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Supplemental data from: Nature or nurture: A genetic basis for the behavioral selection of depth in siscowet and lean lake charr (Salvelinus namaycush) ecomorphs
<p>These files contain the raw depth and temperature sensor data from siscowet and lean lake charr (<em>Salvelinus namaycush</em>) ecomorphs tagged with pop-up satellite archival tags (PSATs). These fish were produced from wild gametes taken from Lake Superior and reared in a common garden study for nine years and then tagged with PSATs and released in southern Lake Superior. The dataset is supplemental to:</p> <p>Goetz, F., Sitar, S., Seider, M., and Jasonowicz, A. 2022. Nature or nurture: A genetic basis for the behavioral selection of depth in siscowet and lean lake charr (<em>Salvelinus namaycush</em>) ecomorphs. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences. (in press).</p> <p><strong>Data description for metadata.csv:</strong></p> <p>This file contains the metadata associated with each tag deployment. This includes biological data as well as key mission paramters.</p> <table> <thead> <tr> <td>Column</td> <td>Type</td> <td>Description</td> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td>mission_id</td> <td>integer</td> <td>mission identifier</td> </tr> <tr> <td>tag_sn</td> <td>integer</td> <td>tag serial number</td> </tr> <tr> <td>ecotype</td> <td>string</td> <td>lake trout ecotype</td> </tr> <tr> <td>release_date</td> <td>string</td> <td>date of tag release</td> </tr> <tr> <td>length_mm</td> <td>float</td> <td>total length in mm</td> </tr> <tr> <td>weight_g</td> <td>float</td> <td>weight in g</td> </tr> <tr> <td>lipid</td> <td>float</td> <td>lipid level meadured by Distell fatmeter set in research mode</td> </tr> <tr> <td>release_site</td> <td>string</td> <td>release site (deep or shallow site)</td> </tr> <tr> <td>sampling_rate</td> <td>string</td> <td>sampling interval of tag (format=HH:MM:SS)</td> </tr> <tr> <td>mission_end_utc</td> <td>datetime</td> <td>programmed tag pop off date and time in UTC time (format=YYYY-MM-DD HH:MM:SS)</td> </tr> <tr> <td>notes</td> <td>string</td> <td>notes and comments</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p> </p> <p><strong>Data description for the raw sensor data files:</strong></p> <p>The raw sensor data is found in the files that are prefixed with "raw-sensor-data". The data for each tag is in contained in a seperate file and the files are named as follows "raw-sensor-data-{<em><strong>mission_identifier</strong></em>}-{<em><strong>tag_serial_number</strong></em>}.csv".</p> <table> <thead> <tr> <td>Column</td> <td>Type</td> <td>Description</td> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td>mission_id</td> <td>integer</td> <td>mission identifier</td> </tr> <tr> <td>tag_sn</td> <td>integer</td> <td>tag serial number</td> </tr> <tr> <td>timestamp_utc</td> <td>datetime</td> <td>timestamp of sensor reading (format=YYYY-MM-DD HH:MM:SS)</td> </tr> <tr> <td>depth_m</td> <td>string</td> <td>depth in meters</td> </tr> <tr> <td>temperature_c</td> <td>string</td> <td>temperature in degrees celcius</td> </tr> </tbody> </table>
Variation in personality shaped by evolutionary history, genotype, and developmental plasticity in response to feeding modalities in the Arctic charr
<p>Animal personality has been shown to be influenced by both genetic and environmental factors and shaped by natural selection. Currently, little is known about mechanisms influencing the development of personality traits. This study examines the extent to which personality development is genetically influenced and/or environmentally responsive (plastic). We also investigated the role of evolutionary history, assessing whether personality traits could be canalized along a genetic and ecological divergence gradient. We tested the plastic potential of boldness in juveniles of five Icelandic Arctic charr morphs (<em>Salvelinus</em> <em>alpinus</em>), including two pairs of sympatric morphs, displaying various degrees of genetic and ecological divergence from the ancestral anadromous charr, split between treatments mimicking benthic vs. pelagic feeding modalities. We show that differences in mean boldness are mostly affected by genetics. While the benthic treatment led to bolder individuals overall, the environmental effect was rather weak, suggesting that boldness lies under strong genetic influence with reduced plastic potential. Finally, we found hints of differences by morphs in boldness canalization through reduced variance and plasticity, and higher consistency in boldness within morphs. These findings provide new insights into how behavioural development may impact adaptive diversification.</p>
Further evidence from common garden rearing experiments of heritable traits separating lean and siscowet lake charr (Salvelinus namaycush) ecotypes
