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260 results for “camouflage”
Social Context Affects Camouflage in a Cryptic Fish Species
<p>Crypsis, or the ability to avoid detection and/or recognition, is an important and widespread anti-predator strategy across the animal kingdom. Many animals are able to camouflage themselves by adapting their body colour to the local environment. In particular, rapid changes in body colour are often critical to the survival of cryptic prey which rely on evading detection by predators. This is especially pertinent for animals subject to spatiotemporal variability in their environment, as they must adapt to acute changes in their visual surroundings. However, which features of the local environment are most relevant is not well understood. In particular, little is known about how social context interacts with other environmental stimuli to influence crypsis. Here we use a common cryptic prey animal, the goby (Pseudogobius species 2) to examine how the presence and body colour of conspecifics influences the rate and extent to which gobies change colour. We find that solitary gobies change colour to match their background faster and to a greater extent than gobies in pairs. Further, we find that this relationship holds irrespective of the colour of nearby conspecifics. This study demonstrates the importance of social context in mediating colour change in cryptic animals.</p>
Fig. 1 in Cryptic nest of Mischocyttarus iheringi (Hymenoptera: Vespidae: Polistinae) with description of camouflage
Fig. 1. Construction patterns of Mischocyttarus iheringi nests found in the Botanical Gardens of the Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Brazil, showing the number of cells.
Fig. 2 in Cryptic nest of Mischocyttarus iheringi (Hymenoptera: Vespidae: Polistinae) with description of camouflage
Fig. 2. Bryophytes used as camouflage material: A, Metzgeria spp.; B, Lejeunea spp.; C, Macrocoma spp.; D, Pilosium spp.; E and F, nests showing camouflage with the substrate; G and H, detail of the positioning of individuals of Mischocyttarus iheringi.
Fig. 9 in Anatomy of Disguise: Camouflaging Structures in Nymphs of Some Reduviidae (Heteroptera)
Fig. 9. Sphaeridops sp. (Sphaeridopinae): Camouflaging structures on pronotum and abdominal tergites in the 5th instar nymph, SEM, all external view with exception of F (internal view). A–C. Grouped trichomes on the pronotum. D, E. Rosettelike projection trichomes on the abdominal tergites. F. Saccules of the rosettelike projection trichomes seen in the light microscope.
Fig. 5 in Anatomy of Disguise: Camouflaging Structures in Nymphs of Some Reduviidae (Heteroptera)
Fig. 5. Holotrichius tenebrosus and Leogorrus sp. (Reduviinae): Camouflaging structures on the abdominal tergites of one 5th instar nymph of H. tenebrosus (A–C) and one fourth instar nymph of Leogorrus sp. (D, E), all external views except C (internal view). A. Trichomes that may represent shortprojection trichomes. B. Close-up of one trichome associated with a seta. C. Ductule of one trichome. D. Lateral sclerotized plate with hairlike long-projection trichomes and setae. E. Posterior margin of abdominal tergite showing transverse row of long-projection trichomes and setae.
Fig. 3 in Anatomy of Disguise: Camouflaging Structures in Nymphs of Some Reduviidae (Heteroptera)
Fig. 3. Eupheno sp. (Cetherinae): Camouflaging structures on the abdominal tergites in the 4th instar nymph. A. Sclerotized plate surrounded by membrane, showing short-projection trichomes, LM. B. Sclerotized plate surrounded by membrane, showing short-projection trichomes, SEM. C. Close-up of part of B, showing margin of sclerotized plate with variously shaped short-projection trichomes. D. Tubercleshaped short-projection trichome. E. Spinelike short-projection trichomes. F. Pore of a spinelike shortprojection trichome.
Fig. 1 in Anatomy of Disguise: Camouflaging Structures in Nymphs of Some Reduviidae (Heteroptera)
Fig. 1. Habitus and dorsal view of abdominal tergites of reduviid nymphs that possess camouflaging structures. Only Holotrichius tenebrosus is shown in camouflaged condition, the other species are cleaned.
