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FIGURE 8 in Late middle Eocene caviomorph rodents from Contamana, Peruvian Amazonia

FIGURE 8. Morphological variation of the lower molars (in occlusal view) of Cachiyacuy contamanensis from CTA-27. 1, MUSM 1878; 2, MUSM 2704; 3, MUSM 2684; 4, MUSM 2708; 5, MUSM 2692; 6, MUSM 2701; 7, MUSM 2714; 8, MUSM 2689; 9, MUSM 1915; 10, MUSM 1914. Original computerized schemas (1-10) by Myriam Boivin.

FIGURE 6 in Late middle Eocene caviomorph rodents from Contamana, Peruvian Amazonia

FIGURE 6. Scanning electron microscope images of fossil caviomorph teeth from CTA-29. Pozomys ucayaliensis gen. et sp. nov. (1-6), Cachiyacuy cf. contamanensis 2 (7-12), Caviomorpha indet. 5 (13), Caviomorpha indet. 6 (14) and Cavioidea or Chinchilloidea indet. (15-17). 1, right m1-2, occlusal view (MUSM 2822); 2, left p4, occlusal view (MUSM 2821, reversed); 3, fragmentary right M3, occlusal view (MUSM 2819); 4, right M2, occlusal view (MUSM 2833); 5, right m1-2, labial view (MUSM 2822); 6, right m1-2, lingual view (MUSM 2822); 7, left dp4, occlusal view (MUSM 2825); 8, right m1, occlusal view (MUSM 2827, reversed); 9, right dP4, occlusal view (MUSM 2828, reversed); 10, left M1, occlusal view (MUSM 2831); 11, right M2, occlusal view (MUSM 2563, reversed); 12, fragmentary left M2, occlusal view (MUSM 2832); 13, right dp4, occlusal view (MUSM 2838); 14, fragmentary right upper molar, occlusal view (MUSM 2839); 15, right m2, occlusal view (MUSM 2835); 16, right dp4, occlusal view (MUSM 2834); 17, fragmentary right upper molar, occlusal view (MUSM 2836, reversed).

FIGURE 5 in Late middle Eocene caviomorph rodents from Contamana, Peruvian Amazonia

FIGURE 5. Scanning electron microscope images (in occlusal view) of fossil caviomorph teeth from CTA-47 (1-4), CTA-51 (5-12), CTA-73 (13-14) and CTA-66 (15-16).?Canaanimys sp. (1-2),?Cachiyacuy kummeli (3), Caviomorpha indet. 1 (4), Cachiyacuy cf. contamanensis 1 (5-7), Caviomorpha indet 2 (8-10), Cachiyacuy cf. kummeli (11), Eoespina sp. (12), Caviomorpha indet 3 (13), Caviomorpha indet 4 (14) and Eobranisamys sp. (15-16). 1, fragmentary right dp4 (MUSM 2645); 2, fragmentary left lower molar (MUSM 2646); 3, fragmentary left dP4 (MUSM 2648); 4, fragmentary right lower molar (MUSM 2647); 5, fragmentary right dp4 (MUSM 2651, reversed); 6, left m1 (MUSM 2652); 7, left m3 (MUSM 2653); 8, fragmentary right lower molar (MUSM 2656); 9, fragmentary left dP4 (MUSM 2657); 10, fragmentary left upper molar (MUSM 2658); 11, fragmentary left M1 (MUSM 2654); 12, right M2 (MUSM 2655); 13, fragmentary right lower molar (MUSM 2659); 14, fragmentary left upper molar (MUSM 2660); 15, fragmentary left upper molar? (MUSM 2841); 16, fragmentary left upper molar (MUSM 2842). Top scale for 1-12, bottom scale for 13-16.

FIGURE 4 in Late middle Eocene caviomorph rodents from Contamana, Peruvian Amazonia

FIGURE 4. Scanning electron microscope images (in occlusal view) of fossil caviomorph teeth from CTA-27. Cachiyacuy contamanensis (1-6), Eobranisamys javierpradoi sp. nov. (7-8), Cachiyacuy kummeli (9-13), Canaanimys maquiensis (13-16) and cf. Eoespina sp. (17). 1, right m3 (MUSM 2713); 2, right m2 (MUSM 1914); 3, right m2 (MUSM 1915); 4, right p4 (MUSM 2678); 5, fragmentary right dp4 (MUSM 2670); 6, left M3 (MUSM 2758); 7, right dP4 (MUSM 2797); 8, fragmentary left M3 (MUSM 2801); 9, left dp4 (MUSM 2762); 10, left p4 (MUSM 2766); 11, right m3 (MUSM 2780, reversed); 12, left M1 (MUSM 2785); 13, left M2 (MUSM 2786); 14, fragmentary right M3 (MUSM 2794); 15, right M3 (MUSM 2793); 16, left M3 (MUSM 2792, reversed); 17, fragmentary left M2 (MUSM 2802). Top scale for 1-13, bottom scale for 14-17.

