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157 results for “breeders”
Data from: Nest orientation and proximity to snow patches are important for nest site selection of a cavity breeder at high elevation
<p><strong>Abstract</strong></p> <p>Reproductive timing and location are central to breeding success across taxa. Many species have evolved specific strategies to cope with environmental variability including shifts in timing of reproduction tracking resource availability or selecting favourable nest location. In mountain ecosystems, complex topography and pronounced seasonality result in particularly high spatiotemporal variability of environmental conditions, and the risk of climate-induced resource mismatches is particularly acute given that temperature is increasing more rapidly than in the lowlands.<br>We investigated how a high-elevation passerine, the white-winged snowfinch <em>Montifringilla nivalis</em>, selects its nest site in relation to nest cavity characteristics, habitat composition and snow condition. We used a combination of field habitat mapping and satellite remote sensing to compare occupied nest sites with randomly selected pseudo-absence sites. In the first half of the breeding season, snowfinches preferred nest cavities oriented towards the morning sun while they used cavities proportional to their availability later on. This preference might relate to the nest microclimate offering eco-physiological advantages, namely thermoregulatory benefits for incubating adult and nestlings under the harsh conditions typically encountered in the alpine environment. Nest sites were consistently located in areas with greater-than-average snow cover at hatching date, likely mirroring the foraging preferences for tipulid larvae developing in meltwater along snowfields. Due to the particularly rapid climate shifts typical of mountain ecosystems, spatiotemporal mismatches between foraging grounds and nest sites are expected in the future, which may negatively influence demographic trajectories of the species concerned. The installation of well-designed nest boxes in optimal habitat configurations could to some extent help mitigate this risk.</p> <p> </p>
Data underlying the publication: "Effects of hatching system on chick quality, welfare and health of young breeder flock offspring"
<p>The aim of the current study was to evaluate effects of two alternative hatching systems (hatchery-feeding and on-farm hatching)<br> compared to conventional hatching systems with respect to chick quality, welfare and health of a young breeder flock.<br> To study the effect of treatments on the competence of the humoral immune response, blood titres after a live attenuated NCD<br> vaccination was assessed.<br> To study differences in disease resilience, the susceptibility to develop tracheal inflammation after infection with a<br> life attenuated infectious bronchitis vaccine virus was assessed by trachea lesion scoring and expression of genes related<br> to epithelial integrity and inflammatory responses.</p>
Coordination of care by breeders and helpers in the cooperatively breeding long-tailed tit, Aegithalos caudatus
<p><span>In species with biparental and cooperative brood care, multiple carers cooperate by contributing costly investment to raise a shared brood. However, shared benefits and individual costs also give rise to conflict among carers over investment. Coordination of provisioning visits has been hypothesized to facilitate the resolution of this conflict, preventing exploitation, and ensuring collective investment in the shared brood. We used a 26-year study of long-tailed tits, <em>Aegithalos caudatus</em>, a facultative cooperative breeder, to investigate whether care by parents and helpers is coordinated, whether there are consistent differences in coordination between individuals and reproductive roles, and whether coordination varies with helper relatedness to breeders. Coordination takes the form of turn-taking (alternation) or feeding within a short time interval of another carer (synchrony), and both behaviors were observed to occur more than expected by chance, i.e. 'active' coordination. First, we found that active alternation decreased with group size while active synchrony occurred at all group sizes. Secondly, we show that alternation was repeatable between observations at the same nest, while synchrony was repeatable between observations of the same individual. Active synchrony varied with reproductive status, with helpers synchronizing visits more than breeders, although active alternation did not vary with reproductive status. Finally, we found no significant effect of relatedness on either alternation or synchrony exhibited by helpers. In conclusion, we demonstrate active coordination of provisioning by carers and conclude that coordination is a socially plastic behavior depending on reproductive status and the number of carers raising the brood.</span></p>
Dataset (encounter histories of female bats) used in the analysis for the paper Culina et al.: Live fast, don't die young: survival reproduction trade-offs in long-lived income breeders
<p>Two data files (Md_capture_H, Mn_capture_H) represent the capture histories of females of two species (Myotis daubentonii = Md, and M. nattereri=Mn). These capture histories were used to run multi-event-capture-mark-recapture model, as described in the paper, and in the readme document in this data package.<br> </p>
FIGURE 7 in Dispersion of hooks on the anal fins of primary and secondary males in Brycon orbignyanus (Characiformes: Bryconidae): a secondary sexual trait for breeder selection
FIGURE 7 | Correlation between total length and number of rays with hooks in males of Brycon orbignyanus. X axis: total length in cm. Y axis: number (n°) of anal fin rays that developed hooks.
