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TABLE 2 in First evidence of cannibalism in Crassimurex (s. s.) calcitrapa (Lamarck, 1803) (Gastropoda, Muricidae) from the Lutetian of the Paris Basin (France)
<p>TABLE 2. — Morphological and functional patterns of holes associated with gastropod and <i>Octopus</i> predation (modified from Gordillo <i>et al.</i> 2022).</p><table><thead><tr><th><b>Characteristic</b></th><th><b>Pattern A</b></th><th><b>Pattern B</b></th><th><b>Pattern C</b></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th>Shape</th><td>A hole, round to oval</td><td>Paired breaks</td><td>A hole, rounded to irregular</td></tr><tr><th>Outline character</th><td>Regular outline</td><td>Irregular breakage</td><td>Regular to irregular</td></tr><tr><th>Profile cross section</th><td>Straight or sloping sides or parabolic outline</td><td>Random breakage</td><td>Width and direction of hole vary with depth</td></tr><tr><th>Drill hole location</th><td>Primarily Abapertural, dorsal to ventral</td><td>Unspecified</td><td>Apertural, ventral to dorsal, parietal (left)</td></tr><tr><th>Produced by</th><td>Secretions of the ABO and rasping by the radula</td><td>Possible chemical softening and biting marks of upper and lower beaks</td><td>Secretion of salivary glands and rasping by radula and teeth of the papillary shield and terminal process</td></tr><tr><th>Potential predator</th><td>Drilling gastropods</td><td><i>Octopus</i></td><td><i>Octopus</i></td></tr><tr><th>Present in this sampling</th><td>Yes</td><td>No</td><td>No</td></tr></tbody></table>
Data describing how four different levels of induced plant defenses change cannibalism among larval lepidopterans and alter consumption of plant tissue by larval lepidopterans.
A dataset comprised of three experiments: Experiment 1. Data describing how four different levels of induced plant defenses change cannibalism among larval lepidopterans and alter consumption of plant tissue by larval lepidopterans. The experiment was conducted at UW-Madison in Birge Hall. Experiment 2. Data describing how two levels of induced plant defenses and two levels of food provision (presence or absence of dead conspecifics) changes cannibalism, herbivory, and growth among larval lepidopterans. Experiment 3. Data describing mass loss of tomato leaves that were clipped and allowed to dry for two days. These data are to determine estimates of natural (autogenic) weight loss due to evaporation for comparison of weight loss due to herbivory and evaporation as part of feeding trials with armyworms (see other two associated datasets in this series). The experiment was conducted at the Department of Biology at Virginia Commonwealth University.
Fig. 4 in Comparative Biology Of Cave-Dwelling Spitting Spiders (Araneae: Scytodidae): Parental Care, Cooperative Prey-Capture, Cannibalism, Natal Dispersal And Reproductive Behaviour
Fig. 4. Scytodid egg-sac. (A) Typical egg-sac of Scytodes cavernarum, S. fusca and the Philippines Scytodes sp. 2; and (B) Scytodes magna egg-sac. Note the denser silk surrounding the eggs of S. magna.
Fig. 8 in Comparative Biology Of Cave-Dwelling Spitting Spiders (Araneae: Scytodidae): Parental Care, Cooperative Prey-Capture, Cannibalism, Natal Dispersal And Reproductive Behaviour
Fig. 8. Reproductive traits of five cave species of scytodids. (A) Mean (± S.E.) total number of spiderlings per female; (B) mean (± S.E.) egg hatching time (d); (C) mean (± S.E.) interval (d) between clutches; (D) mean (± S.E.) interval (d) between hatching and the next egg-sac production; (E) mean (± S.E.) number of clutches; and (F) mean (± S.E.) number of spiderlings per clutch. Different lower cases indicate significant differences.
