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Fig. 6 in Evolution and systematics of Green Bush-crickets (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Tettigonia) in the Western Palaearctic: testing concordance between molecular, acoustic, and morphological data

Fig. 6 Comparison of the duty cycle in the songs of the T. armeniaca complex and T. caudata (left panel) and the Tettigonia viridissima group (right panel)

Fig. 2 in Evolution and systematics of Green Bush-crickets (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Tettigonia) in the Western Palaearctic: testing concordance between molecular, acoustic, and morphological data

Fig. 2 Oscillograms of the song of the Tettigonia viridissima group (1–9) and T. cantans (10) recorded at two speeds: 1 T. cf. longealata (MO: Ajabo, T = 20 °C), 2 T. cf. vaucheriana (MO: N Fes, T = 20 °C), 3 T. cf. vaucheriana (MO: Bouchfaa W of Taza, T = 21 °C), 4 T. cf. vaucheriana (MO: Tilougguite Pass, T = 23 °C), 5 T. cf. vaucheriana and cf. longealata (MO: El Kebab, T = 25 °C), 6 T. cf. vaucheriana (MO: El Kebab, T = 28–30 °C), 7 T. cf. viridissima (MO: S Aïn Zora, T = 22 °C), 8 T. cf. viridissima (MO: S Aïn Zora, T = 25 °C), 9 T. viridissima (BG: Sofia, T = 27 °C), and 10 T. cantans (IT: Val Malene; from Massa et al. 2012, T = 15 °C)). Scale bar for A is 10 s and for B 2 s

Fig. 5 in Evolution and systematics of Green Bush-crickets (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Tettigonia) in the Western Palaearctic: testing concordance between molecular, acoustic, and morphological data

Fig. 5 Appearance of some taxa of Western Palaearctic Tettigonia (relative size proportions between photos not retained). a T. cantans, male, Germany, Gunzenhausen; b T. cantans, female, Germany, Gunzenhausen; c T. uvarovi Ebner, 1946—male, holotype, Siberia (NHMW), lateral view; d same, dorsal view; e T. caudata, male, Bulgaria, Russe district, Byala; f T. acutipennis Ebner, 1946—male, holotype, "Kleinasien 1914 | Marasch, Tölg. | coll. R. Ebner" (NHMW), dorsal view; g same, lateral view; h T. armeniaca, male, Armenia, Djermuk; i T. armeniaca, male, Turkey, Ispir; j T. viridissima morphotype of longealata, male, Morocco, El Kebab; k T. viridissima morphotype of longealata, female, Morocco, El Kebab; l T. viridissima morphotype of vaucheriana, male, Morocco, El Kebab; and m T. viridissima, male and female in copula, Bulgaria, Haskovo district, Kostilkovo village

Fig. 4 in Evolution and systematics of Green Bush-crickets (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Tettigonia) in the Western Palaearctic: testing concordance between molecular, acoustic, and morphological data

Fig. 4 Phylogenetic tree of the genus Tettigonia based on BI analysis of concatenated COI-ITS1-ITS2 sequences. BI posterior probability (PP) values are shown near resolved branches (only support values above 0.50). Species groups, as defined by genetic and morpho-acoustic data, are distinctly shaded, and the respective branches are marked with an open circle and a capital letter as follows: "A"—T. viridissima group, "B"—T. caudata group, and "C"—T. cantans group. Haplotype codes correspond to Table 1 in the Supplement, followed by morphological identification. Squares on the right side of names correspond to relative wing length: filled squares short wings and open squares long wings;

Fig. 7 in Evolution and systematics of Green Bush-crickets (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Tettigonia) in the Western Palaearctic: testing concordance between molecular, acoustic, and morphological data

Fig. 7 Relationship between the duration of chirps and inter-chirp intervals in T. caudata and the Tettigonia armeniaca complex. Green triangles mark recordings from Ispir, Turkey, where monosyllabic, disyllabic, and polysyllabic songs of T. armeniaca were recorded, as well as a song of T. caudata (Color figure online)

opencc-by-4.0Mar 2021View details →

Fig. 1 in First records of the Oak bush-cricket Meconema thalassinum on three German North Sea islands (Orthoptera: Ensifera, Tettigoniidae)

Fig. 1 – Distribution of Meconema thalassinum in Schleswig-Holstein (Germany). Solid red line indicates border between the Atlantic (west) and the Continental (east) Biogeographic Regions. Note majority of records are in the zone of the continental climate. From Winkler & Klinge (2019), modified.

opencc-by-4.0Mar 2021View details →

Fig. 2 – A in First records of the Oak bush-cricket Meconema thalassinum on three German North Sea islands (Orthoptera: Ensifera, Tettigoniidae)

Fig. 2 – A male of the oak bush-cricket Meconema thalassinum from German North Sea Islands: island Sylt, 09 Sept. 2020, photo H. Ahnelt.

Figure 9 in Biogeography, phylogeny and acoustics of the flightless bush-crickets of the East African genus Monticolaria Sjöstedt, 1909, with the description of a new species (Orthoptera: Phaneropterinae)

Figure 9. Male stridulatory file of Monticolaria kilimandjarica (A–C), M. manyara (D–F) and M. meruensis (G–I). A,D,G, overview; B,E,H, details of the file near the wing base; C,F,I large stridulatory teeth (wing base to the right; see text).

Figure 11 in Biogeography, phylogeny and acoustics of the flightless bush-crickets of the East African genus Monticolaria Sjöstedt, 1909, with the description of a new species (Orthoptera: Phaneropterinae)

Figure 11. Distribution of Phaneropterinae taxa in montanous areas of East Africa morphologically related to Monticolaria.

