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Dataset and supplementary files - Behavioral response of chub (Squalius cephalus), barbel (Barbus barbus) and brown trout (Salmo trutta) to pulsed direct current electric fields and resulting optimal waveform for use at electrified bar racks
<p><strong>Behavior Library.zip: </strong>For each species and behavior observed during the experiments an exemplary video is provided. </p><p><strong>Behavior_all.pdf: </strong>Additional plots showing the thresholds for the first time each individual behavior was observed for all fish species and tested waveforms</p><p><strong>Species.pdf: </strong>Additional plot allowing direct comparison of observed thresholds for the tested species when subjected to different waveforms. </p><p><strong>data.csv:</strong> All data necessary to reevaluate the conducted experiments. The dataset consists of</p><ul><li>Experiment ID</li><li>waveform - indicating the set of electrical parameters used</li><li>fish species and fish id </li><li>behavior - observed behavior</li><li>time from and time to - time in s after the start of the experiment that a behavior was started and ended respectively</li><li>type - point or interval referring to whether a behavior is considered instantaneous or continuous</li><li>voltage - applied voltage at the start of the given behavior</li><li>experiment_timestamp - date and time of the start of the experiment</li><li>breathing rate start - breathing rate at the start of the experiment</li><li>water conductivity - water conductivity at a reference temperature of 25°C [muS/cm]</li><li>water temperature [°C]</li><li>breathing rate end - breathing rate at the end of the experiment</li><li>meta behavior - assigned category of meta behavior based on the observe behavior category</li><li>standard length, total length and height - standard length, total length and height of the tested fish in [mm]</li><li>volume - calculated fish volume based on the measured length and height and an assumed elliptical form of the fish</li><li>Fangdatum - Date of catch</li><li>t.Pulse - pulse length of the tested waveform [ms]</li><li>Frequency - Frequency of the tested waveform</li><li>N.Pulses.Group - Number of pulses per group of pulses for the waveform pattern</li><li>t.Gap - time between two pulses within a group of pulses [ms]</li><li>DutyCycle - Percentage of time current is flowing for a given waveform. Calculated based on the waveform parameters</li><li>usage - first, second or third time a fish was used in the experiments. </li><li>field strength - field strength at the time of this behavior calculated based on the applied voltage</li><li>c_w ambient water conductivity [muS/cm]</li><li>p_d - power density calculated based on the field strength and the ambient water conductivity</li><li>p_t - power transferred to the fish calculated based on the field strength, the ambient water conductivity and an assumed conductivity of the fish of 115 muS/cm</li></ul><p> </p><p> </p>
Data from: Sex-specific effects of inbreeding in juvenile brown trout
<p>Inbreeding depression, i.e., the reduction of health and vigour in individuals with high inbreeding coefficients, is expected to increase with environmental, social, or physiological stress. It has therefore been predicted that sexual selection and the associated stress usually lead to higher inbreeding depression in males than in females. However, sex-specific differences in life history may reverse that pattern during certain developmental stages. In some salmonids, for example, female juveniles start developing their gonads earlier than males who instead grow faster. We tested whether the sexes are differently affected by inbreeding during that time. To study the effects of inbreeding coefficients that may be typical for natural populations of brown trout (<em>Salmo trutta</em>), and also to control for potentially confounding maternal or paternal effects, we sampled males and females from the wild, used their gametes in a block-wise full-factorial breeding design to produce 60 full-sib families, released the offspring as yolk-sac larvae into the wild, sampled them 6 months later, identified their genetic sex, and used microsatellites to assign them to their parents. We used whole-genome resequencing to calculate the kinship coefficients for each breeding pair and hence the expected average inbreeding coefficient per family. Juvenile growth could be predicted from these expected inbreeding coefficients and the genetic sex: Females reached lower body sizes with increasing inbreeding coefficient, while no such link could be found in males. This sex-specific inbreeding depression led to the overall pattern that females were on average smaller than males by the end of their first summer.</p>
F I G U R E 1 in Differences in growth between offspring of anadromous and freshwater brown trout Salmo trutta
F I G U R E 1 The River Imsa (1) in southwestern Norway where the anadromous Salmo trutta spawned. (A) The location of the fish trap where the anadromous fish were sampled. (B) The location of the upstream impassable waterfall, built between 1993 and 1995. (C) The brook, Fossbekk, where the resident fish spawned
F I G U R E 4 in Differences in growth between offspring of anadromous and freshwater brown trout Salmo trutta