Fig. 3 in Comparative Biology Of Cave-Dwelling Spitting Spiders (Araneae: Scytodidae): Parental Care, Cooperative Prey-Capture, Cannibalism, Natal Dispersal And Reproductive Behaviour
Fig. 3. Maternal care of egg-sacs in spitting spiders. (A) Scytodes fusca female carrying her egg-sac in her chelicerae. (B) Guangxi Scyloxes sp. 1 female on the surface of the outer cave walls, staying close to her egg-sac. The egg-sac is suspended by two to three threads. (C) Web constructed by S. magna female. Her egg-sac is suspended by a few threads at the centre of the web.
Fig. 2 in Comparative Biology Of Cave-Dwelling Spitting Spiders (Araneae: Scytodidae): Parental Care, Cooperative Prey-Capture, Cannibalism, Natal Dispersal And Reproductive Behaviour
Fig. 2. The 'cage within a cage' set-up for studying the natal dispersal patterns of scytodid spiders. Modified from Ruttan (1990).
Fig. 1 in Comparative Biology Of Cave-Dwelling Spitting Spiders (Araneae: Scytodidae): Parental Care, Cooperative Prey-Capture, Cannibalism, Natal Dispersal And Reproductive Behaviour
Fig. 1. Four species of cave scytodid spiders. (A) female and (B) male Scytodes magna, body length = 10.5 mm; (C) female and (D) male S. fusca, body length = 5.8 mm; (E) female Philippines Scytodes sp. 2, body length = 5.6mm; and (F) female S. cavernarum, body length = 5.3 mm.
Fig. 6 in Comparative Biology Of Cave-Dwelling Spitting Spiders (Araneae: Scytodidae): Parental Care, Cooperative Prey-Capture, Cannibalism, Natal Dispersal And Reproductive Behaviour
Fig. 6. Newly emerged Guangxi Scyloxes sp. 1 spiderlings spread out on the sparse silk nest, and female feeding on house fly alone. Body length of adult female = 11.5 mm.
Fig. 7 in Comparative Biology Of Cave-Dwelling Spitting Spiders (Araneae: Scytodidae): Parental Care, Cooperative Prey-Capture, Cannibalism, Natal Dispersal And Reproductive Behaviour
Fig. 7. Relationship between the days in which spiderlings dispersed and spiderling mass in five cave scytodid species. (A) Scytodes fusca; (B) S. carvernarum; (C) Philippines Scytodes sp. 2.; (D) S. magna; and (E) Guangxi Scyloxes sp. 1.
Preferential cannibalism as a key stabilizing mechanism of intraguild predation systems with trophic polymorphic predators
<p><span>Theory predicts intraguild predation (IGP) to be unstable despite its ubiquity in nature, prompting exploration of stabilizing mechanisms of IGP. One of the many ways IGP manifests is through inducible trophic polymorphisms in the intraguild (IG) predator, where a resource-eating predator morph competes with the intraguild (IG) prey for the shared resource while a top predator morph consumes the IG prey. Cannibalism is common in this type of system due to the top predator morph's specialization on the trophic level below it, which includes the resource-eating predator morph. Here, we explore the consequences of inducible trophic polymorphisms in cannibal predators for IGP stability using an IGP model with and without cannibalism. We employ linear stability analysis and identify regions of coexistence based on the top predator morph's preference for conspecifics vs. heterospecifics and the IG prey's competitive ability relative to the resource-eating morph. Our findings reveal preferential cannibalism (i.e. the preferential consumption of conspecifics) stabilizes the system when the IG prey and resource-eating morph have similar competitive abilities for the shared resource. Though original IGP theory finds the IG prey must be a superior resource competitor as a general criterion for coexistence, this is not typically the case when the predator has an inducible trophic polymorphism and the resource-eating morph is specialized in resource acquisition. Preferential cannibalism may therefore be a key stabilizing mechanism in IGP systems with a cannibalistic, trophic polymorphic IG predators, providing further insight into what general mechanisms stabilize the pervasive IGP interaction.</span></p>
Early filial cannibalism revisited