<p>Genetic evidence of selection for complex and polygenically regulated phenotypes can easily become masked by neutral population genetic structure and phenotypic plasticity. Without direct evidence of genotype-phenotype associations, it can be difficult to conclude to what degree a phenotype is heritable or a product of environment. Common garden laboratory studies control for environmental stochasticity and help to determine the mechanism that regulates traits. Here we assess lipid content, growth, weight, and length variation in full and hybrid F<sub>1</sub> crosses of deep and shallow water sympatric lake charr ecotypes reared for nine years in a common garden experiment. Redundancy analysis (RDA) and quantitative-trait-loci (QTL) genomic scans are used to identify associations between genotypes at 19,714 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) aligned to the lake charr genome and individual phenotypes to determine the role that genetic inheritance plays in ecotype phenotypic diversity. Lipid content, growth, length, and weight differed significantly among lake charr crosses throughout the experiment suggesting that pedigree plays a large role in lake charr development. Polygenic scores of 15 SNPs putatively associated with lipid content and/or condition factor indicated that ecotype distinguishing traits are polygenically regulated and additive. A QTL identified on chromosome 38 contained >200 genes, some of which were associated with lipid metabolism and growth, demonstrating the complex nature of ecotype diversity. The results of our common garden study further indicate that lake charr ecotypes observed in nature are pre-determined at birth and that ecotypes differ fundamentally in lipid metabolism and growth.</p>
Egg size and offspring phenotype data at early life stages in seven Arctic charr morphs
<p>Maternal effects have the potential to alter early developmental processes of offspring and contribute to adaptive diversification. Egg size is a major contributor to offspring phenotype, which can influence developmental trajectories and potential resource use. However, to what extent intraspecific variation in egg size facilitates evolution of resource polymorphism is poorly understood. We studied multiple resource morphs of Icelandic Arctic charr, ranging from an anadromous morph – with a phenotype similar to the proposed ancestral phenotype – to sympatric morphs that vary in their degree of phenotypic divergence from the ancestral anadromous morph. We characterised variation in egg size and tested whether egg size influenced offspring phenotype at early-life stages (i.e. timing of- and size at- hatching and first feeding [FF]). We predicted that egg size would differ among morphs and be less variable as morphs diverge away from the ancestral anadromous phenotype. We also predicted that egg size would correlate with offspring size and developmental timing. We found morphs had different egg size, developmental timing and size at hatching and FF. Egg size increased as phenotypic proximity to the ancestral anadromous phenotype decreased, with larger eggs generally giving rise to larger offspring, especially at FF, but egg size had no effect on developmental rate. The interaction between egg size and the environment may have a profound impact on offspring fitness, where the resulting differences in early-life history traits may act to initiate and/or maintain resource morphs diversification. </p>
Fig. 3 in Histopathological characterisation of retinal lesions associated to Diplostomum species (Platyhelminthes: Trematoda) infection in polymorphic Arctic charr Salvelinus alpinus
Fig. 3. Normal aspect of the retina in Arctic charr with different layers. From the eye exterior to the eye interior: (RP): Retinal pigment epithelium. (RC) Cones and rods layer. (ON) Outer nuclear layer. (OP) Outer plexiform layer. (IN) Inner nuclear layer (IP) Inner plexiform layer. (GC) Ganglion cell layer. (GA) Axons of the ganglion layer. Scale bar = 300 μm.
Fig. 6 in Histopathological characterisation of retinal lesions associated to Diplostomum species (Platyhelminthes: Trematoda) infection in polymorphic Arctic charr Salvelinus alpinus
Fig. 6. Edge of one of the vesicles produced by the accumulation of parasites. Retinal pigment layer and rods and cones layer display a progressive alteration in their structure and finally both layers become detached. Notice the reduction of the thickness of the RPE (arrow) in the vesicle. Scale bar = 300 μm.
Fig. 12 in Histopathological characterisation of retinal lesions associated to Diplostomum species (Platyhelminthes: Trematoda) infection in polymorphic Arctic charr Salvelinus alpinus
Fig. 12. PP-morphs. Diffuse changes in the posterior retina affecting mainly the RPE layer suggesting potential healing. Scale bar = 200 μm.