F I G U R E 4 Mean growth per day (Ω, Equation 1, ±S.D.) at 18.3 C and 14.9 C of juvenile age 0 offspring of (a) 7.1 C and (b) 4.4 C incubated freshwater resident Salmo trutta (1, solid line) and anadromous (3, broken line), and hybrids between freshwater resident and anadromous (2, dotted line) S. trutta of the River Imsa, Norway
FIGURE 3 in Body shape and robustness response to water flow during development of brown trout Salmo trutta parr
FIGURE 3 Mass–standard length (M–LS) relationships (MLR) determined for exercised () and control () Salmo trutta cohorts over 0–32 weeks from treatment initiation. Each cohort included LS00 individuals (n = 6) as a common origin
FIGURE 1 in Body shape and robustness response to water flow during development of brown trout Salmo trutta parr
FIGURE 1 (a) Landmark positions () on Salmo trutta parr that were digitised twice and then averaged to minimize measurement error. (b) Shape changes associated with principal components (PCs) 1–3. PCs were derived from a between-group PC analysis of Procrustes superimposed landmarks., Consensus shape with numbered landmark positions;, Shape changes associated with each PC. Shape changes are scaled to observed PC scores: Left hand side shape changes (back outlines) are scaled to the minimum value observed across the sample on each respective PC (shown below the image) and right hand side shape changes (black outlines) are scaled to the maximum value observed across the sample on each respective PC. PC1 describes a change in head size, PC2 describes dorso-ventral arching of the body and PC3 describes changes in overall robustness and body depth
Caudal fin area: body length ratio (A:L 2; mean..) FIGURE 5 CF s S E measured from photographs of Salmo trutta parr at 20 and 32 weeks after exercise treatment initiation. A:L 2 values between the two CF s groups were significantly different (Welch's two sample t- test p <0.05) in Body shape and robustness response to water flow during development of brown trout Salmo trutta parr
Caudal fin area: body length ratio (A:L 2; mean..) FIGURE 5 CF s S E measured from photographs of Salmo trutta parr at 20 and 32 weeks after exercise treatment initiation. A:L 2 values between the two CF s groups were significantly different (Welch's two sample t- test p <0.05)
F I G U R E 3 A in A low-density single nucleotide polymorphism panel for brown trout (Salmo trutta L.) suitable for exploring genetic diversity at a range of spatial scales
F I G U R E 3 A priori discriminant analysis of principal components (DAPC) plot of Camel trout. Each point represents the genotype of an individual fish, with centroids for each site labelled. Discriminant function 1 (DF1) is represented by the x axis, and discriminant function 2 (DF2) by the y-axis
F I G U R E 1 in A low-density single nucleotide polymorphism panel for brown trout (Salmo trutta L.) suitable for exploring genetic diversity at a range of spatial scales
F I G U R E 1 Map showing the location of rivers sampled for brown trout within the UK, France and Ireland. The left panel shows the rivers used to assess the performance of the single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) panel at characterising genetic parameters within and outside the target region. The top right (blue) panel shows the locations of the four sampled rivers in Mount's Bay, Cornwall (Case Study 1). The bottom right (red) panel shows the location of the sample locations in the Camel catchment (Case Study 2). The red box within the bottom right panel gives the position of the impassable De Lank quarry site
FIGURE 3 in Habitat associations of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss and brown trout Salmo trutta fry
FIGURE 3 Salmo trutta fry abundances from the four sites in which three pass removals were conducted in July through October 2018 and associations with D50 and presence of wood. The trendline shows the relationship between S. trutta fry abundance and D50 in the three sites in which wood was absent () Wood () No Wood
FIGURE 5 in Habitat associations of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss and brown trout Salmo trutta fry
FIGURE 5 Oncorhynchus mykiss fry abundances from the four sites in which three pass removals were conducted in July through October 2018 and associations with (a) velocity and (b) depth. A trendline shows the relationship between each habitat variable and the fry abundance data for both the sites that were stocked (dotted line) and not stocked (solid line) () Not Stocked () Stocked
FIGURE 1 in Habitat associations of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss and brown trout Salmo trutta fry
FIGURE 1 Fry site locations used to obtain abundance estimates or single-pass counts for Salmo trutta and Oncorhynchus mykiss in the upper Colorado River study section in Grand County, Colorado, downstream of Windy Gap Reservoir. The 20 15.2 m sites, sampled five times from July through October 2018, included one abundance estimation and four single-pass sites at the Sheriff Ranch, four single-pass sites at Kinney Creek, two abundance estimation and five single-pass sites in the Red Barn area and one abundance estimation and three single-pass sites at Hitching Post
F I G U R E 2 A in A low-density single nucleotide polymorphism panel for brown trout (Salmo trutta L.) suitable for exploring genetic diversity at a range of spatial scales
F I G U R E 2 A priori discriminant analysis of principal components (DAPC) of trout genotypes from rivers flowing into Mount's Bay, Cornwall. Individuals are represented by individual points, with centroids for each river labelled. Discriminant function 1 (DF1) is represented by the x axis, and discriminant function 2 (DF2) by the y-axis
