within the enclosure</p> <p> </p> <p> </p>
Data from: Stingless bee foragers experience more thermally stressful microclimates but have wider thermal tolerance breadths than other worker subcastes
<p>The current state of anthropogenic climate change is of particular concern for insects, especially in the tropics where the effects are predicted to be the most deleterious. Researching climatic tolerance in social insects is challenging because adaptations can exist at both an individual level and a societal level. However, these studies are important because social insects comprise a tremendous portion of the planet's animal biomass, biodiversity, and include many important pollinators. Considering how individual physiologies construct group-level adaptations can improve the accuracy of climate change impact assessments for a variety of social species. <em>Tetragonisca angustula</em> is a neotropical stingless bee species known to exhibit particularly high worker subcaste specialization in the form of a morphologically distinct soldier caste, a trait most commonly found and studied in ants and termites. We used this model species to investigate 1) whether age- and size-differentiated task groups differ in thermal tolerance, 2) which worker subcastes operate closest to their thermal limits, and 3) the extent to which behavioral thermoregulation via shifting active foraging times can offset thermal stress in this species. We measured the thermal tolerance (CT<sub>max</sub> and CT<sub>min</sub>) of smaller-bodied foragers, and two soldier sub-castes (hovering guards and standing guards) in <em>T. angustula</em>. Despite the difference in body size between the foragers and guards, no differences in the upper or lower thermal limits were observed. However, the average thermal tolerance breadth of foragers was significantly larger than that of guards, indicating that soldiers at the nest entrance are more thermally specialized than foragers. Temperatures at foraging sites were more variable than at nest entrances, which caused warming tolerance to be significantly lower among small-bodied foragers as compared to either hovering guards or standing guards. The magnitude of warming tolerances indicated a low risk of imminent climate change impacts in this environment, but our results suggest that as temperatures increase, foragers are likely to meet their upper thermal limits before other worker subcastes. Foragers may shift the times they are active as a form of thermoregulation which could selectively impact pollination rates for plants leading to repercussions on agriculture and ecosystem functioning. This work establishes novel approaches to predicting climatic change risk in heterogeneous cooperative societies.</p>
Data and scripts for Co-phylogeny, narrow host breadth and local conditions drive highly specialized bird-haemosporidian associations in West-Central African sky islands
<p>This document includes the raw datafiles, host and parasite phylogenies and r-code use to conduct analyses for "Co-phylogeny, narrow host breadth and local conditions drive highly specialized bird-haemosporidian associations in West-Central African sky islands". Please see the readme file to get more detailed information about each file.</p>
Figure 2 in Trophic breadth niche, prey preference and developmental time of a Balaustium sp. (Acari: Erythraeidae) from Argentina
Figure 2. Ordination diagram of principal components analysis showing the distribution of preys consumption by larvae, deutonymphs, and adults of Balaustium sp. Positions of the arrows relative to Axes 1 and 2 indicate how strongly independent variables are correlated with each axis, and therefore how related variables are to the pattern of preys consumption by Balaustium sp.
Figure 1 in Trophic breadth niche, prey preference and developmental time of a Balaustium sp. (Acari: Erythraeidae) from Argentina
Figure 1. Developmental stages of Balaustium sp. – A. Eggs; B. Deutova; C. Larva; D. Protonymph: E. Deutonymph; F. Tritonymph; G. Adult.
