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55 results for “bullfrog”
Elevated temperature effects on animal personality: hormonal stress response underlying behavioural differences in the American bullfrog
<p>Dataset for research paper submitted to Animal Behaviour</p> <p>Behavioural_data.csv: raw data for how individual bullfrogs performed in six different trials on an 8-arm maze before and after they were submitted to thermal stress. Behaviours analyzed: movements against the wall of the maze, posture changes, total ambulatory distance (m), and time on the centre of the arena (s).</p> <p>Hormone_data.csv: raw hormone (corticosterone and testosterone) data collected from individual bullfrogs in four different time points: baseline, 12 hours after stress, 24 days after stress, and 47 days after stress.</p> <p>Mass_data.csv: raw mass data collected from individual bullfrogs at the beginning and end of the experiment. SVL = snout-vent length. Body index is calculated as the residuals of a linear regression between mass as dependent variable and SVL as independent variable.</p>
Figure 2 in Diet composition of an invasive population of Lithobates catesbeianus (American Bullfrog) from Argentina
Figure 2. Index of relative importance (IRI) of prey consumed by adult Lithobates catesbeianus; % Number (%N) represents the numerical percentage and % volume (%vol) the volumetric percentage, and the horizontal axis represents the frequency of occurrence of each item.
Figure 3 in Diet composition of an invasive population of Lithobates catesbeianus (American Bullfrog) from Argentina
Figure 3. Index of relative importance (IRI) of prey consumed by juvenile Lithobates catesbeianus; % Number (%N) represents the numerical percentage and % Volume (%Vol) the volumetric percentage, and the horizontal axis represents the frequency of occurrence of each item.
Figure 1 in Diet composition of an invasive population of Lithobates catesbeianus (American Bullfrog) from Argentina
Figure 1. (A) Location of studied invasive population of Lithobates catesbeianus from San Juan (black dot); (B) typical environment where the bullfrogs were captured for this study, around the Castaño Viejo River.
Data from: Is exposure to chytrid fungus and ranavirus higher in ponds invaded by American bullfrogs?
<p>Data associated with manuscript: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10530-025-03648-8<br><br>The spread of emerging infectious diseases (EIDs) and non-native invasive species are interconnected processes driving biodiversity loss. A key example involves Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) and ranavirus (Rv), pathogens contributing to global amphibian declines. Their occurrence has been linked to invasive American bullfrogs (Lithobates catesbeianus) serving as asymptomatic vectors. To determine the relationship between Bd and Rv exposure and bullfrogs, we investigated whether pathogen occurrence and environmental loads are correlated with the presence and density of bullfrogs and whether the seasonal variation in Bd exposure is related to bullfrog phenology. We sampled 157 ponds in Belgium, including four with known bullfrog and Bd presence that were monitored monthly for two years, using quantitative environmental DNA (eDNA) barcoding. We validated a duplexed assay that simultaneously targets Bd and Rv, and we quantified eDNA concentrations of bullfrogs, Bd, and Rv serving as proxies for density and pathogen loads. Bd was detected more frequently when bullfrogs were present and both the frequency of detection and environmental loads of Bd increased in ponds with high bullfrog densities. In contrast, Rv detection likelihood and load were not significantly related to bullfrog presence or density. Seasonal fluctuations in Bd loads varied between ponds with and without breeding activity. In the former, Bd was consistently detected, likely due to overwintering tadpoles. In the latter, Bd loads varied throughout the year, with peak loads coinciding with juvenile immigration. Collectively, our findings indicate that amphibian exposure to Bd, but not Rv, is higher in areas and periods where bullfrogs are present and occur at high densities</p>
Dataset: Bullfrog AI Holdings, Inc. (BFRGW) Stock Performance
This dataset provides historical stock market performance data for specific companies. It enables users to analyze and understand the past trends and fluctuations in stock prices over time. This information can be utilized for various purposes such as investment analysis, financial research, and market trend forecasting.
Dataset: Bullfrog AI Holdings, Inc. (BFRG) Stock Performance
This dataset provides historical stock market performance data for specific companies. It enables users to analyze and understand the past trends and fluctuations in stock prices over time. This information can be utilized for various purposes such as investment analysis, financial research, and market trend forecasting.
