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3 results for “breeding chronology”
Adelie penguin breeding population arrival chronology on Humble Island, 1991-2024
The fundamental long-term objective of the seabird component of the Palmer LTER (PAL) has been to identify and understand the mechanistic processes that regulate the mean fitness (population growth rate) of regional penguin populations. Since the inception of PAL, Adélie penguin populations have effectively collapsed, gentoo penguin populations have increased dramatically and chinstrap penguin populations have remained relatively stable. These trends are spatially and temporally coherent with regional warming and decreasing sea ice duration. Adélie penguins are an ice-obligate polar species whose life history is intimately linked to the presence of sea ice, while chinstrap and gentoo penguins are ice-intolerant species whose life histories evolved in the sub-Antarctic, where sea ice is a less permanent feature of the marine ecosystem. The PAL study region includes five main islands on which Adélie penguin colonies have historically occurred, with each island containing a different number of spatially segregated sub-colonies. These colonies are censused to determine the total number of nests and chicks produced each year, and breeding success. Diet samples are acquired to understand diet composition (e.g., krill, fish) and krill length-frequencies. In general, krill constitute the most important component of the summer diets by mass of these three penguin species, but changes in PAL krill abundances have exhibited no long-term trends and thus far, have failed to explain the divergent patterns in penguin populations evident in our time series. Chick fledging masses are recorded as a cumulative measure of climate, weather, diet, and parental influences on chick health at the end of the breeding season. These data have provided valuable insights into the marine and terrestrial factors that influence Adélie penguin population fitness. No data were collected during the 2021-2022 season due to the Palmer Station pier rebuild.
Data from: Evaluation of breeding distribution and chronology of North American scoters
<p><strong>Aim</strong>: North America's scoter species are poorly monitored relative to other waterfowl. Black (<em>Melanitta</em> <em>americana</em>), surf (<em>M.</em> <em>perspicillata</em>), and white-winged (<em>M</em>. <em>deglandi</em>) scoter abundance and trend estimates are thus uncertain in many parts of these species' ranges. The most extensive source of waterfowl abundance and distribution data in North America is the Waterfowl Breeding Population and Habitat Survey (WBPHS). Although the WBPHS effectively monitors most species, both its timing and geographic coverage may not allow for accurate scoter monitoring. Therefore, our goal was to better define when and where scoters breed to help interpret survey results and optimize survey methods for scoters.</p> <p><strong>Location</strong>: Canadian boreal shield, taiga shield, and low-Arctic tundra; Alaska.</p> <p><strong>Taxon</strong>: Scoters (Genus: <em>Melanitta</em>)</p> <p><strong>Methods</strong>: We integrated satellite telemetry tracking data from scoters marked at multiple molting, staging, breeding, and wintering areas along the Atlantic and Pacific coasts to quantify continent-wide breeding chronology and distribution. We also examined possible drivers of variation in timing of arrival, length of stay, and departure at nesting locations.</p> <p><strong>Results</strong>: We documented a northwest-to-southeast distribution of breeding sites across Alaska and Canada. On average, scoters arrived at nest sites on June 1. Surf scoters arrived earliest, stayed for shorter periods, and departed earliest. Pacific-wintering scoters began breeding earlier than Atlantic-wintering birds. Additionally, birds arrived at nesting locations earlier in years with earlier snowmelt, and later snowmelt reduced lengths of stay for males. Breeding chronology also varied by age group, with adults arriving earlier than subadults.</p> <p><strong>Main conclusions</strong>: Our study is the first to comprehensively describe spatial variation in timing of breeding of both Atlantic and Pacific populations of all three scoter species across North America. Our results increase our understanding of how current surveys enumerate scoters and will inform possible supplemental efforts to improve continental monitoring of scoter populations.</p>
Data from: Evaluation of breeding distribution and chronology of North American scoters
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