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67 results for “carbon deposition”
Spatial and Temporal Patterns in Atmospheric Deposition of Dissolved Organic Carbon
Atmospheric deposition of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) to terrestrial ecosystems is a small, but rarely studied component of the global carbon (C) cycle. Emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOC) and organic particulates are the sources of atmospheric C and deposition represents a major pathway for the removal of organic C from the atmosphere. Here, we evaluate the spatial and temporal patterns of DOC deposition using 70 datasets at least one year in length ranging from 40° south to 66° north latitude. Globally, the median DOC concentration in bulk deposition was 1.7 mg L-1. The DOC concentrations were significantly higher in tropical (< 25°) latitudes compared to temperate (> 25°) latitudes. DOC deposition was significantly higher in the tropics because of both higher DOC concentrations and precipitation. Using the global median or latitudinal specific DOC concentrations leads to a calculated global deposition of 202 or 295 Tg C yr-1 respectively. Many sites exhibited seasonal variability in DOC concentration. At temperate sites, DOC concentrations were higher during the growing season; at tropical sites, DOC concentrations were higher during the dry season. Thirteen of the thirty-four long-term (> 10 years) datasets showed significant declines in DOC concentration over time with the others showing no significant change. Based on the magnitude and timing of the various sources of organic C to the atmosphere, biogenic VOCs likely explain the latitudinal pattern and the seasonal pattern at temperate latitudes while decreases in anthropogenic emissions are the most likely explanation for the declines in DOC concentration.
Soil carbon: Long-Term Nitrogen Deposition During Grassland Succession
The purpose of this experiment is to measure how initially disturbing an area and adding nitrogen over a long time will affect the number of species, the type of species present, the amount of annual growth, and the change from year to year in the growth of each species in a plant community which is also relieved of grazing by large and small mammals. This experiment is conducted within fields (A, B, and C) which were initially low in soil nutrients. The ground was disturbed by thoroughly disking the area prior to establishment of the experiment. There are 8 different levels of nitrogen addition with other nutrients added to ensure that nitrogen remains the limiting nutrient, and a control which receives no nutrients. Nitrogen fertilizer (NH4NO3) is applied twice per year, once in early May and once in late June. There are six replicates of each treatment per field. The treatments were randomly assigned to plots of size 4 by 4 meters. The plots are in 6 plot by 9 plot grids with 1 meter aisles between plots. The plot grids are enclosed by a fence to keep out mammalian herbivores. Gophers are trapped and removed as they appear. In the spring of 1992, subexperiments E097 and E098 were established. E097 is in fields A and C where randomly selected plots within each treatment no longer receive fertilizer. E098 is in field B where randomly selected plots within each treatment are burned. Note that the design of E002 is similar to E001 except E002 was thoroughly disked prior to establishment.
Warming-El Nino-Nitrogen Deposition Experiment (WENNDEx): Soil Temperature, Moisture, and Carbon Dioxide Data from the Sevilleta National Wildlife Refuge, New Mexico
Humans are creating significant global environmental change, including shifts in climate, increased nitrogen (N) deposition, and the facilitation of species invasions. A multi-factorial field experiment is being performed in an arid grassland within the Sevilleta National Wildlife Refuge (NWR) to simulate increased nighttime temperature, higher N deposition, and heightened El Nino frequency (which increases winter precipitation by an average of 50%). The purpose of the experiment is to better understand the potential effects of environmental drivers on grassland community composition, aboveground net primary production and soil respiration. The focus is on the response of two dominant grasses (Bouteloua gracilis and B eriopoda), in an ecotone near their range margins and thus these species may be particularly susceptible to global environmental change. It is hypothesized that warmer summer temperatures and increased evaporation will favor growth of black grama (Bouteloua eriopoda), a desert grass, but that increased winter precipitation and/or available nitrogen will favor the growth of blue grama (Bouteloua gracilis), a shortgrass prairie species. Treatment effects on limiting resources (soil moisture, nitrogen availability, species abundance, and net primary production (NPP) are all being measured to determine the interactive effects of key global change drivers on arid grassland plant community dynamics and ecosystem processes. This dataset shows values of soil moisture, soil temperature, and the CO2 flux of the amount of CO2 that has moved from soil to air. On 4 August 2009 lightning ignited a ~3300 ha wildfire that burned through the experiment and its surroundings. Because desert grassland fires are patchy, not all of the replicate plots burned in the wildfire. Therefore, seven days after the wildfire was extinguished, the Sevilleta NWR Fire Crew thoroughly burned the remaining plots allowing us to assess experimentally the effects of interactions among multip
Amorphous carbon films generated through simulated deposition with GAP from 1eV to 100eV
<p>These amorphous carbon films were generated following the deposition protocol and methodology outlined by Caro et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. <strong>120</strong>, 166101 (2018) and, in more detail, in Caro et al. Phys. Rev. B <strong>102</strong>, 174201 (2020). Briefly, the structures were generated by depositing monoenergetic C atoms on a preexisting diamond (111) substrate. The interatomic potential used was the a-C GAP of Deringer and Csányi [Phys. Rev. B <strong>95</strong>, 094203 (2017)] and the molecular dynamics simulations (MD) were carried out with QUIP's GAP implementation [http://libatoms.github.io/] using LAMMPS [https://lammps.sandia.gov/] as MD engine.</p> <p>The final structures of the deposition simulations at 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6.5, 8, 10, 20, 60 and 100eV are provided in extended XYZ format, with obvious naming convention.</p>
Relevant data for publication 'Atmospheric phosphorus deposition amplifies carbon sinks in simulations of a tropical forest in Central Africa' Goll et al.