FIGURE 4 in Dispersion of hooks on the anal fins of primary and secondary males in Brycon orbignyanus (Characiformes: Bryconidae): a secondary sexual trait for breeder selection
FIGURE 4 | Anal fin of Brycon orbignyanus with hooks. b: base of the hook. fr: first ray. lr: last ray. s: hooks. sg: rays segment. sr: second ray. st: hook cusp. Scales: A and B. 1.0 cm; C and D. 200 µm; E. 100 µm.
FIGURE 5 in Dispersion of hooks on the anal fins of primary and secondary males in Brycon orbignyanus (Characiformes: Bryconidae): a secondary sexual trait for breeder selection
FIGURE 5 | Phases of testes maturation in Brycon orbignyanus. A. Immature. B. Immature intersex. C. Regressing. D. Regenerating. E. Spawning Capable (primary male). F. Spawning Capable (secondary male). bv: blood vessels. cy: germ cell cysts. dge: discontinuous germinal epithelium. in: interstice. pg: primary growing oocyte. sg: spermatogonia. s: Sertoli cell. sz: sperm. tw: testis wall. va: vacuoles. Scales: A, C, D, E. 20 µm; B, F. 50 µm. Staining: Hematoxylin and Eosin.
FIGURE 3 in Dispersion of hooks on the anal fins of primary and secondary males in Brycon orbignyanus (Characiformes: Bryconidae): a secondary sexual trait for breeder selection
FIGURE 3 | Anal fin of Brycon orbignyanus without hooks. ca: callosity. fb: first fork. fr: first ray. sg: rays segment. sr: second ray. tb: terminal bifurcation. Scales: A. 0.5 cm; B. 200 µm; C. 100 µm.
FIGURE 6 in Dispersion of hooks on the anal fins of primary and secondary males in Brycon orbignyanus (Characiformes: Bryconidae): a secondary sexual trait for breeder selection
FIGURE 6 | Correlation between stages of the reproductive cycle and the number of rays with hooks in males of Brycon orbignyanus. X axis: Stages of the reproductive cycle, being, 0 – Immature specimens, 1 – Regressing, 2 – Regenerating specimens, 3 – Developing specimens, 4 – Spawning Capable specimens. Y axis: number (n°) of anal fin rays that developed hooks.
FIGURE 1 in Dispersion of hooks on the anal fins of primary and secondary males in Brycon orbignyanus (Characiformes: Bryconidae): a secondary sexual trait for breeder selection
FIGURE 1 | Anal fins in Brycon orbignyanus. A. Specimen of B. orbignyanus. B. Anal fin regions. C. Rays (r). D. Anal fin rays. af: anal fin. bi: bifurcation of rays. ca: caudal region. cr: cranial region. fr: first ray. im: interradial membrane. me: medial region. sg: radius segment. Scales: A. 5 cm; B and D. 1 cm; C. 200 µm.
FIGURE 2 in Dispersion of hooks on the anal fins of primary and secondary males in Brycon orbignyanus (Characiformes: Bryconidae): a secondary sexual trait for breeder selection
FIGURE 2 | Details regarding the fins of Brycon orbignyanus. A, C and E. Rays without hooks. B, D and F. Rays with hooks. b: base. fb: first fork. r: rays. rs: rays with hooks. s: hooks. sg: rays segment. st: hooks cusp. tb: terminal bifurcation. Scales: A and B. 1 cm; C and D. 200 µm; E. 100 µm; F. 50 µm.