<p><span>Offspring desertion by parents generally occurs at an early stage of parental care, which </span><span>is considered to minimize</span><span> the costs of parental care </span><span>prior to</span><span> desertion. </span><span>T</span><span>his study</span><span> investigated the effects of endocrinological constraint on early total filial cannibalism by male Rhabdoblennius nitidus in </span><span>the </span><span>field, a paternal brooding blennid fish with androgen-dependent brood cycling. In brood reduction experiments, </span><span>cannibal</span><span> males showed low </span><span>levels of </span><span>plasma 11-ketotestosterone (KT</span><span>) relative to non-cannibals, and also similar levels of 11-KT to males in the parental care phase</span><span>. Since 11-KT regulates male courtship intensity, males with decreased courtship activity </span><span>would exhibit</span><span> total filial cannibalism. However, there is a possibility that </span><span>a </span><span>transient increase in 11-KT levels at the early stage of parental care delays total filial cannibalism. </span><span>In contrast</span><span>, total filial cannibalism could occur before a decline to the lowest 11-KT levels, at which males might still be able to exhibit courtships, probably to reduce the costs of parental care. To understand how much and when </span><span>caregiving</span><span> males exhibit mating and parental care behaviors, it is important to consider not only the presence of endocrinological constraint but also its intensity and flexibility.</span></p>
Genetic diversity and efficacy of natural selection in spiders with pre-copulatory sexual cannibalism
<p>Factors that increase reproductive variance among individuals act to reduce effective population size (Ne), which accelerates loss of genetic diversity and decreases efficacy of purifying selection. These factors include sexual cannibalism, offspring investment, and mating system. Pre-copulatory sexual cannibalism where the female consumes the male prior to mating exacerbates this effect. We performed comparative transcriptomics in two spider species, the cannibalistic Trechaleoides biocellata and the non-cannibalistic T. keyserlingi, to generate genomic evidence to support these predictions. First, we estimated heterozygosity and found that genetic diversity is relatively lower in the cannibalistic species. Second, we calculated dN/dS ratios as a measure of purifying selection, higher dN/dS ratio indicated relaxed purifying selection in the cannibalistic species. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that sexual cannibalism impacts operational sex ratio and demographic processes, which interact with evolutionary forces to shape the genetic structure of populations. However, other factors such as the mating system and life-history traits contribute to shape Ne. Comparative analyses across multiple contrasting species-pairs would be required to disentangle these effects. Our study highlights that extreme behaviours such as pre-copulatory cannibalism may have profound eco-evolutionary effects. </p>
Gender Specific Cannibalism in male Phytoseiulus persimilis.
<p>This dataset was used to research if cannibalism by male <em>Phytoseiulus</em> <em>persimilis</em> was reared towards a specific gender. This was done by comparing the sex ratios in groups of individuals that experienced cannibalism in the larval stage to those who did not. </p>
Fig. 1 in Cannibalism in the High Andean Titicaca Water Frog, Telmatobius culeus Garman, 1875
Fig. 1. Individuals of Telmatobius culeus eating smaller conspecific frogs: (a) wild male eating a juvenile, (b) female captive frog eating a male adult frog, (c) male captive frog eating a female adult frog. Photos by Arturo Muñoz (a), Patricia Mendoza (b), and Adriana Aguila (c).
FIG. 9 in First evidence of cannibalism in Crassimurex (s. s.) calcitrapa (Lamarck, 1803) (Gastropoda, Muricidae) from the Lutetian of the Paris Basin (France)
FIG. 9. — Comparison between drill holes made by octopids (A-E) and drill holes made by Crassimurex (s. s.) calcitrapa (Lamarck, 1803) (F-I): A1, B-E, plan view of holes drilled by octopids; A2, mold of an octopid drill hole showing the variable path through the shell; A1, A2, drill hole made by the extant Octopus vulgaris Cuvier, 1797; B-E, drill holes made by octopids from the upper Campanian of Meade (South Dakota) on a specimen (AMNH 99175) of Nymphalucina occidentalis (Morton, 1842), F, Serratocerithium denticulatum (Lamarck, 1804) (Goldstein coll.); G-I, C. (s. s.) calcitrapa: G, MNHN.F.A9120; H, MNHN.F.A91214; I, MNHN.F.A91211. Credits: A1, A2, Arnold & Arnold (1969) slightly modified; B-E, Klompmaker & Landman (2021: fig. 1) slightly modified; F, D. Goldstein; G-L, L. Cazes (MNHN/CNRS). Scale bars: A-E, H-I, 1 mm; F, G, 0.5 mm.