<p>Plotting scripts and processed output from ORCHIDEE-CNP. The version of ORCHIDEE is available here: https://doi.org/10.14768/391825ae-d257-4365-9820-30ea1940914c</p>
WRF-Chem output supporting manuscript "Sources of Black Carbon Deposition to the Himalayan Glaciers in Current and Future Climates"
<p>Selected output from WRF-Chem v3.6.1 on black carbon deposition, rainfall, and snowfall over Southeast Asia. These files were used to prepare the figures and tables in the manuscript "Sources of Black Carbon Deposition to the Himalayan Glaciers in Current and Future Climates" by these authors. Files are in NetCDF format and contain metadata describing their contents. The naming convention is:</p> <p>YYYY_MM_EXT_daily_12km_dustfix.nc</p> <p>where YYYY_MM is the simulated year and month and the extensions are:</p> <p>NFC - No Further Control emission scenario</p> <p>MIT - Mitigation emission scenario</p> <p>EN - Simulated El Nino year</p> <p>LN - Simulated La Nina year</p> <p> </p>
Fig. 2 a in Upper Cretaceous Rudist-Bearing Mixed Siliciclastic-Carbonate And - Volcanoclastic Deposits From Strâmturii Valley, Borod Basin, Northern Apuseni Mountains: Description, Microfacies And Depositional Environments
Fig. 2 a Lithostratigraphic succession from Strâmturii Valley and Cioroi-Negru Brook, Cornițel village, Borod Basin (redrawn after MureȘan et al., 1974) showing the units (I, II, III, and IV) defined by Șuraru (1972) and MureȘan et al. (1974). b Detailed studied section near the top of the unit II. Legend: 1 tuffs and tuffites; 2 marls; 3 siltic marls; 4 sandy marls; 5 sandstones; 6 conglomerates; 7 limestones with charophytes; 8 hippuritid-bearing limestones; 9 "hippurites reefs"; 10 corals; 11 gastropods; 12 bivalves; 13 foraminifera; 14 rudists; 15 charophytes; 16 palynomorphs.