Fig. 7 in Anatomy of Disguise: Camouflaging Structures in Nymphs of Some Reduviidae (Heteroptera)
Fig. 7. Salyavata sp. (Salyavatinae): Camouflaging structures on pronotum and abdominal tergites in the 5th instar nymph, SEM, all external view with exception of F (internal view). A. Rows of grouped trichomes on the pronotum. B. Grouped trichome. C. Long-projection trichome with associated seta. D. Sort-projection trichomes. E. Apex of long-projection trichome with pore. F. Ductule of longprojection trichome.
Fig. 2 in Anatomy of Disguise: Camouflaging Structures in Nymphs of Some Reduviidae (Heteroptera)
Fig. 2. Long-projection trichomes, short-projection trichomes, and grouped trichomes in nymphs of Reduviidae in the subfamilies Cetherinae, Reduviinae, Salyavatinae, Sphaeridopinae, and Triatominae.
Fig. 6 in Anatomy of Disguise: Camouflaging Structures in Nymphs of Some Reduviidae (Heteroptera)
Fig. 6. Reduvius personatus (Reduviinae): Camouflaging structures on the abdominal tergites in the fourth instar nymph, external views with exception of D (internal view). A. Hairlike long-projection trichome associated with one seta and several short-projection trichomes, LM. B. Hairlike long-projection trichome associated with one seta and several short-projection trichomes, SEM. C. Short-projection trichome. D. Ductules of long-projection trichomes and short-projection trichomes. E. Hind-tarsal fan. F. Setae with serrated ventral surface on ventral side of third tarsomere.
Fig. 1 in Fallen leaves on the water-bed: diurnal camouflage of three night active fish species in an Amazonian streamlet
Fig. 1. Habitat and aspect of three root-tangle and leaf-litter inhabiting fish species photographed underwater in an Amazonian streamlet: Tetranematichthys quadrifilis (77.7 mm SL, INPA 25107, top right), Steatogenys duidae (129.2 2 mm TL, INPA 25018, bottom left), and Helogenes marmoratus (59.8 mm SL, INPA 25111, bottom right).
Fig. 2 in Fallen leaves on the water-bed: diurnal camouflage of three night active fish species in an Amazonian streamlet
Fig. 2. Three leaf-shaped and cryptically colored fish species photographed underwater lying on their sides, and one escape response out of the root-tangle: Steatogenys duidae (top left), Helogenes marmoratus (top and bottom right), and Tetranematichthys quadrifilis (bottom left). Note body shape and color resemblance to dead leaves in the three species, as well as the fore body of H. marmoratus above the water surface in the bottom right picture (mauve asterisk).
Social Context Affects Camouflage in a Cryptic Fish Species
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Data from: Infrared camouflage in leaf-sitting frogs: A cautionary tale on adaptive convergence
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Data from: Adaptation in the Anthropocene: How behavioural choice and colour change enables chameleon prawns to camouflage on non‐native seaweeds
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Data from: Snow-mediated plasticity does not prevent camouflage mismatch
<p>Global reduction in snow cover duration is one of the most consistent and widespread climate change outcomes. Declining snow duration has severe negative consequences for diverse taxa including seasonally color molting species, which rely on snow for camouflage. However, phenotypic plasticity may facilitate adaptation to reduced snow duration. Plastic responses could occur in the color molt phenology or through behavior that minimizes coat color mismatch or its consequences. We quantified molt phenology of 200 wild snowshoe hares (Lepus americanus), and measured microhabitat choice and local snow cover. Similar to other studies, we found that hares did not show behavioral plasticity to minimize coat color mismatch via background matching; instead they preferred colder, snow free areas regardless of their coat color. Furthermore, hares did not behaviorally mitigate the negative consequences of mismatch by choosing resting sites with denser vegetation cover when mismatched. Importantly, we demonstrated plasticity in the initiation and the rate of the molt and established the direct effect of snow on molt phenology; greater snow cover was associated with whiter hares and this association was not due to whiter hares preferring snowier areas. However, despite the observed snow-mediated plasticity in molt phenology, camouflage mismatch with white hares on brown snowless ground persisted and was more frequent during early snowmelt. Thus, we find no evidence that phenotypic plasticity in snowshoe hares is sufficient to facilitate adaptive rescue to camouflage mismatch under climate change.</p>
The Camouflage Machine: Optimising protective colouration using deep learning with genetic algorithms