Figure 2 in Heart rate response and bimodal gas eXchange in three developmental stages of the bullfrog Lithobates catesbeianus (Anura: Ranidae)
Figure 2. Representative data recording of electrocardiogram (A) and aerial ventilation (B) in a premetamorphic Lithobates catesbeianus at 25°C. In B the signals show a ventilatory event where the tadpole renewed the air in its lungs, resulting in a marked drop in PO2 and an increase in PCO2. Following the ventilatory event, the expired air was mixed with the remaining air within the closed respirometry system, resulting in a PO2 slightly lower, and a PCO2 slightly greater, than before ventilation.
Figure 1 in Heart rate response and bimodal gas eXchange in three developmental stages of the bullfrog Lithobates catesbeianus (Anura: Ranidae)
Figure 1. Scheme of non-invasive apparatus to measure gas exchange in water (A) and air (B), and heart rate (C).
Figure 4 in Heart rate response and bimodal gas eXchange in three developmental stages of the bullfrog Lithobates catesbeianus (Anura: Ranidae)
Figure 4. Mass-specific oxygen consumption (A) and carbon dioxide released (B) for aerial (red lines and points) and aquatic (blue lines and points) gas exchange during development of Lithobates catesbeianus.
Figure 5 in Heart rate response and bimodal gas eXchange in three developmental stages of the bullfrog Lithobates catesbeianus (Anura: Ranidae)
Figure 5. Relationship between Log whole-body oxygen consumption (A) and carbon dioxide release (B) (µmol h-1) in 10 air (filled symbols) and water (open symbols), and Log10 body mass (g) in larval (blue triangles), premetamorphic (orange squares) and metamorphic (green circles) stages of Lithobates catesbeianus. Each point represents a measurement from a single animal. The regression lines correspond to aerial (red) and aquatic (blue) gas exchange. Dotted lines represent no significant correlation.
Fig. 2 in Genotypes and zoonotic potential of Enterocytozoon bieneusi in edible bullfrogs (Lithobates catesbeiana) in China
Fig. 2. Phylogenetic tree based on Bayesian inference (BI) analysis of E. bieneusi ITS sequences. Statistically significant posterior probabilities are indicated on the branches. Known and novel E. bieneusi ITS genotypes identified in the present study are indicated by hollow and filled triangles, respectively.
Fig. 3 in Native anuran species as prey of invasive American Bullfrog, Lithobates catesbeianus, in Brazil: a review with new predation records
Fig. 3. Spatial distribution of Lithobates catesbeianus invasive populations and predation reports of native anurans in Brazil. White circles: American Bullfrog populations in Brazil (Both et al. 2011; Instituto Horus 2016); yellow stars: predation reports of adult Boana raniceps and adult Phyllomedusa distincta in southern and southeastern Brazil; light green circles: locations of 41 published predation records.
Fig. 2 in Native anuran species as prey of invasive American Bullfrog, Lithobates catesbeianus, in Brazil: a review with new predation records
Fig. 2. (A) Predation of an adult Phyllomedusa distincta by Lithobates catesbeianus, (B) Adult P. distincta partially digested, removed from the oral cavity of L. catesbeianus.
Fig. 1 in Native anuran species as prey of invasive American Bullfrog, Lithobates catesbeianus, in Brazil: a review with new predation records
Fig. 1. Adult Lithobates catesbeianus swallowing an adult Boana raniceps in an artificial permanent pond within pasture area in southern Brazil.
Fig. 3 in Ranavirus and helminth parasite co-infection in invasive American bullfrogs in the Atlantic forest, Brazil
Fig. 3. (a) The negative relationship between log-transformed Nematoda abundance and Ranavirus load (copies-ng; P <0.05). Points represent individuals that tested positive for Ranavirus infection with viral load assay data (N = 12). The nematode abundances in Ranavirus-negative individuals are shown on the x-axis. (b) The relationship between log-transformed total macroparasite abundance and bullfrog snout-vent length (cm) and Ranavirus infection status with fitted regression lines (P <0.001). Data represent individuals from sites that had at least one Ranavirus infection (4 sites, N = 35).