Fig. 4 in Histopathological characterisation of retinal lesions associated to Diplostomum species (Platyhelminthes: Trematoda) infection in polymorphic Arctic charr Salvelinus alpinus
Fig. 4. Diplostomum sp. metacercaria within the retinal structures. This specimen is clearly placed between the retinal pigmented epithelium (RP) and rod and cones layer (RC) creating a small space between them and the parasite. Damaged retinal pigment epithelium is clearly observed and also rod and cone layer display morphological alterations. Scale bar = 200 μm.
Fig. 11. A in Histopathological characterisation of retinal lesions associated to Diplostomum species (Platyhelminthes: Trematoda) infection in polymorphic Arctic charr Salvelinus alpinus
Fig. 11. A single Diplostomum sp. metacercaria within the posterior retina with scarce development of surrounding vesicle and mechanical compression against the RPE and the cones and rods layers. Scale bar = 200 μm.
Fig. 7 in Histopathological characterisation of retinal lesions associated to Diplostomum species (Platyhelminthes: Trematoda) infection in polymorphic Arctic charr Salvelinus alpinus
Fig. 7. Early lesions in RPE and RC in the retina closer to the edge of the vesicles. Cones and rods display a disorganized pattern between the pigmented processes of the RPE. Scale bar = 100 μm.
Fig. 2 in Histopathological characterisation of retinal lesions associated to Diplostomum species (Platyhelminthes: Trematoda) infection in polymorphic Arctic charr Salvelinus alpinus
Fig. 2. Vesicle with several Diplostomum specimens in a histological section. Vesicles are typically located near the ciliary body/retina contact area. C: cornea. I: iris. H/E. Scale bar = 1 mm.
Fig. 5 in Histopathological characterisation of retinal lesions associated to Diplostomum species (Platyhelminthes: Trematoda) infection in polymorphic Arctic charr Salvelinus alpinus
Fig. 5. Large vesicle with sections of many Diplostomum specimens. The vesicle clearly creates a large space between RP and RC. Scale bar = 400 μm.
Transgenerational effects on body size and survival in brook charr (Salvelinus fontinalis)
<p>Higher temperatures are now observed in several ecosystems and act as new selective agents that shape traits and fitness of individuals. Transgenerational effects may be important in modulating adaptation of future generations and buffering negative impacts of temperature changes. The potential for these effects may be important in freshwater fish species, as temperature is a key abiotic component of their environment. Yet, still, relatively few studies have assessed the presence and importance of transgenerational effects under natural conditions. The purpose of this study was to test how parental thermal conditions influenced offspring growth and survival following stocking in Brook charr (<em>Salvelinus fontinalis</em>). To do so, part of the breeders were exposed to a "cold" treatment while others were exposed to a "warm" treatment during the final steps of gonad maturation (constant 2°C difference between treatments along the seasonal temperature decrease). The impact on offspring of a selection treatment targeting production traits of interest (absence of sexual maturation at 1+, combined with increased growth) in breeders was also evaluated. After 7 to 8 months of growth in captivity, offspring were stocked in natural lakes. Their growth and survival were assessed about a year later. Offspring from "cold" breeders showed lower survival than those from "warm" breeders and the selection treatment had no effect on survival. However, the selection treatment was linked to lower Fulton's condition index, which, in turn, was positively correlated to survival in lakes. This study highlights the importance of working in ecological/industrial context to fully assess the different impacts of transgenerational effects on traits and survival. Our results also have important implications for stocking practices used to support the sport fishing industry.</p>
Variation in personality shaped by evolutionary history, genotype, and developmental plasticity in response to feeding modalities in the Arctic charr
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Further evidence from common garden rearing experiments of heritable traits separating lean and siscowet lake charr (Salvelinus namaycush) ecotypes
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Egg size and offspring phenotype data at early life stages in seven Arctic charr morphs
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Transgenerational effects on body size and survival in brook charr (Salvelinus fontinalis)
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Interspecific social dominance networks reveal mechanisms promoting coexistence in sympatric charrs in Hokkaido, Japan