Ten-a-day: bumblebee pollen loads reveal high consistency in foraging breadth among species, sites, and seasons
<p>Pollen and nectar are crucial resources for bees, but vary greatly amongst plant species in their quantity, nutritional quality, and timing of availability. This makes it challenging to identify an appropriate range of plants to meet the nutritional needs of pollinators through the year, though this information is important in the design of pollinator conservation schemes.</p> <p>Using DNA metabarcoding of pollen loads, we record the floral resource use of UK farmland bumblebees at different stages of their colony lifecycle, and compare this with null models of 'expected' resource use based on landscape-scale resource availability (pollen and nectar), to identify foraging priorities and preferences. We use this approach to ask three main questions: i) what is the foraging breadth of individual bumblebees?; ii) do bumblebees utilise a greater or lesser diversity of plant species than expected if they foraged in proportion to resource availability?; iii) which plant species do bumblebees preferentially utilise?</p> <p>Individual bumblebees foraged from a highly consistent number of different plant taxa (mean: 10 ±0.37 SE per bee), regardless of their species, sampling site, or time of year. This high consistency in foraging breadth, despite large changes in the quantity, identity, and diversity of resource availability, implies a strong behavioural tendency towards a fixed range of foraging resources. This effect was most striking in April when foraging diversity was maintained despite very low landscape-level resource diversity.</p> <p>Bumblebees used some plant taxa significantly more than predicted from their landscape-level floral abundance, nectar, or pollen supply, implying certain desirable characteristics beyond the mere quantity of resource. These included <em>Allium</em> spp. and <em>Vicia</em> spp. in April; <em>Trifolium repens</em> and <em>Lotus corniculatus</em> in July; and <em>Cynareae</em> spp. (thistles) and <em>Taraxacum officinale</em> in September.</p> <p>Our results strongly indicate that resource quantity is not the only factor driving bumblebee foraging patterns, and that resource diversity and quality are also important factors. Thus, in addition to providing large quantities of floral resources, we recommend that pollinator conservation schemes also focus on providing a sufficient diversity of preferred floral resources, enabling pollinators to self-select a diverse and nutritious diet.</p>
Figure 1 in Spatial distribution and dietary niche breadth of the leopard Panthera pardus (Carnivora: Felidae) in the northeastern Himalayan region of Pakistan
Figure 1. Distribution of the leopard (Panthera pardus) in and around Pir Lasura National Park, northeastern Himalayan region, Pakistan, as indicated by various direct and indirect signs of the species.
Fig. 1 in Patterns of niche breadth and feeding overlap of the fish fauna in the seasonal Brazilian Pantanal, Cuiabá River basin
Fig. 1. Location of the sampling site in the Cuiabá River (1 and 2) and Chacororé pond (3), in the upper Pantanal region, Mato Grosso State, Brazil.
To design, or not to design? Comparison of beetle ultraconserved element probe set utility based on phylogenetic distance, breadth, and method of probe design
<p>This repository contains Materials and designed UCE probe sets for the manuscript entitled "To design or not to design? Comparison of beetle ultraconserved element probe set utility based on phylogenetic distance, breadth, and method of probe design".</p>
Data from: Stingless bee foragers experience more thermally stressful microclimates and have wider thermal tolerance breadths than other worker subcastes
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Ten-a-day: bumblebee pollen loads reveal high consistency in foraging breadth among species, sites, and seasons
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Dietary breadth in kangaroos facilitated resilience to Quaternary climatic variations
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Data from: Vegetation biomass and landscape context shape web-building spider dietary niche breadth in urban vacant lots
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Data from: Niche breadth and divergence in sympatric cryptic coral species (Pocillopora spp.) across habitats within reefs and among algal symbionts
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Data from: Isotopic niches support the resource breadth hypothesis
Because a broad spectrum of resource use allows species to persist in a wide range of habitat types, and thus permits them to occupy large geographical areas, and because broadly distributed species have access to more diverse resource bases, the resource breadth hypothesis posits that the diversity of resources used by organisms should be positively related with the extent of their geographic ranges. We investigated isotopic niche width in a small radiation of South American birds in the genus Cinclodes. We analysed feathers of 12 species of Cinclodes to test the isotopic version of the resource breadth hypothesis and to examine the correlation between isotopic niche breadth and morphology. We found a positive correlation between the widths of hydrogen and oxygen isotopic niches (which estimate breadth of elevational range) and widths of the carbon and nitrogen isotopic niches (which estimates the diversity of resources consumed, and hence of habitats used). We also found a positive correlation between broad isotopic niches and wing morphology. Our study not only supports the resource breadth hypothesis but it also highlights the usefulness of stable isotope analyses as tools in the exploration of ecological niches. It is an example of a macroecological application of stable isotopes. It also illustrates the importance of scientific collections in ecological studies.