Evolutionary biologists frequently wish to measure the fitness of alternative phenotypes using behavioural experiments. However, many phenotypes are complex. For example colouration: camouflage aims to make detection harder, while conspicuous signals (e.g. for warning or mate attraction) require the opposite. Identifying the hardest and easiest to find patterns is essential for understanding the evolutionary forces that shape protective colouration, but the parameter space of potential patterns (coloured visual textures) is vast, limiting previous empirical studies to a narrow range of phenotypes. Here we demonstrate how deep learning combined with genetic algorithms can be used to augment behavioural experiments, identifying both the best camouflage and the most conspicuous signal(s) from an arbitrarily vast array of patterns. To show the generality of our approach, we do so for both trichromatic (e.g. human) and dichromat (e.g. typical mammalian) visual systems, in two different habitats. The patterns identified were validated using human participants; those identified as the best for camouflage were significantly harder to find than a tried-and-tested military design, while those identified as most conspicuous were significantly easier than other patterns. More generally, our method, dubbed the 'Camouflage Machine', will be a useful tool for identifying the optimal phenotype in high dimensional state-spaces.
False holes as camouflage
<p>Long noted by naturalists, leaf mimicry provides some of the most impressive examples of camouflage through masquerade. Many species of leaf-mimicking Lepidoptera also sport wing markings that closely resemble irregularly shaped holes caused by decay or insect damage. Despite proposals that such markings can either enhance resemblance to damaged leaves or act to disrupt surface appearance through false depth cues, to our knowledge, no attempt has been made to establish exactly how these markings function, or even whether they confer a survival benefit to prey. Here, in two field experiments using artificial butterfly-like targets, we show that false hole markings provide significant survival benefits against avian predation. Furthermore, in a computer-based visual search experiment, we demonstrate that detection of such targets by humans is impeded in a similar fashion. Equally contrasting light marks do not have the same effect; indeed, they lead to increased detection. We conclude that the mechanism is the disruption of the otherwise homogeneous wing surface (surface disruptive camouflage) and that, by resembling the holes sometimes found in real leaves, the disruptive benefits are not offset by conspicuousness costs.</p>
Reconstructing illusory camouflage patterns on moth wings using computer vision - Datas and codes
<p>This repository contains the data, codes and pre-trained weights for the experiments in our paper "Reconstructing illusory camouflage patterns on moth wings using computer vision", accepted for publication in the Journal of The Royal Society Interface.</p> <p>The images, in photos.zip, are available under CC-BY-SA 4.0 International license.</p> <p>The c++ codes, available in codes_closed_forms.zip, are available under a GPL 3.0 license.</p> <p>The monocular depth reconstruction toolbox we used to test different deep learning models for monocular reconstruction is available under the Apache 2.0 software license.</p>
CamoEvo: an open access toolbox for artificial camouflage evolution experiments
<p>Camouflage research has long shaped our understanding of evolution by natural selection, and elucidating the mechanisms by which camouflage operates remains a key question in visual ecology. However, the vast diversity of colour patterns found in animals and their backgrounds, combined with the scope for complex interactions with receiver vision presents a fundamental challenge for investigating optimal camouflage strategies. Genetic algorithms have provided a potential method for accounting for these interactions, but with limited accessibility. Here, we present CamoEvo, an open-access toolbox for investigating camouflage pattern optimisation by using tailored genetic algorithms, animal and egg maculation theory and artificial predation experiments. This system allows for camouflage evolution within the span of just 10-30 generations (~1-2 min per generation), producing patterns that are both significantly harder to detect and that are optimised to their background. CamoEvo was built in ImageJ to allow for integration with an array of existing open access camouflage analysis tools. We provide guides for editing and adjusting the predation experiment and genetic algorithm as well as an example experiment. The speed and flexibility of this toolbox makes it adaptable for a wide range of computer based phenotype optimisation experiments.</p>
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