FIG. 6 in First evidence of cannibalism in Crassimurex (s. s.) calcitrapa (Lamarck, 1803) (Gastropoda, Muricidae) from the Lutetian of the Paris Basin (France)
FIG. 6. — Specimens of C.(s. s.) calcitrapa (Lamarck,1803) from La Ferme de l'Orme (Beynes,Yvelines) bearing muricid drill holes: A, C, D, E, H, complete single holes with one opening: A, MNHN.F.A91201; C, MNHN.F.A91203; D, MNHN.F.A91204; E, MNHN.F.A91205; G, MNHN.F.A91207; H, MNHN.F.A91208; B, F, J, complete single holes with two openings: B, MNHN.F.A91202; F, MNHN.A91206; J, MNHN.F.A91210; I, K, L, two complete holes: I, MNHN.F.A91209; K, MNHN.F.A91211; L, MNHN.F.A91212; M, N, incomplete holes: M, MNHN.F.A91213; N, MNHN.F.A91214. Scale bars: A-J, 1 mm; K-N, 5 mm. Credits: L. Cazes (MNHN/CNRS).
FIG. 3 in First evidence of cannibalism in Crassimurex (s. s.) calcitrapa (Lamarck, 1803) (Gastropoda, Muricidae) from the Lutetian of the Paris Basin (France)
FIG. 3. — View of the unit 6 of La Ferme de l'Orme section (Beynes, Yvelines, France) in which Crassimurex (s. s.) calcitrapa (Lamarck, 1803) was collected. Credits: Isabelle Rouget (MNHN). Lenght of the meter: 20 cm.
FIG. 2 in First evidence of cannibalism in Crassimurex (s. s.) calcitrapa (Lamarck, 1803) (Gastropoda, Muricidae) from the Lutetian of the Paris Basin (France)
FIG. 2. — The section of La Ferme de l'Orme (Beynes, Yvelines, France) from Merle & Courville (2008). The material of Crassimurex (s. s.) calcitrapa (Lamarck, 1803) collected for this study comes exclusively from the unit 6.
FIG. 5 in First evidence of cannibalism in Crassimurex (s. s.) calcitrapa (Lamarck, 1803) (Gastropoda, Muricidae) from the Lutetian of the Paris Basin (France)
FIG. 5. — Growth of the sculpture of Crassimurex (s. s.) calcitrapa (Lamarck, 1803) with the appearance of spiral cords and cord spines: A, MNHN.F.A91206 (Goldstein leg), spm of three teleoconch whorls; B, MNHN.F.A91209 (Goldstein leg), spm of four teleoconch whorls; C, MNHN.F.A91216 (Goldstein leg), spm of five teleoconch whorls; D, MNHN.F.A31217 (Goldstein leg), spm of?seven teleoconch whorls with spm A of the same relative size for comparison. Scale bars: 1 mm. Credits: L. Cazes. The identification of the spiral cords adopts the terminology suggested by Merle (2001, 2005).
FIG. 1 in First evidence of cannibalism in Crassimurex (s. s.) calcitrapa (Lamarck, 1803) (Gastropoda, Muricidae) from the Lutetian of the Paris Basin (France)
FIG. 1. — Geographical location of La Ferme de l'Orme (Beynes, Yvelines, France). The locality (in red font) is indicated on the map of the extension of the Lutetian sediments (modified from de Wever & Cornée 2008).
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