Data from: Effects of grain size and niche breadth on species distribution modeling
Scale is a vital component to consider in ecological research, and spatial resolution or grain size is one of its key facets. Species distribution models (SDMs) are prime examples of ecological research in which grain size is an important component. Despite this, SDMs rarely explicitly examine the effects of varying the grain size of the predictors for species with different niche breadths. To investigate the effect of grain size and niche breadth on SDMs, we simulated four virtual species with different grain sizes/niche breadths using three environmental predictors (elevation, aspect, and percent forest) across two real landscapes of differing heterogeneity in predictor values. We aggregated these predictors to seven different grain sizes and modeled the distribution of each of our simulated species using MaxEnt and GLM techniques at each grain size. We examined model accuracy using the AUC statistic, Pearson's correlations of predicted suitability with the true suitability, and the binary area of presence determined from suitability above the maximum True Skill Statistic (TSS) threshold. Habitat specialists were more accurately modeled than generalist species, and the models constructed at the grain size from which a species was derived generally performed the best. The accuracy of models in the homogenous landscape deteriorated with increasing grain size to a greater degree than models in the heterogenous landscape. Variable effects on the model varied with grain size, with elevation increasing in importance as grain size increased while aspect lost importance. The area of predicted presence was drastically affected by grain size, with larger grain sizes over predicting this value by up to a factor of 14. Our results have implications for species distribution modeling and conservation planning, and we suggest more studies include analysis of grain size as part of their protocol.
Data for: Climatic-niche breadth, niche position, and speciation in lizards and snakes
<p><strong>Aim: </strong>The climatic niche is associated with diversification in many groups of animals and plants. However, the relationships between climatic-niche breadth evolution, climatic-niche position evolution, and speciation remain underexplored. It is particularly unclear whether changes in climatic-niche breadth are related to diversification. We tested two hypotheses relating niche breadth, niche position, and speciation using climatic data in Squamata (lizards and snakes), one of the largest radiations of tetrapods. These hypotheses were: (1) the oscillation hypothesis (niche breadth changes along with niche position and speciation); and (2) the musical chairs hypothesis (niche breadth remains relatively constant when niche position changes during speciation).</p> <p><strong>Location:</strong> Global.</p> <p><strong>Taxon:</strong> Squamata (lizards and snakes).</p> <p><strong>Methods: </strong>We estimated rates of speciation and evolutionary rates for both climatic-niche position and climatic-niche breadth for 5,320 squamate species. We tested relationships among these rates using Bayesian phylogenetic generalized linear-mixed models.</p> <p><strong>Results: </strong>Higher speciation rates were associated with higher rates of evolution in niche position and in niche breadth. Faster rates of change in niche breadth were related to narrower niches and faster rates of change in niche position.</p> <p><strong>Main Conclusions: </strong>Our results support the oscillation hypothesis to explain the relationships between speciation and changes in climatic niche position and climatic niche breadth. We found that species that changed climatic-niche breadths more rapidly: (1) speciated faster; (2) evolved towards narrower niche breadths; and (3) changed climatic-niche positions more rapidly. These results suggest that the oscillation between wider and narrower niches is coupled with climatic-niche divergence and speciation. These conclusions may apply to many other groups of plants and animals in which speciation is often related to climatic-niche divergence.</p>
Data from: Are day-flying moths more specialised in larval dietary breadth?
<p>Although diurnality is widespread across Lepidoptera and has evolved many times independently, its causes and ecological implications are yet poorly understood. The 'Salient Aroma Hypothesis' (SAH) postulates that diurnal insect herbivores are overall more specialised in dietary breadth than species active at night. It is furthermore assumed that diurnality evolved more frequently in species that live in cooler environments. Using European geometrid moths as a model group, we tested whether diurnal activity in adults is associated with an increased larval dietary breadth as predicted by the 'Salient Aroma Hypothesis.' We further investigated whether species that exclusively occur in colder regions or whose flight period is restricted to cool seasons are more likely to exhibit a diurnal flight activity. Contrary to expectation, we found no consistent differences in larval dietary breadth between diurnal and nocturnal species, and thus no support for the 'Salient Aroma Hypothesis.' Diurnal activity occurred more frequently in species restricted to cold regions, but not in species restricted to cool seasons. We conclude that diurnality could serve as an advantageous adaptation in cold environments, depending on further factors such as resource availability or predation pressure, but has no immediate consequences for larval dietary breadth.</p>
Data for: Interactions between breeding system and ploidy affect niche breadth in Solanum
<p>Understanding the factors driving ecological and evolutionary interactions of economically important plant species is important for sustainability. Niches of crop wild relatives, including wild potatoes (Solanum section Petota), have received attention, however, such information has not been analyzed in combination with phylogenetic histories, genomic composition, and reproductive systems. The data presented here provide publically available data on the geographic position, climatic niche, life-history (ploidy/mating system) and chloroplast phylogeny. These data were used to understand the interplay of these factors on climate niche in Solanum. </p>
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Allen Brain Atlas
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Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
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