Figure 7 in Biogeography, phylogeny and acoustics of the flightless bush-crickets of the East African genus Monticolaria Sjöstedt, 1909, with the description of a new species (Orthoptera: Phaneropterinae)

Figure 7. Spectrum of the song of Monticolaria kilimandjarica, high pass filtered at 4 kHz. Black line: song recorded with Genrad 1988 in the laboratory. Grey: song recorded with Pettersson D1000X in the field; peak at about 5–10 kHz from Aerotegmina kilimandjarica, at 40–45 kHz from Amytta olindo, both singing simultaneously.

Figure 6 in Biogeography, phylogeny and acoustics of the flightless bush-crickets of the East African genus Monticolaria Sjöstedt, 1909, with the description of a new species (Orthoptera: Phaneropterinae)

Figure 6. Song of Monticolaria kilimandjarica. A–F: calling song. A, field recording; B–F, laboratory recording; G, H, rivalry song? (see text).

Figure 4 in Biogeography, phylogeny and acoustics of the flightless bush-crickets of the East African genus Monticolaria Sjöstedt, 1909, with the description of a new species (Orthoptera: Phaneropterinae)

Figure 4. Lateral view on fastigium verticis of male: A, M. manyara; B, M. kilimandjaric; C, M. meruensis. Abdominal apices of male: D, M. manyara; E, M. kilimandjarica; and F, M. meruensis. Lateral view of abdominal apex of female: G, M. manyara; H, M. kilimandjarica; I, M. meruensis (scale bars represent 2 mm).

Figure 1 in Biogeography, phylogeny and acoustics of the flightless bush-crickets of the East African genus Monticolaria Sjöstedt, 1909, with the description of a new species (Orthoptera: Phaneropterinae)

Figure 1. Molecular phylogeny of Monticolaria species based on DNA sequences from the mitochondrial gene cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI). Bootstrap values (1000 replicates) at nodes in the order: distance, ML, MP. '*' for nodes not resolved.

Figure 5. A, Male M in Biogeography, phylogeny and acoustics of the flightless bush-crickets of the East African genus Monticolaria Sjöstedt, 1909, with the description of a new species (Orthoptera: Phaneropterinae)

Figure 5. A, Male M. manyara; B, habitat of M. manyara: strongly disturbed montane forest on the southern slopes of Mt. Hanang; C, female M. kilimandjarica; D, male M. kilimandjarica.

opencc-zeroJan 2021View details →

The mosaic distribution pattern of two sister bush-cricket species and the possible role of reproductive interference

Reproductive interference can shape regional distribution patterns in closely related species, if prezygotic isolation barriers are weak. The study of such interaction could be more challenging in nuptial gift-giving species due to the direct nutritional effects on both sexes of both species during copulation. We mapped the distribution of two sister bush-cricket species, Pholidoptera aptera and P. transsylvanica, at the northern margin of their overlapping ranges in Europe and, with a behavioural experiment, we tested the possibility of heterospecific mating. We found a very rare coexistence of species locally (0.5%, n = 391 sites) with mostly mutually exclusive distribution patterns, resulting in a mosaic pattern of sympatry, whereas they occupied the same climate niche in forest-dominated mountain landscape. Over 14 days of a mating experiment with seven mixed groups of conspecifics and heterospecifics (n = 56 individuals in total), the number of received spermatophores per female was 3–6 in P. aptera and 1–7 in P. transsylvanica. In total, we found 8.1% of heterospecific copulations (n = 99 transferred spermatophores with genetic identification of the donor species), while we also confirmed successful the transfer of heterospecific sperms into a female's reproductive system. Because bush-cricket females also obtain required nutrition from a heterospecific spermatophylax what should increase their fitness and fecundity, we suggest that their flexibility to mate with heterospecifics is beneficial and drives reproductive interference. This may substantially limit the reproductive success of the less frequent species (P. transsylvanica), coupled with eventual detrimental effects from hybridization, and result in the competitive exclusion of that species from their areas of coexistence.

opencc-zeroOct 2022View details →

Beyond the exponential horn: a bush-cricket with ear-canals which function as coupled resonators

Bush-crickets have dual-input, tympanal ears located in the tibia of their forelegs. The sound will, first of all, reach the external sides of the tympana, before arriving to the internal sides through the bush-cricket ear-canal, the acoustic trachea (AT), with a phase lapse and pressure gain. It has been shown that for many bush-crickets, the AT has an exponential horn-shaped morphology and function, producing a significant pressure gain above a certain cut-off frequency. However, the underlying mechanism of different AT designs remains elusive. In this study, we demonstrate that the AT of the duetting bush-cricket Pterodichopetala cieloi function as coupled resonators, producing sound pressure gains at the sex-specific conspecific calling song frequency, and attenuating the remainder – a functioning mechanism significantly different than an exponential horn. Furthermore, it is demonstrated that despite the sexual dimorphism between the P. cieloi AT, both male and female AT have a similar biophysical mechanism. The analysis was carried out using an interdisciplinary approach, where micro-computed tomography was used for the morphological properties of the P. cieloi AT, and a finite-element analysis was applied on the precise tracheal geometry to further justify the experimental results and to go beyond experimental limitations.

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Fig. 1 in Evolution and systematics of Green Bush-crickets (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Tettigonia) in the Western Palaearctic: testing concordance between molecular, acoustic, and morphological data

Fig. 1 Map showing the sampling sites for Tettigonia

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Figure 8 in Biogeography, phylogeny and acoustics of the flightless bush-crickets of the East African genus Monticolaria Sjöstedt, 1909, with the description of a new species (Orthoptera: Phaneropterinae)

Figure 8. Stridulatory file of M. kilimandjarica.

publicOct 2022View details →

Beyond the exponential horn: a bush-cricket with ear-canals which function as coupled resonators

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