FIGURE 3 in Late middle Eocene caviomorph rodents from Contamana, Peruvian Amazonia

FIGURE 3. Dental nomenclature for lower teeth in occlusal view. 1, lower molar; 2, p4; 3, dp4. 1, protoconid; 2, metaconid; 3, mesoconid; 4, entoconid; 5, hypoconid; 6, mesostylid; 7, metalophulid I; 8, posterior arm of the metaconid; 9, posterior arm of the protoconid; 10, neomesolophid; 11, second transverse cristid; 12, mesolophid; 13, rest of the mesolophid?; 14, ectolophid; 15, mesial ectolophid; 16, distal ectolophid; 17, hypolophid; 18, anterior arm of the entoconid; 19, posterior arm of the entoconid; 20, anterior arm of the hypoconid; 21, posterior arm of the hypoconid; 22, anterior outgrowth of the hypoconid; 23, posterolophid; 24, anteroflexid/anterofossettid; 25, mesoflexid; 26, mesial mesoflexid; 27, distal mesoflexid; 28, confluence of the anteroflexid with the mesoflexid; 29, hypoflexid; 30, metaflexid; 31, confluence of the hypoflexid with the metaflexid. Based on observations made on the new material, the dental terminology is modified after Wood and Wilson (1936), Fields (1957), Marivaux et al. (2004, 2017) and Antoine et al. (2012).

FIGURE 1 in Late middle Eocene caviomorph rodents from Contamana, Peruvian Amazonia

FIGURE 1. Geographic location and Cenozoic stratigraphy of the Contamana area, Peru. 1, location map of the Contamana area in Peruvian Amazonia (Loreto Department). 2-3, synthetic stratigraphic units of the complete Contamana Cenozoic sequence along the Cachiyacu stream (modified after Antoine et al., 2016, figure 3), including fossil-bearing levels, among which Eocene rodent-yielding localities CTA-47, CTA-51, CTA-73, CTA-27, CTA-66, and CTA-29. Note also in the same section, the location of the other rodent-bearing localities, designated by an asterisk, in the Pozo, Chambira and Pebas Fm.; 2, NE Flank of the Maquía Anticline; 3, SW Flank of the Maquía Anticline. Modified from Antoine et al. (2012, 2016). Fm., Formation.

FIGURE 2 in Late middle Eocene caviomorph rodents from Contamana, Peruvian Amazonia

FIGURE 2. Dental nomenclature for upper teeth in occlusal view. 1, upper molar; 2, P4; 3, dP4. 1, paracone; 2, protocone; 3, metacone; 4, hypocone; 5, parastyle; 6, mesostyle; 7, anteroloph; 8, anterior arm of the protocone; 9, posterior arm of the protocone (= lingual protoloph); 10, posterior outgrowth of the protocone; 11, protoloph (= labial protoloph); 12, mure; 13, third transverse crest (= central transverse crest); 14, mesolophule; 15, mesoloph; 16, anterior arm of the hypocone; 17, metaloph; 18, posteroloph; 19, paraflexus; 20, hypoflexus/hypofossette; 21, confluence of the paraflexus with the hypoflexus; 22, mesoflexus/mesofossette; 23, metaflexus; 24, confluence of the metaflexus with the posteroflexus; 25, posteroflexus. Based on observations made on the new material, the dental terminology is modified after Wood and Wilson (1936), Fields (1957), Marivaux et al. (2004, 2017) and Antoine et al. (2012).

FIGURE 7 in Late middle Eocene caviomorph rodents from Contamana, Peruvian Amazonia

FIGURE 7. Morphological variation of the p4 (in occlusal view) of Cachiyacuy contamanensis from CTA-27. 1, MUSM 2674; 2, MUSM 2676; 3, MUSM 2677; 4, MUSM 1879; 5, MUSM 2678. Original computerized schemas (1-5) by Myriam Boivin.

openodc-byDec 2019View details →

zenodo36/100

Supplementary Material: Patterns in research and data sharing for the study of form and function in caviomorph rodents

Supplementary Material for the publication Patterns in research and data sharing for the study of form and function in caviomorph rodents by Luis D. Verde Arregoitia*, Pablo Teta, and Guillermo D'Elía. Journal of Mammalogy