FIGURE 2 in Habitat associations of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss and brown trout Salmo trutta fry
FIGURE 2 Salmo trutta fry single-pass counts and associations with (a) D50, (b) depth and (c) velocity
FIGURE 2 in Body shape and robustness response to water flow during development of brown trout Salmo trutta parr
FIGURE 2 (a) Principal component (PC) () C00, () C04, () C10, () C20, () C32, () E04, () E10, () E20, and () E32 and (b) linear discriminant (LD) scores for Salmo trutta treatment groups (C, control; E, exercise) across experimental weeks (i.e., age 00 (control sample before treatment initiation) to 32 (32 weeks of treatment); n = 6 individuals per group). PC1 and PC3, derived from a between-group PC analysis of Procrustes superimposed landmarks corrected for the arching artefact (PC2). LD1 and LD2, derived from a LD analysis on the corrected principal component scores. Ellipses demarcate 95% confidence intervals; O, group centroids. N.B. The change of direction for head size on LD1 resulting from a negative association with PC1 (see Table 2)
FIGURE 4 in Body shape and robustness response to water flow during development of brown trout Salmo trutta parr
FIGURE 4 Box plots showing median (), 25th–75th percentiles () and range () of Salmo trutta condition at length (KÞ for exercised () and control () Salmo trutta cohorts across the experimental period (i.e., age) weeks 4–32 after treatment initiation (n = 6 per group). *, significant differences of pairwise least-squares means between exercised and control cohorts; different lower-case letters (black, exercise; grey, control) denote significant differences of pairwise least-squares means within treatments across the experimental period
F I G U R E 4 in A low-density single nucleotide polymorphism panel for brown trout (Salmo trutta L.) suitable for exploring genetic diversity at a range of spatial scales
F I G U R E 4 Correlation between geographic distance (km) against genetic distance (linear FST) for the trout samples from the River Camel. The red points represent those between the De Lank and all other sites, the black points for all pair-wise comparisons excluding the De Lank. Linear regression for all sites including the De Lank is given by the red line (r2 = 0.321, P = 0.231), and linear regression for all pair-wise sites excluding the De Lank is given by the black line (r2 = 0.658, P = 0.0671)
FIGURE 4 in Habitat associations of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss and brown trout Salmo trutta fry
FIGURE 4 Oncorhynchus mykiss fry counts from sites in which O. mykiss were or were not (i.e., natural reproduction) stocked and associations with (a) D50 and (b) velocity. A trendline shows the relationship between each habitat variable and the fry count data for both the sites that were stocked (dotted line) and not stocked (solid line) () Not Stocked () Stocked
F I G U R E 2 in Differences in growth between offspring of anadromous and freshwater brown trout Salmo trutta
F I G U R E 2 The experimental design: 12 anadromous (A) and 12 freshwater resident (R) Salmo trutta of each sex were crossed. Parallel groups of the fertilized eggs from each cross were incubated at two temperatures (±S.D.), either 4.4 ± 1.5 C or 7.1 ± 0.6 C. After hatching, parallel groups were reared at natural River Imsa temperature until the commencement of the growth experiment when parallels of the 16 reared groups were tested at two temperatures (±S.D.), either 14.9 ± 2.2 C or 18.3 ± 1.5 C 14.9. Ten S. trutta were used in each group tested, 320 fish altogether
Phenotypes and genotypes of brown trout used for breeding experiments in 2014
<p><span>Adult brown trout were caught via electrofishing around the beginning of the spawning season from the River Aare and its tributaries Gürbe, Worble, Giesse, Kiese, and Rotache (Bern canton, Switzerland). They were kept in the <em>Fischereistützpunkt Reutigen</em> until </span><span>eggs could be stripped from females</span><span>. Adults were </span><span>narcoticised when ready to spawn and gametes were stripped for block-wise full-factorial in vitro fertilisations (e.g. Marques da Cunha et al. 2019). Photographs were taken from all fish, standard length and wet weight were determined, and fin clips were taken for molecular analyses. All fish were then released back into the streams of origin. Samples of 24 freshly fertilized eggs per experimentally produced full-sib family were used for various laboratory experiments (e.g. Marques da Cunha et al. 2019). The remaining embryos were raised </span><span>in the <em>Fischereistützpunkt Reutigen</em> and used for stocking the streams of parental origin and various nursery streamlets, following the routine of the stocking program of the Bern canton. These stocked fish were later sampled at various stages of their life cycle, and 13 microsatellite markers could be used to assign these fish to their parents.</span></p> <p><span>Marques da Cunha L., Uppal A., Seddon E., Nusbaumer D., Vermeirssen E.L.M., Wedekind C. 2019. </span>No additive genetic variance for tolerance to ethynylestradiol exposure in natural populations of brown trout (<em>Salmo trutta</em>). Evol. Appl. 12(5), 940-950. (doi:10.1111/eva.12767).</p>
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