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11 results for “cheaters”
Data from: In the social amoeba Dictyostelium discoideum, shortened stalks may limit obligate cheater success even when exploitable partners are available
<p>Cooperation is widespread across life, but its existence can be threatened by exploitation. The rise of obligate social cheaters that are incapable of contributing to a necessary cooperative function can lead to the loss of that function. In the social amoeba <em>Dictyostelium discoideum</em>, obligate social cheaters cannot form dead stalk cells and in chimeras instead form living spore cells. This gives them a competitive advantage within chimeras. However, obligate cheaters of this kind have thusfar not been found in nature, probably because they are often enough in clonal populations that they need to retain the ability to produce stalks. In this study we discovered an additional cost to obligate cheaters. Even when there are wild-type cells to parasitize, the chimeric fruiting bodies that result have shorter stalks and these are disadvantaged in spore dispersal. The inability of obligate cheaters to form fruiting bodies when they are on their own combined with the lower functionality of fruiting bodies when they are not represent limits on obligate social cheating as a strategy<em>.</em></p>
Data from: In the social amoeba Dictyostelium discoideum, shortened stalks may limit obligate cheater success even when exploitable partners are available
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Data from: Local interactions and self-organized spatial patterns stabilize microbial cross-feeding against cheaters
Mutualisms are ubiquitous, but models predict they should be susceptible to cheating. Resolving this paradox has become relevant to synthetic ecology: cooperative cross-feeding, a nutrient exchange mutualism, has been proposed to stabilize microbial consortia. Previous attempts to understand how cross-feeders remain robust to non-producing cheaters have relied on complex behavior (e.g., cheater punishment) or group selection. Using a stochastic spatial model, we demonstrate two novel mechanisms that can allow cross-feeders to outcompete cheaters, rather than just escape from them. Both mechanisms work through the spatial segregation of the resources, which prevents individual cheaters from acquiring the resources they need to reproduce. First, if microbe dispersal is low but resources are shared widely, then the cross-feeders self-organize into stable spatial patterns. Here the cross-feeders can build up where the resource they need is abundant, and send their resource to where their partner is, separating resources at regular intervals in space. Second, if dispersal is high but resource sharing is local, then random variation in population density creates small-scale variation in resource density, separating the resources from each other by chance. These results suggest that cross-feeding may be more robust than previously expected and offer strategies to engineer stable consortia.
Data from: Spontaneous nongenetic variation of group size creates cheater-free groups of social microbes
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Data from: Local interactions and self-organized spatial patterns stabilize microbial cross-feeding against cheaters
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Data from: Does high relatedness promote cheater-free multicellularity in synthetic lifecycles?
The evolution of multicellularity is one of the key transitions in evolution and requires extreme levels of cooperation between cells. However, even when cells are genetically identical, non-cooperative cheating mutants can arise that cause a breakdown in cooperation. How then, do multicellular organisms maintain cooperation between cells? A number of mechanisms that increase relatedness amongst cooperative cells have been implicated in the maintenance of cooperative multicellularity including single cell bottlenecks and kin recognition. In this study we explore how relatively simple biological processes such as growth and dispersal can act to increase relatedness and promote multicellular cooperation. Using experimental populations of pseudo-organisms, we found that manipulating growth and dispersal of clones of a social amoeba to create high levels of relatedness was sufficient to prevent the spread of cheating mutants. By contrast cheaters were able to spread under low relatedness conditions. Most surprisingly, we saw the largest increase in cheating mutants under an experimental treatment that should create intermediate levels of relatedness. This is because one of the factors raising relatedness, structured growth, also causes high vulnerability to growth rate cheaters.
Data from: Concurrent co-evolution of intra-organismal cheaters and resisters
The evolution of multicellularity is a major transition that is not yet fully understood. Specifically, we do not know if there are any mechanisms by which multicellularity can be maintained without a single cell bottleneck or other relatedness enhancing mechanisms. Under low relatedness, cheaters can evolve that benefit from the altruistic behaviour of others without themselves sacrificing. If these are obligate cheaters, incapable of co-operating, their spread can lead to the demise of multicellularity. One possibility, however, is that co-operators can evolve resistance to cheaters. We tested this idea in a facultatively multicellular social amoeba, Dictyostelium discoideum. This amoeba usually exists as a single cell but, when stressed, thousands of cells aggregate to form a multicellular organism in which some of the cells sacrifice for the good of others. We used lineages that had undergone experimental evolution at very low relatedness, during which time obligate cheaters evolved. Unlike earlier experiments, which found resistance to cheaters that were prevented from evolving, we competed cheaters and non-cheaters that evolved together, and cheaters with their ancestors. We found that non-cheaters can evolve resistance to cheating before cheating sweeps through the population and multicellularity is lost. Our results provide insight into cheater-resister co-evolutionary dynamics, in turn providing experimental evidence for the maintenance of at least a simple form of multicellularity by means other than high relatedness.
Data from: Concurrent co-evolution of intra-organismal cheaters and resisters
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Data from: Does high relatedness promote cheater-free multicellularity in synthetic lifecycles?
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Data from: Understanding policing as a mechanism of cheater control in cooperating bacteria
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Genome-wide cheater screen reveals safeguards for cell cooperation during embryogenesis
GEO Series GSE49814. Mus musculus. 8 samples. Type: Expression profiling by array.
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