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15 results for “chaparral”
Post-Tubbs Fire Chaparral Floristic Survey at Pepperwood Preserve in the California Coast Ranges 2018-2019
The Dwight Center for Conservation Science at Pepperwood is an ecological institute dedicated to educating, engaging, and inspiring our community through habitat preservation, science-based conservation, leading-edge research, and interdisciplinary educational programs. Our mission is to steward the life and landscapes of the 3,200-acre Pepperwood Preserve and to advance science-based conservation of ecosystems throughout our region and beyond. Following the October 2017 Tubbs Fire, Pepperwood hired Nomad Ecology, LLC, to implement Nomad Ecology's post-fire research program at Pepperwood. Specifically, Nomad Ecology conducted a two-year study of post-fire plant diversity and succession in chaparral at the preserve. Species richness and ecological dynamics are not well understood in these post-fire areas (especially in northern California) despite high interest from land managers, ecologists, and botanists. Documentation of the post-fire flora and the sensitive species that are part of this fleeting diversity is essential to understanding the full range of natural resources associated with chaparral ecosystems, and thus key to developing conservation goals specific to Pepperwood. This study documented the burn severity and diversity and abundance of the fleeting post-Tubbs Fire flora in spring 2018 and 2019 using species ocular cover estimates across ten 50-meter belt transects in four different soil types: rhyolite, fluvial and lacustrine deposits, andesite, and serpentinite.
Data from: Nitrogen cycling and export in California chaparral: the role of climate in shaping ecosystem responses to fire
Climate change models predict that interannual rainfall variability will increase in California over the next several decades; these changes will likely influence how frequently California ecosystems burn and how they respond to fire. Fires uncouple N mobilization from uptake by destroying plant biomass and increasing nitrification. Following fire, autumn and winter rains can leach N into streams from slopes that have been denuded. The amount of N exported depends on how rapidly soil microbes metabolize it into mobile forms such as NO3-, and the rate that recovering plants take up available N. However, the long-term effects of a changing climate on postfire N dynamics remain unknown. We used the ecohydrologic model RHESSys (regional hydro-ecologic simulation system) to evaluate how interannual climate variability may affect the magnitude of N mineralization, nitrification, N export, and plant recovery following fire. N export was highest when fire was followed by drought; even though there was less water moving through the system, dry conditions prolonged the period during which N mobilization was decoupled from plant uptake. We also found that the effects of drought on N export were magnified in stands dominated by obligate seeders, which initially recovered more slowly than resprouters. These findings suggest that climate may regulate N balance most powerfully by influencing how quickly plants "turn on" and begin to immobilize N.
Data from: Nitrifier controls on soil NO and N2O emissions in three chaparral ecosystems under contrasting atmospheric N inputs
<p>Nitrogen saturation theory predicts high rates of atmospheric N deposition can increase ecosystem N availability and stimulate ecosystem N losses via soil nitric oxide (NO; an air pollutant at high concentrations) and nitrous oxide (N<sub>2</sub>O; a strong greenhouse gas) emissions. However, it remains unclear whether theories developed in mesic ecosystems apply to drylands, where plant and soil N availability are not always coupled in dry soils. NO and N<sub>2</sub>O are often produced in soils during the oxidation of ammonia by ammonia oxidizing archaea (AOA) or ammonia oxidizing bacteria (AOB) during nitrification. AOB are thought to emit more NO and N<sub>2</sub>O during nitrification than AOA and may be favored in N-rich relative to N-limited environments, suggesting high rates of atmospheric N deposition might produce positive feedback sending more of the N to the atmosphere. To assess how high rates of atmospheric N deposition affect AOB- and AOA-derived N trace gas emissions, we selectively inhibited AOA and AOB nitrifiers and measured NO and N<sub>2</sub>O emissions from soils collected from three dryland sites exposed to relatively low (3.8 kg ha<sup>-1 </sup>= Low N) or high (11.8 kg ha<sup>-1</sup> = High N1; 15.6 kg ha<sup>-1</sup> = High N2) rates of atmospheric N inputs. We found that while the High N2 deposition site had the lowest AOA:AOB ratio (2.33 ± 0.57), consistent with expectations, this site did not emit the most NO and N<sub>2</sub>O. Rather, AOA emitted between 21–78% of the NO from our sites, with higher AOA-derived NO emissions from relatively coarse-textured soils in the Low N deposition site. In addition to nitrification, denitrification also contributed to NO and N<sub>2</sub>O emissions, especially in the Moderate N deposition site (where denitrification-derived NO and N<sub>2</sub>O emissions were 2.0 – 3.7 time greater than the other sites), which had finer textured soils that may favor denitrification. Interactions between soil texture and N availability, therefore, appears to be the primary mechanism determining whether atmospheric N deposition is retained in the ecosystem or reemitted to the atmosphere as NO or N<sub>2</sub>O.</p>