<p>1. Coexistence of species requires equalizing mechanisms that minimize fitness differences, which are balanced by stabilizing mechanisms that enhance negative intraspecific interactions versus interspecific ones. Here, we develop a simple theoretical framework that allows measuring the relative strength of intraspecific versus interspecific competition in dominance hierarchies. We use it to evaluate mechanisms promoting coexistence between congeneric charrs that compete for foraging positions, which strongly influence density-dependent growth and survival.</p> <p>2. Agonistic interactions (n = 761) among 71 Dolly Varden Salvelinus malma and whitespotted charr S. leucomaenis were measured by snorkeling in two pools in the sympatric zone of a Hokkaido stream during two summers. Interspecific dominance hierarchies, analyzed using three methods, were closely correlated with fish length but the species treated each other equally. Ranks for the most dominant fish in each pool, determined directly by knockout experiments, were also virtually identical to ranks by length.</p> <p>3. Similarly, exponential random graph modeling of the social networks provided no evidence that either species was dominant over the other. Instead, larger fish were more likely to win contests, especially over fish of the next lower ranks.</p> <p>4. These results demonstrated that the two species were nearly ecological equivalents in accessing key resources in this sympatric zone. Nearly identical growth and stable densities over 4 years further supported this inference, although Dolly Varden were a minority (29% of the assemblage), a sign of some fitness difference.</p> <p>5. Detailed foraging observations coupled with two concurrent studies revealed an effective stabilizing mechanism. Dolly Varden shifted to feeding directly from the benthos when drifting invertebrates declined, a behavior enhanced by morphological character displacement, thereby partitioning food resources and enhancing intraspecific competition while avoiding agonistic encounters with whitespotted charr.</p> <p>6. The plurality of evidence indicates that fitness differences between these ecologically equivalent species are small in this local assemblage, and balanced by resource partitioning, a modest stabilizing mechanism that promotes coexistence. The theoretical framework presented here is a useful tool to evaluate the strength of interspecific versus intraspecific competition, which combined with information on tradeoffs in ecological performance can contribute to a mechanistic understanding of species coexistence. 26-Oct-2020</p>
Temporal instability of lake charr phenotypes: Synchronicity of growth rates and morphology linked to environmental variables?
<p>Pathways through which phenotypic variation among individuals arise can be complex. One assumption often made in relation to intraspecific diversity is that the stability or predictability of the environment will interact with expression of the underlying phenotypic variation. <span>To address</span> biological complexity below the species level<span>, we investigated variability across years in morphology and annual growth increments between and within two sympatric lake charr <i>Salvelinus namaycush</i> ecotypes in Rush Lake, USA. </span>A rapid phenotypic shift in body and head shape was found within a decade. The magnitude and direction of the observed phenotypic change was consistent in both ecotypes, which suggests similar pathways caused the variation over time. Over the same time period, annual growth increments declined for both lake charr ecotypes and corresponded with a consistent phenotypic shift of each ecotype. Despite ecotype-specific annual growth changes in response to winter conditions, the observed annual growth shift for both ecotypes was linked, to some degree, with variation in the environment. Particularly, a declining trend in regional cloud cover was associated with an increase of early stage (ages 1-3) annual growth for lake charr of Rush Lake. Underlying mechanisms causing changes in growth rates and constrained morphological modulation are not fully understood. An improved knowledge of the biology hidden within the expression of phenotypic variation promises to clarify our understanding of temporal morphological diversity and instability.</p>
Data from: Ecological opportunity shapes a large Arctic charr species radiation
Ecological opportunity is considered a crucial factor for adaptive radiation. Here, we combine genetic, morphological and ecological data to assess species and ecomorphological diversity of Artic charr in six lakes of a catchment in southernmost Greenland, harbouring only charr and stickleback. Because the diversity of habitats and resources increases with lake size, we predict a positive association between lake size and the extent of ecomorphological diversity. The largest lake of the catchment harbours the largest Arctic charr assemblage known today. It consists of six genetically differentiated species belonging to five ecomorphs (anadromous, littoral benthic, profundal dwarf, planktivorous, piscivorous), of which the latter comprises two ecomorphologically extremely similar species. Lakes of intermediate size contain two ecomorphologically and genetically distinct species. Small lakes harbour one genetically homogenous, yet sometimes ecomorphologically variable population. Supporting our prediction, lake size is positively correlated with the extent of ecomorphological specialization towards profundal, pelagic and piscivorous lifestyle. Furthermore, assemblage-wide morphospace increases sharply when more than one genetic cluster is present. Our data suggest that ecological opportunity and speciation jointly determine phenotypic expansion in this charr radiation.
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