opencc-zeroDec 2015View details →

Data from: Late Oligocene caviomorph rodents from Contamana, Peruvian Amazonia

The Deseadan South American Land Mammal Age (late Early Oligocene – Late Oligocene) attests to a time of great diversification in the caviomorph rodent fossil record. Nevertheless, Deseadan rodent-bearing localities in Neotropical lowlands are few and poorly known. Here we describe the rodent assemblages from two Late Oligocene localities, near Contamana, Loreto, Peru. Seven taxa are new to science: Palaeosteiromys amazonensis gen. et sp. nov., Plesiosteiromys newelli gen. et sp. nov., Loretomys minutus gen. et sp. nov., Scleromys praecursor sp. nov, Ucayalimys crassidens gen. et sp. nov., Chambiramys sylvaticus gen. et sp. nov. and Chambiramys shipiborum gen. et sp. nov. These rodent faunas show that caviomorphs were relatively diverse in Peruvian Amazonia during the Late Oligocene, with the co-occurrence of at least three extant superfamilies: Erethizontoidea, Octodontoidea and Chinchilloidea. Additionally, they mark the earliest known occurrences of Scleromys, of a small erethizontid closely related to Microsteiromys and of an adelphomyine closely reminiscent of Ricardomys (all taxa previously restricted to Miocene localities thus far). They also document a form potentially related to Eosallamys (previously known from around the Eocene–Oligocene transition at Santa Rosa in Peruvian Amazonia). Finally, the geographical range of Adelphomyinae and of Deseadomys is widely expanded to the lower latitudes of South America for the Deseadan interval. The latter elements, in addition to the record of a very primitive species of Scleromys, suggest the absence of palaeogeographical and palaeoenvironmental barriers within the southern cone of South America before the Oligocene–Miocene transition.

opencc-zeroDec 2010View details →

Data from: Arrival and diversification of caviomorph rodents and platyrrhine primates in South America.

Platyrrhine primates and caviomorph rodents are clades of mammals that colonized South America during its period of isolation from the other continents, between 100 and 3 million years ago (Mya). Until now, no molecular study investigated the timing of the South American colonization by these two lineages with the same molecular data set. Using sequences from three nuclear genes (ADRA2B, vWF, and IRBP, both separate and combined) from 60 species, and eight fossil calibration constraints, we estimated the times of origin and diversification of platyrrhines and caviomorphs via a Bayesian relaxed molecular clock approach. To account for the possible effect of an accelerated rate of evolution of the IRBP gene along the branch leading to the anthropoids, we performed the datings with and without IRBP (3768 sites and 2469 sites, respectively). The time window for the colonization of South America by primates and by rodents is demarcated by the dates of origin (upper bound) and radiation (lower bound) of platyrrhines and caviomorphs. According to this approach, platyrrhine primates colonized South America between 37.0 +/- 3.0 Mya (or 38.9 +/- 4.0 Mya without IRBP) and 16.8 +/- 2.3 (or 20.1 +/- 3.3) Mya, and caviomorph rodents between 45.4 +/- 4.1 (or 43.7 +/- 4.8) Mya and 36.7 +/- 3.7 (or 35.8 +/- 4.3) Mya. Considering both the fossil record and these molecular datings, the favored scenarios are a trans-Atlantic migration of primates from Africa at the end of the Eocene or beginning of the Oligocene, and a colonization of South America by rodents during the Middle or Late Eocene. Based on our nuclear DNA data, we cannot rule out the possibility of a concomitant arrival of primates and rodents in South America. The caviomorphs radiated soon after their arrival, before the Oligocene glaciations, and these early caviomorph lineages persisted until the present. By contrast, few platyrrhine fossils are known in the Oligocene, and the present-day taxa are the result of a quite recent, Early Miocene diversification.

opencc-zeroMay 2022View details →

Data from: Computational Modeling of Gluteus Medius Muscle Moment Arm in Caviomorph Rodents Reveals Ecomorphological Specializations

The data stored in this repository allow the reproduction of the study described in the following. Vertebrate musculoskeletal locomotion is realized through lever-arm systems. The instantaneous muscle moment arm (IMMA), which is expected to be under selective pressure and thus of interest for ecomorphological studies, is a key aspect of these systems. The IMMA changes with joint motion and its length change is technically difficult to acquire—usually, proxies such as osteological in-levers are used instead—and has not been compared in a larger phylogenetic ecomorphology framework, yet. We used 18 species of the ecologically diverse clade of caviomorph rodents to test whether its diversity is reflected in the IMMA of the hip extensor M. gluteus medius. A large IMMA is beneficial for torque generation; a small IMMA facilitates fast joint excursion. We expected large IMMAs in scansorial species, small IMMAs in fossorial species, and somewhat intermediate IMMAs in cursorial species, depending on the relative importance of acceleration and joint angular velocity. We modelled the IMMA over the entire range of possible hip extensions and applied macroevolutionary model comparison to selected joint poses. We also obtained the osteological in-lever of the M. gluteus medius to compare it to the IMMA. At small hip extension, the IMMA was largest on average in scansorial species, while the other two lifestyles were similar. We interpret this as an emphasized need for increased hip joint torque when climbing on inclines, especially in a crouched posture. Cursorial species might benefit from a fast joint excursion, but their similarity with the fossorial species is difficult to interpret and could hint at ecological similarities. At larger extension angles, cursorial species displayed the second-largest IMMAs after scansorial species. The larger IMMA optimum results in powerful hip extension which coincides with forward acceleration at late stance beneficial for climbing, jumping, and escaping predators. This might be less relevant for a fossorial lifestyle. The results of the in-lever only matched the IMMA results of larger hip extension angles, suggesting that the modelling of the IMMA provides more nuanced insights into adaptations of musculoskeletal lever arm systems than this osteological proxy.