Survival of juvenile Florida Scrub-Jays is positively correlated with month and negatively correlated with male breeder death
<p>Juvenile survival in birds is difficult to estimate, but this vital rate can be an important consideration for management decisions. We estimated juvenile survival of cooperatively breeding Florida Scrub-Jays (<em>Aphelocoma</em> <em>coerulescens</em>) in a landscape degraded by fire suppression and fragmentation using data from marked (n = 325) and unmarked juveniles (n = 1,306) with an integrated hierarchical Bayesian model. To assess the combined analyses, we also analyzed these datasets separately, with a Cormack–Jolly–Seber model (marked) and a young model (unmarked). Our data consisted of monthly censuses of territorial family groups from Florida Scrub-Jay populations in East Central Florida collected over a 22-year period. Juvenile survival was estimated from July when young Florida Scrub-Jays begin developing independence to March when they become first-year individuals and grouped according to the habitat quality class of their natal territory that were based on shrub height (with intermediate shrub heights being optimal and short and tall shrub heights being suboptimal) and the presence of sandy openings (the preferred open having many sandy openings; closed not having enough). Parameter estimates in the combined analysis were intermediate to the separate analyses. Notable differences among the separate analyses were that suboptimal habitat survival was lower in the unmarked analysis, the unmarked analysis showed a linear effect of time not seen in the marked analysis, and there was an effect of male breeder death in the marked but not unmarked analysis. The combined data analysis provided more inference than did either dataset analyzed separately including juveniles in optimal-closed territories unexpectedly had higher survival than those in optimal-open, survival increased through time, and male breeder death had a negative effect on survival. This study suggests that optimal-closed habitat may play an important role in juvenile Florida Scrub-Jay survival perhaps by providing better cover from predators and warrants further investigation for management implications.</p>
Coordination of care by breeders and helpers in the cooperatively breeding long-tailed tit, Aegithalos caudatus
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Data from: Drivers of variation in egg size in a cooperative breeder with a redirected helping system
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Survival of juvenile Florida Scrub-Jays is positively correlated with month and negatively correlated with male breeder death
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Energetic limits: Defining the bounds and trade-offs of successful energy management in a capital breeder
<p>1. Judicious management of energy can be invaluable for animal survival and reproductive success. Capital breeding mammals typically transfer energy to their young at extremely high rates while undergoing prolonged fasting, making lactation a tremendously energy demanding period. Effective management of the competing demands of the mother's energy needs and those of her offspring is presumably fundamental to maximising lifetime reproductive success.</p> <p>2. How does the mother maximise her chances of successfully rearing her pup, by ensuring that both her pup and herself have sufficient energy during this 'energetic fast'? While energy management models were first discussed in the 1990s, application of this analytical technique is still very much in its infancy. Recent work suggests that a broad range of species exhibit 'energy compensation'; during periods when they expend more energy on activity, their bodies partially compensate by reducing background (basal) metabolic rate as an adaptation to limit overall energy expenditure. However, the value of energy management models in understanding animal ecology is presently unclear.</p> <p>3. We investigate whether energy management models provide insights into the breeding strategy of phocid seals. Not only do we expect lactating seals to display energy compensation because of their breeding strategy of high energy transfer while fasting, but we anticipate that mothers exhibiting a lack of energy compensation are less likely to rear offspring successfully.</p> <p>4. On the Isle of May in Scotland, we collected heart rate data as a proxy for energy expenditure in 52 known individual grey seal (Halichoerus grypus) mothers, repeatedly across three years of breeding. We provide evidence that grey seal mothers typically exhibit energy compensation during lactation by down-regulating their background metabolic rate to limit daily energy expenditure during periods when other energy costs are relatively high. However, individuals that fail to energy compensate during the lactation period are more likely to end lactation earlier than expected.</p> <p>5. Our study is the first to demonstrate the importance of energy compensation to an animal's reproductive expenditure. Moreover, our multi-seasonal data indicate that environmental stressors may reduce the capacity of some individuals to follow the energy compensation strategy. </p>
Complex effects of helper relatedness on female extra-pair reproduction in a cooperative breeder
<p>In cooperatively-breeding species, the presence of male helpers in a group often reduces the breeding female's fidelity to her social partner, possibly because there is more than one potential sire in the group. Using a long-term study of cooperatively-breeding superb fairy-wrens (Malurus cyaneus) and records of paternity in 1936 broods, we show that the effect of helpers on rates of extra-pair paternity varied according to the helpers' relatedness to the breeding female. The presence of unrelated male helpers in a group increased average rates of extra-pair paternity, from 57% for groups with no unrelated helpers, to 74% with one unrelated helper, to 86% with 2+ unrelated helpers. However, this increase was due in equal part to helpers within the group and males in other groups achieving increased paternity. In contrast, helpers who were sons of the breeding female did not gain paternity, nor did they affect the level of extra-group paternity (which occurred at rates of 60%, 58%, 61% in the presence of 0, 1, 2+ helper-sons respectively). There was no evidence of effects of helpers' relatedness to the female on nest productivity or nestling performance. Because the presence of helpers per se did not elevate extra-pair reproduction rates, our results undermine the 'constrained female hypothesis' explanation for an increase in extra-pair paternity with helper number in cooperative breeders. However, they indicate that dominant males are disadvantaged by breeding in 'cooperative' groups. The reasons why the presence of unrelated helpers, but not of helper-sons, results in higher rates of extra-group reproduction are not clear.</p>
