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206 results for “chromosome number”
Appendix 1 in Contribution to chromosome numbers and phylogeny of Turkish Vincetoxicum Wolf (Apocynaceae, Asclepiadoideae)
Appendix 1. Locality information, voucher specimens and accession numbers for sequences in GenBank (NCBI) of the examined specimens used for molecular (Mol.) and cytological (Cyt.) studies. Sequences previously published are indicated in brackets (A=Liede-Schumann et al. 2016, B=Liede- Schumann et al. 2012, C=Liede et al. 2002, D=Liede 2001, E=Berner & Carter Unpublished, F=Lahaye et al. 2005, G=Liede & Täuber 2002, H=Goyder et al. 2007, PS=present study).
FIGURE 1 in Chromosome Numbers of Some Cultivated Acanthaceae with Notes on Chromosomal Evolution in the Family
FIGURE 1 (upper right). Chromosomes of Acanthaceae in pollen mother cells. A. Dyschoriste thunbergiiflora, metaphase II (only half of cell shown), n = 15. B. Brillantaisia owariensis, telophase I, n = 16 (with one lagging chromosome toward "upper" pole). C. Brillantaisia owariensis, metaphase I, n = 16. D. Ruellia elegans, diakenesis (showing nucleolus, n), n = 17. E. Crossandra infundibuliformis, metaphase I, n = 19. F. Ruellia dipteracanthus, metaphase I, n = 17. G. Justicia scheidweileri, metaphase I, n = 14. Chromosomes shown in outline only are touching or overlapping other chromosomes. Scale applies to all figures. See Table 1 for voucher information.
FIGURE 3 in Chromosome Numbers of Some Cultivated Acanthaceae with Notes on Chromosomal Evolution in the Family
FIGURE 3. Flowers of some species for which chromosome numbers are reported here. A. Ruellia costaricensis. B. Graptophyllum pictum. C. Ruellia elegans. D. Brillantaisia owariensis. E. Justicia fulvicoma. F. Ruellia dipteracanthus. G. Ruellia makoyana. H. Thunbergia grandiflora (white-flowered form). I. Megaskepasma erythrochlamys. J. Odontonema tubaeforme. K. Thunbergia mysorensis. L. Strobilanthes hamiltoniana. M. Justicia scheidweileri. N. Peristrophe speciosa. Photos by the author.
FIGURE 2 in Chromosome Numbers of Some Cultivated Acanthaceae with Notes on Chromosomal Evolution in the Family
FIGURE 2 (lower right). Chromosomes of Acanthaceae in pollen mother cells. A. Ruellia costaricensis, telophase II, n = 17. B. Strobilanthes hamiltoniana, telophase I (distance between poles of cell reduced for presentation), n = 11. C. Pseuderanthemum graciliflorum, metaphase I, n = 21. D. Peristrophe speciosa, metaphase I, n = 30. E. Strobilanthes hamiltoniana, diakinesis (showing nucleolus, n), n = 11. Chromosomes shown in outline only are touching or overlapping other chromosomes. Scale applies to all figures. See Table 1 for voucher information.
Figure 2 in EVOLUTIONARY PATTERNS OF GENOME SIZE AND CHROMOSOME NUMBER VARIATION IN BEGONIACEAE
Figure 2. Genome sizes and chromosome numbers of 64 Begonia species and Hillebrandia sandwicensis. The sources of the data used to create this scatter plot are specified in Supplementary table 2. Species in the same sections are enclosed within an ellipse. Colours indicate the continent where each species is found. The Hillebrandia data point is labelled as 'Outgroup'.