Data from: Nitrogen cycling and export in California chaparral: the role of climate in shaping ecosystem responses to fire
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High fire frequency in California chaparral reduces post-fire shrub regeneration and native plant diversity
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Data from: Wildfire-induced losses of soil particulate and mineral-associated organic carbon persist for over four years in a chaparral ecosystem
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Data from: Nitrifier controls on soil NO and N2O emissions in three chaparral ecosystems under contrasting atmospheric N inputs
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Herbivory mediates direct and indirect interactions in long-unburned chaparral
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Data from: Chaparral bird community responses to prescribed fire and shrub removal in three management seasons
Chaparral, a type of shrubland common throughout the California Floristic Province, is subject to management and removal in regions where wildfire threatens human lives and property. Management practices include conducting prescribed burns outside of the historical fire season and employing mechanical fuel reduction (mastication). As the wildland–urban interface grows, particularly in coastal California, more of this ecosystem is subject to active management. To understand the ecological implications of current California chaparral fire management practices, we studied bird species composition, abundance and foraging guilds in managed and unmanaged chaparral over 5 years. Study areas were located in Mendocino County in the coast ranges of northern California. We contrast six chaparral removal or "fuels manipulation" treatments: (1) fall fire, (2) winter fire, (3) spring fire, (4) fall mastication, (5) spring mastication and (6) untreated control. Treatments and controls were implemented in plots 2 ha or larger, and replicated four times each. We find that species richness in prescribed fire treatments reaches comparable levels to controls in the first 3 years following treatment, whereas masticated units always have lower species richness. Generalized linear mixed models additionally confirm that mastication has highly negative effects on observed abundances of birds compared to controls and to prescribed fire. The season in which fuels reduction occurred was less important to species richness, although fall fire was more beneficial to bird abundance than spring or winter fire. Fire treatments in all seasons maintain the same general bird community structure as controls, while mastication results in strongly differentiated assemblages, increasing granivores while nearly excluding foliage gleaners. Synthesis and applications. We compare two California chaparral management techniques, prescribed fire and mastication, in three seasons (fall, winter and spring) in northern California, USA. We tracked chaparral bird community response in 23 experimental units for 2–5 years. We conclude that prescribed fire and mastication are not interchangeable management techniques, and that mastication negatively impacts bird communities, altering guild structure and reducing both diversity and abundance.
Data from: Chaparral bird community responses to prescribed fire and shrub removal in three management seasons
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Subspecies differentiation in an enigmatic chaparral shrub species
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FIGURE 4 in Sculpteremaeus olszanowskii gen. nov., sp. nov. (Acari, Oribatida, Cymbaeremaeidae) from chaparral in California, USA, with a reassessment of Cymbaeremaeidae
FIGURE 4. Sculpteremaeus olszanowskii sp. nov., adult, microscope images: A—dorsal view; B—ventral view; C—lateral view; D—prodorsum and sejugal region, dorsal view; E—mediodistal part of left lamella; F—sculpture in central part of notogaster; G—part of palptarsus; H—porose area of leg femur I; I—porose area of leg tibia IV.
FIGURE 3 in Sculpteremaeus olszanowskii gen. nov., sp. nov. (Acari, Oribatida, Cymbaeremaeidae) from chaparral in California, USA, with a reassessment of Cymbaeremaeidae
FIGURE 3. Sculpteremaeus olszanowskiis sp. nov., adult: A—leg I, right, ventroantiaxial view; B—leg II, without tarsus, right, ventroantiaxial view; C—leg III, without tarsus, left, antiaxial view; D—leg IV, left, antiaxial view. Scale bar 20 μm.
FIGURE 2 in Sculpteremaeus olszanowskii gen. nov., sp. nov. (Acari, Oribatida, Cymbaeremaeidae) from chaparral in California, USA, with a reassessment of Cymbaeremaeidae
FIGURE 2. Sculpteremaeus olszanowskii sp. nov., adult: A—posterior view; B—subcapitulum, ventral view; C—palp, left, antiaxial view; D—chelicera, left, paraxial view. Scale bar 100 μm (A), 20 μm (B, D), 10 μm (C).
FIGURE 1 in Sculpteremaeus olszanowskii gen. nov., sp. nov. (Acari, Oribatida, Cymbaeremaeidae) from chaparral in California, USA, with a reassessment of Cymbaeremaeidae
FIGURE 1. Sculpteremaeus olszanowskii sp. nov., adult: A—dorsal view (legs not illustrated); B—ventral view (gnathosoma and legs not illustrated); C—lateral view (gnathosoma and legs not illustrated). Scale bar 100 μm.
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OpenNeuro
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