Fig. 7 a, b Bournonia excavata d in Upper Cretaceous Rudist-Bearing Mixed Siliciclastic-Carbonate And - Volcanoclastic Deposits From Strâmturii Valley, Borod Basin, Northern Apuseni Mountains: Description, Microfacies And Depositional Environments
Fig. 7 a, b Bournonia excavata d'Orbigny, 1847, (inventory no. 24078 BBU-MPS =no.1246 sample field); a transverse section through RV close to the commissure, showing the myocardinal elements: anterior and posterior tooth and myophores (am, pm) of the opposite valve; b view of flat posteroventral side of RV; c Gorjanovicia endrissi (Böhm)(24079 BBU-MPS) – transverse section of RV showing compact layer, concave ventral band (Vb); Ib- narrow and wide Pb with 3 fine rounded costae; d, e Praeradiolites subtoucasi (Toucas): d transverse section through RV (24080-BBU-MPS), unknown commissure. The outer shell layer from ventral side is eroded thus the radial bands are missing. e transverse section on other specimen (24081-BBUMPS) having outer shell layer partially broken but preserve the myocardinal apparatus. f, g Radiolites squamosus (d'Orbigny): f specimen with both valves showing convex LV, very eroded and the ornamentations of RV consist in dense growth lamellae (sample no. 24082 BBU-MPS); g ventral side of RV of the same specimen showing radial bands (Vb and Pb) with folds upward to commissure and the narrow interband (Ib). h-i Radiolites nouleti (Bayle)(sample no. 24083 BBU-MPS): h large conical RV, thick-shelled, with dense folded growth lamellae, slightly ondulated in large interband (Ib); i transverse section in RVof the same specimen, showing thick cellular outer shell layer, ligamental ridge and accessory cavities. j, k Sphaerulites boreaui (Toucas)(sample no. 24084 BBU-MPS), j specimen with both valves, top view, showing LV, thin and smaller than lower valve and large RV with expanded, sub-horizontal growth lamellae; k transverse section through RV, showing thickness of cellular
Fig. 4 a, b Microfacies from the first rudist-bearing lithosome. a-e, g in Upper Cretaceous Rudist-Bearing Mixed Siliciclastic-Carbonate And - Volcanoclastic Deposits From Strâmturii Valley, Borod Basin, Northern Apuseni Mountains: Description, Microfacies And Depositional Environments
Fig. 4 a, b Microfacies from the first rudist-bearing lithosome. a-e, g bioclastic-intraclastic floatstone/rudstone; bioclasts are poorly sorted with angular to subangular shapes. f bioclastic-extraclastic grainstone. h bioclastic-extraclastic packstone/wackestone.
Fig. 6 a, b in Upper Cretaceous Rudist-Bearing Mixed Siliciclastic-Carbonate And - Volcanoclastic Deposits From Strâmturii Valley, Borod Basin, Northern Apuseni Mountains: Description, Microfacies And Depositional Environments
Fig. 6 a, b Extraclastic sediments from the rudist-bearing lithosomes; they are represented by metamorphic lithoclasts (quartzite, crystalline schists), monomineral quartz, muscovite and biotite (crossed polars). c, d Tuffites with altered volcanic glass and various crystalloclasts, angular quartz, biotite and calcite (c- plane-polarized light; d - crossed polars).
Fig. 5 a, b Microfacies from the second rudist-bearing lithosome. a, c-e in Upper Cretaceous Rudist-Bearing Mixed Siliciclastic-Carbonate And - Volcanoclastic Deposits From Strâmturii Valley, Borod Basin, Northern Apuseni Mountains: Description, Microfacies And Depositional Environments
Fig. 5 a, b Microfacies from the second rudist-bearing lithosome. a, c-e Bioclastic-extraclastic floatstone; frequent bioclasts are represented by rudist fragments, echinoderm fragments and bivalves fragments; the rudist shells are fragment- ed and perforated (a, d). b Bioclastic-extraclastic rudstone/grainstones with rudist, echinoderm fragments and red algae fragments.
Fig. 8 a-g in Upper Cretaceous Rudist-Bearing Mixed Siliciclastic-Carbonate And - Volcanoclastic Deposits From Strâmturii Valley, Borod Basin, Northern Apuseni Mountains: Description, Microfacies And Depositional Environments
Fig. 8 a-g Hippuritella lapeirousei (Goldfuss)(nos. 24085, 24086, 24087, 24088-BBU-MPS). a Transverse section made close to the beak of right valve (RV), the outer shell layer is thick, reaching 3 mm. b RV showing the position of the pillars (P1 and P2) as shallow longitudinal furrows (24085 BBU-MPS). c thin and nearly flat LV very eroded showing remains of radial canals (24085 BBU-MPS). d ventral area of conical, slightly curved RV (24086 BBUMPS) showing the position of the pillars as two shallow longitudinal furrows; e transverse section of RV showing short and rounded pillars (P1 and P2) with the same size (24086 BBU-MPS). f, g transverse sections through specimens (nos. 24087, 24088 BBU-MPS) that have the first pillar (P1) slightly smaller than the second pillar (P2). Note the erosion of the outer shell layer in f) (24087 BBU-MPS). h-i Vaccinites gosaviensis (Douvillé)- transverse section made on two RVs (nos. 23503, 24089 BBU-MPS) showing truncated ligamental ridge (L) and characteristic shape of the pillars. j Vaccinites archiaci (Douvillé), transverse section on RV (no. 24090 BBU-MPS) showing triangular in base and lamelliform ligamental ridge (L), first pillar (P1) thick and shorter and slightly pinched P2. k Vaccinites sulcatus (Defrance) – transverse section on lower valve (no. 23504 BBU-MPS) in which ligamental ridge (L) is wide and short having the same length with first pillar (P1) and second pillar is slightly pinched at its base and curved anteriorly.