Figure 1 in EVOLUTIONARY PATTERNS OF GENOME SIZE AND CHROMOSOME NUMBER VARIATION IN BEGONIACEAE
Figure 1. Variation in haploid chromosome number across the Begonia sections recognised by Moonlight et al. (2018) and their chromosome data. Boxes in the box plot are grouped by clade. The colours indicate the continent where these sections are found. Bar charts indicate the proportion of the section with known chromosome counts. Dots indicate sections with polyploid species or with species with known interspecific chromosome number variation (including B chromosomes). AC-C, Asian clade C; AC-D, Asian clade D; EDAB, early diverging Asian Begonia; FFAB, fleshy-fruited African Begonia; MB, Malagasy Begonia; NC1, Neotropical clade 1; NC2-i, Neotropical clade 2-i; NC2-ii, Neotropical clade 2-ii; NC2-iii, Neotropical clade 2-iii; SB, Socotran Begonia; SDAAB1, seasonally dry adapted African Begonia 1; SDAAB2, seasonally dry adapted African Begonia 2; YFAB, yellow-flowered African Begonia. * Unresolved or polyphyletic in the phylogeny of Moonlight et al. (2018).
Fig. 2 in Evolution of chromosome number in grasshoppers (Orthoptera: Caelifera: Acrididae)
Fig. 2 Male chromosome numbers mapped on the phylogeny of Acrididae constructed by Song et al. (2018). Mapping and ancestral state reconstruction of chromosome number with Mesquite
Fig. 1 Histogram displaying A in Evolution of chromosome number in grasshoppers (Orthoptera: Caelifera: Acrididae)
Fig. 1 Histogram displaying A: the distribution of chromosome numbers across Caelifera and B: chromosome numbers across the different subfamilies of Acrididae. Chromosome numbers are shown as relative frequencies in percent; here, just subfamilies with more than ten records are shown as separated units. Subfamilies with lower sam-
Figure 4 in Review of unique odd chromosome-numbered underground rodent species of the Palearctic region: Ellobius lutescens Thomas 1897 (Rodentia: Cricetidae)
Figure 4. Dorsal (a), ventral (b), and lateral (c) views of cranium and lateral view (d) of mandible of an adult male Ellobius lutescens (Dicle University, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Zoology Lab. Mammal collection number 741, from 20 km south of Iğdır, Turkey).
Figure 2 in Review of unique odd chromosome-numbered underground rodent species of the Palearctic region: Ellobius lutescens Thomas 1897 (Rodentia: Cricetidae)
Figure 2. Photograph of an adult Ellobius lutescens from Iğdır, Turkey. Photograph by Y Coşkun, collected on 24 April 2013.
Somatic copy number and structural variation in RPE-1 cells with induced chromosomal instability
<p><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>The chromosome breakage-fusion-bridge (BFB) cycle is a mutational process that produces gene amplification and genome instability. Signatures of BFB cycles can be observed in cancer genomes alongside chromothripsis, another catastrophic mutational phenomenon. Here, we explain this association by elucidating a mutational cascade, downstream of <a>th</a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>e single cell division error of chromosome bridge formation, that rapidly generates extreme genomic complexity. We show that actomyosin forces are required for initial bridge breakage and mutagenesis, following which chromothripsis accumulates with aberrant interphase replication of bridge DNA. This is then followed by an unexpected burst of DNA replication in the next mitosis, generating extensive DNA damage. During this second cell division, broken bridge chromosomes frequently mis-segregate and form micronuclei, promoting additional chromothripsis. We <a>fu</a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>rther show that this mutational cascade generates the continuing evolution and sub-clonal heterogeneity characteristic of many human cancers.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
Phylogenetics, taxonomy, and chromosome number analysis of Sanvitalia (Asteraceae-Heliantheae-Zinniinae)
<p>We collected molecular sequence data from the nuclear ribosomal ITS region and three plastid loci from multiple individuals of each species of Sanvitalia and additional members of the Zinniinae to create phylogenetic trees and study the evolutionary history of the clade. The alignments used for these trees is included here.</p>
Chromosome Numbers and Reproductive Life Cycles in Green Plants: A phylo-transcriptomic perspective
<p>The supplemental dataset for "Chromosome Numbers and Reproductive Life Cycles in Green Plants: A phylo-transcriptomic perspective."</p>
Evolutionary mechanisms of varying chromosome numbers in the radiation of Erebia butterflies