Data for: Reproductive tactics, birth timing and the risk-resource trade-off in an income breeder
<p><span>In variable environments, habitats that are rich in resources often carry a higher risk of predation. As a result, natural selection should favour individuals that balance allocation of time to foraging versus avoiding predation through an optimal decision-making process that maximises fitness. The behavioural trade-off between resource acquisition and risk avoidance is expected to be particularly acute during gestation and lactation when the energetic demands of reproduction peak</span><span>.</span><span> Here, we investigated how reproductive female roe deer adjust their foraging activity and habitat use during the birth period to manage this trade-off compared to non-reproductive juveniles, and how parturition date constrains individual tactics of risk-resource management. Activity of reproductive females more than doubled immediately following parturition, when energy demand is highest. Furthermore, compared to non-reproductive juveniles, they increased their exposure to risk by using open habitat more during daytime and ranging closer to roads. However, these post-partum modifications in behaviour were particularly pronounced in late-parturient females who adopted a more risk-prone tactic, presumably to compensate for the growth handicap of their late-born offspring. In income breeders, individuals that give birth late may be constrained to trade risk avoidance for foraging during peak allocation to reproduction, with probable consequences for individual fitness.</span></p>
Data from: Dispersal decreases survival but increases reproductive opportunities for subordinates in a cooperative breeder
<p>In most socially structured populations, the formation of new groups depends on the survival and reproduction of dispersing individuals. Quantifying vital rates in dispersers, however, is difficult due to logistic challenges of following wide-ranging animals. Here, using data from free-ranging meerkats (<i>Suricata suricatta</i>), we estimated survival and reproduction of dispersing and established resident females. Meerkat groups consist of a dominant pair and several subordinate helpers. Female helpers are evicted from their resident groups by the dominant female, allowing her to monopolize reproduction, and evicted females may form small dispersing coalitions. As in established resident groups, one female is behaviourally dominant in parties of dispersing females.</p> <p>We compared the survival, birth, and recruitment rates of dominant and subordinate females in dispersing coalitions to those of dominant and subordinate females in resident groups. We further compared the frequencies of different mortality causes (e.g., predation, disease) between dispersers and residents. For dispersers, we assessed if survival rates varied with dispersal distance and between transience and settlement stages of dispersal.</p> <p>During dispersal and the first four months after new group formation, survival is lower for all females compared to established resident groups. At the same time, subordinates in disperser groups have higher birth rates than those in established groups, which rarely breed successfully. This may partly offset the survival costs of dispersal to subordinate females. Further studies of dispersal based on direct observation of dispersing animals are needed to explore the costs and benefits of dispersal in species with contrasting breeding systems.</p>
Staging to join non-kin groups in a classical cooperative breeder, the Florida scrub-jay
<p>1. Why unrelated members form groups in animal societies remains a pertinent topic in evolutionary biology because benefits for group members often are not obvious. We studied subordinates that disperse to join unrelated social groups in the Florida scrub-jay Aphelocoma coerulescens, a cooperative breeding species mainly composed of kin-based groups. 2. We evaluated potential adaptive benefits of dispersing to become an unrelated helper (staging) versus remaining home and dispersing only to pair and breed (direct dispersal) to understand why non-kin-based groups form. 3. Using 35 years of demographic data, we quantified life history aspects of staging individuals and tested associations between social and ecological factors on the natal and staging territories. We compared fitness outcomes between dispersal strategies by analyzing survival, breeding recruitment, and direct reproductive output. We tested for sexual asymmetry potentially driven by differences in territory acquisition patterns and female-biased dispersal for this species. 4. Of birds that reached one-year-old, 28% staged at a non-natal territory before breeding or disappearing. Staging dispersers departed at younger ages and moved greater distances than direct dispersers. When looking at proximate factors on the natal territory associated with staging, males left groups with many same-sex helpers, while females often left when their father disappeared. For both sexes, staging individuals more likely came from high-quality territories and joined groups with fewer same-sex helpers than in their natal group. While staging and direct dispersers did not differ in survival or likelihood of becoming a breeder, staging males became breeders later and had lower lifetime reproductive success than direct dispersers. 5. In Florida scrub-jays, staging appears to be an alternative strategy for female helpers, but a best-of-a-bad-situation for males. This sexual asymmetry is consistent with males having more options than females to achieve higher reproductive success by breeding near home. Tradeoffs in cost-benefits of departing natal territory and joining unrelated groups as a helper seem to best explain alternative dispersal patterns, with optimal social queues primarily driving the benefits. This research highlights plasticity in dispersal behavior in response to social and environmental conditions and offers new perspective in our understanding of non-kin-based social groups.</p>
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Allen Brain Atlas
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