Fig. 12 Supratidal limestones. a in Microfacies Analysis And Depositional Environments Of The Tithonian-Valanginian Limestones From Dâmbovicioara Gorges (Cheile Dâmbovicioarei), Getic Carbonate Platform, Romania
Fig. 12 Supratidal limestones. a Algal-microbial mats; they contain alternations of calcified cyanobacteria and very fine micritic lamine. b Detail from the image a; the cyanobacteria laminae with agglutinated fine peloids and ostracods (indicated by arrows). c, d Fenestral algal/cyanobacterial bindstone; micro-lamination is formed by calcified cyanobacteria filaments; the lower part is composed of rivulariacean-type cyanobacteria; detail at left;
Fig. 5 Pedogenetically altered granular limestones. a, b in Microfacies Analysis And Depositional Environments Of The Tithonian-Valanginian Limestones From Dâmbovicioara Gorges (Cheile Dâmbovicioarei), Getic Carbonate Platform, Romania
Fig. 5 Pedogenetically altered granular limestones. a, b Peloidal-bioclastic grainstone bearing vadoids and black pebbles, micritised intraclasts and meniscus cements. c-d Dissolution features associated with microstalactitic and equigranular cements which are developed arround cavities and grains; cavities are filled with vadose silt in association with large crystals of equigranular calcite.
Fig. 8 a-d in Microfacies Analysis And Depositional Environments Of The Tithonian-Valanginian Limestones From Dâmbovicioara Gorges (Cheile Dâmbovicioarei), Getic Carbonate Platform, Romania
Fig. 8 a-d Normal marine subtidal limestones. Bioturbated bioclastic packstone with dasycladalean algae [Selliporella neocomiensis (Radoičić), Terquemella sp.]; miliolids, ostracods and bivalve fragments.
Fig. 3 in Microfacies Analysis And Depositional Environments Of The Tithonian-Valanginian Limestones From Dâmbovicioara Gorges (Cheile Dâmbovicioarei), Getic Carbonate Platform, Romania
Fig. 3 Intraclastic/bioclastic-dominated shoals. a-f Coarse intraclastic-bioclastic grainstone and rudstone containing intraclasts, oncoids, peloids, normal and incipient ooids. g-h Intraclastic-bioclastic grainstone and rudstone with vadoids. Bioclasts are represented by large benthic foraminifera (a, c-d), coral fragments (b, d-e), rivulariacean-type cyanobacteria (e.g. Diversocalis sp.) (c), bivlave fragments, echinoderm fragments, dasycladalean algae [Clypeina sulcata (Alth)] (a) and gastropods (f); intraclasts and blackened bioclasts (black pebbles) (a, c, d, f, h).
Fig. 15 in Microfacies Analysis And Depositional Environments Of The Tithonian-Valanginian Limestones From Dâmbovicioara Gorges (Cheile Dâmbovicioarei), Getic Carbonate Platform, Romania
Fig. 15 Limestones from the Padina Brașoavei outcrop (Urdărița horst). The arrows indicate the discontinuity surface.
Fig. 4 in Microfacies Analysis And Depositional Environments Of The Tithonian-Valanginian Limestones From Dâmbovicioara Gorges (Cheile Dâmbovicioarei), Getic Carbonate Platform, Romania
Fig. 4 Contact between the intraclastic/bioclastic-dominated shoals (A) and peritidal limestones (B) in the Dâmbovicioara Gorges.
Fig. 11 a in Microfacies Analysis And Depositional Environments Of The Tithonian-Valanginian Limestones From Dâmbovicioara Gorges (Cheile Dâmbovicioarei), Getic Carbonate Platform, Romania
Fig. 11 a Intertidal carbonates (micro-cycles delimitated by firmground type surfaces) (thin section in panorama). Fenestral peloidal-oncoidic grainstone; Millimeter-scale firmgrounds are composed of micritic laminae (arrowed).
Fig. 7 a, b in Microfacies Analysis And Depositional Environments Of The Tithonian-Valanginian Limestones From Dâmbovicioara Gorges (Cheile Dâmbovicioarei), Getic Carbonate Platform, Romania
Fig. 7 a, b Well bedded, decimetre- to meter-thick limestones from the peritidal succession of the Cheile Dâmbovicioarei; c fenestral structures and millimeter to centimeter-thick sets of laminae are present.
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