Fig. 2 in Ranavirus and helminth parasite co-infection in invasive American bullfrogs in the Atlantic forest, Brazil
Fig. 2. (a) Observed occurrence matrix of presence (red cells) and absence (white cells) of Ranavirus and helminth taxa (6 rows) infection in individual bullfrogs (Aquarana catesbeiana; 65 columns). (b) Simulated occurrence matrix (65 columns, one null matrix out of 1000 simulations). (c) Distribution of simulated cooccurrence metric (blue histogram bars; 1000 null matrices). Vertical red line = observed co-occurrence metric. Dashed vertical lines = 95% and 99% confidence intervals. (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)
Fig. 1 in Ranavirus and helminth parasite co-infection in invasive American bullfrogs in the Atlantic forest, Brazil
Fig. 1. Distribution of helminth macroparasite taxa and Ranavirus infection status and prevalence across sampling locations. The thick gray outline shown in the inset map of Brazil highlights the states where American bullfrog (Aquarana catesbeiana) sampling took place (SP = S˜ao Paulo, PR = Paran´a, SC = Santa Catarina). Green shading represents tropical and subtropical forest biomes. Sample locations included Embu das Artes (Site 1, N = 13), Piedade (Site 2, N = 10), and Iporanga (Site 3, N = 4) in S˜ao Paulo; Quatro Barras (Site 4, N = 10), Piraquara (5, N = 2), and S˜ao Jose´dos Pinhais (Site 6, N = 4) in Paran´a; and Blumenau (Site 7, N = 9), Urubici (Site 8, N = 10), and Chapeco´(Site 9, N = 3) in Santa Catarina. Helminth pie chart size corresponds to average helminth abundance in bullfrogs. Differences in helminth taxa richness (P <0.001) and evenness (PIE; P <0.001) were detected; however, helminth abundance did not differ among sites between collection sites. Sites where Ranavirus was detected (N = 4) have a corresponding pie chart, in which the size corresponds to average viral load (copies-ng) per individual at a site. Estimated Ranavirus prevalence among the positive sites did not differ significantly (P = 0.06). Viral load of positive individuals differed among sites (P <0.05), but differences were driven by the high load found in the single Blumenau (Site 7) Ranavirus-positive bullfrog. (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)
Data from: Genetic reconstruction of a bullfrog invasion to elucidate vectors of introduction and secondary spread
Open the record for dataset details and reuse information.
eDNA quantification to evaluate bullfrog management
<p><span>Biological invasions contribute now more than ever to the global homogenization of fauna and flora. Large-scale monitoring programs are therefore needed to detect incipient invasions and to evaluate management interventions. As conventional monitoring methods are constrained by large costs, environmental DNA (eDNA)-based methods are increasingly recognized as valuable monitoring tools. However, accurately estimating species abundance from eDNA concentrations in natural systems remains challenging and consequently hinders their integration in management applications. Here, we used droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) in eDNA surveys to estimate the abundance of invasive American bullfrogs (<em>Lithobates catesbeianus</em>). We first introduced bullfrog tadpoles in natural ponds to assess the relationship between abundances and eDNA concentrations under field conditions. Next, we combined eDNA sampling with fyke netting in naturally colonized ponds to investigate whether bullfrog eDNA concentrations can estimate bullfrog capture success and conventional abundance measures obtained via depletion sampling. Finally, we evaluated eradication measures by comparing bullfrog eDNA concentrations before and after fyke netting. We found a strong linear relationship between the numbers of introduced tadpoles and eDNA concentrations (r<sup>2</sup> = 0.988). Bullfrog eDNA concentrations were not only linearly related to the catch-per-unit-effort (r<sup>2 </sup>= 0.739), but also to conventional abundance estimates (r<sup>2</sup> = 0.716), particularly when eDNA concentrations were standardized for pond area (r<sup>2</sup> = 0.834) and volume (r<sup>2 </sup>= 0.888). Bullfrog tadpoles were only captured when eDNA concentrations exceeded 1.5 copies µL<sup>-1</sup>, indicating that quantitative eDNA analyses enable the localization of breeding ponds. We found a significant reduction in eDNA concentrations after fyke netting proportional to the number of captured bullfrogs. These results demonstrate that eDNA quantification is a reliable tool that accurately estimates bullfrog abundance in natural lentic systems. We show that quantitative eDNA analyses can complement the toolbox of natural resource managers and facilitate the coordination of eradication campaigns targeting alien invasive species.</span></p>
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