<p>This is the dataset for the study with the same title published at MDPI Genes (please see the paper for all details).</p> <p>To test for a phylogenetic signal of varying chromosome numbers in Erebia butterflies (Lucek submitted), I reconstructed a phylogeny using a subset of Peña et al. Biol J Linn Soc 2016 for which chromosome numbers were available. Data for an additional 5 species was taken from GenBank. Chromosome numbers used are included.<br> The final alignment comprised sequence data for four genes: 620 bp of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI), 598 bp of the nuclear glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), 565 bp of the nuclear ribosomal protein S5 (RpS5) and 343 bp of the nuclear wingless gene.</p> <p>I used PartitionFinder 2 (Lanfear et al. Mol Biol Evol 2017) to infer the best partition scheme and associated substitution model for each codon position and gene. The output of PartitionFinder is provided in the data file. The resulting best partitioning scheme for the Bayesian inference is given in each nexus file. For the maximum likelihood (ML) based phylogeny I used the GTR model with invariant sites and gamma correction (GTR+I+G) in RAXML 8.2.8 (Stamatakis, Bioinformatics 2014) with the corresponding partition scheme from PartitionFinder. I further used 1000 bootstrap replicates to assess significance. I ran RAXML for the dataset comprising either all four genes, the mitochondrial COI gene only or the three nuclear genes. In the latter case, data was only available for 35 taxa. I conducted the Bayesian analysis in MrBayes 3.2.2 (Ronquist et al. Syst Biol 2012) for either dataset using in each case, 5’000’000 generations with four chains – three heated and one cold. Trees were sampled every 1’000 generations.<br> Provided are the input and output files of MrBayes and RAXML for all genes combined (subfolder all), the mitochondrial COI gene only (subfolder mtdna) or the three nuclear genes (subfolder nuclear).</p>
Evolution of chromosome number in wild onions (Allium, Amaryllidaceae)
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Somatic copy number and structural variation in RPE-1 cells with induced chromosomal instability
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Phylogenetics, taxonomy, and chromosome number analysis of Sanvitalia (Asteraceae-Heliantheae-Zinniinae)
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Data from: The impact of reconstruction methods, phylogenetic uncertainty and branch lengths on inference of chromosome number evolution in American daisies (Melampodium, Asteraceae)
Chromosome number change (polyploidy and dysploidy) plays an important role in plant diversification and speciation. Investigating chromosome number evolution commonly entails ancestral state reconstruction performed within a phylogenetic framework, which is, however, prone to uncertainty, whose effects on evolutionary inferences are insufficiently understood. Using the chromosomally diverse plant genus Melampodium (Asteraceae) as model group, we assess the impact of reconstruction method (maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood, Bayesian methods), branch length model (phylograms versus chronograms) and phylogenetic uncertainty (topological and branch length uncertainty) on the inference of chromosome number evolution. We also address the suitability of the maximum clade credibility (MCC) tree as single representative topology for chromosome number reconstruction. Each of the listed factors causes considerable incongruence among chromosome number reconstructions. Discrepancies between inferences on the MCC tree from those made by integrating over a set of trees are moderate for ancestral chromosome numbers, but severe for the difference of chromosome gains and losses, a measure of the directionality of dysploidy. Therefore, reliance on single trees, such as the MCC tree, is strongly discouraged and model averaging, taking both phylogenetic and model uncertainty into account, is recommended. For studying chromosome number evolution, dedicated models implemented in the program ChromEvol and ordered maximum parsimony may be most appropriate. Chromosome number evolution in Melampodium follows a pattern of bidirectional dysploidy (starting from x = 11 to x = 9 and x = 14, respectively) with no prevailing direction.
Data from: Cladogenetic and anagenetic models of chromosome number evolution: a Bayesian model averaging approach
Chromosome number is a key feature of the higher-order organization of the genome, and changes in chromosome number play a fundamental role in evolution. Dysploid gains and losses in chromosome number, as well as polyploidization events, may drive reproductive isolation and lineage diversification. The recent development of probabilistic models of chromosome number evolution in the groundbreaking work by Mayrose et al. (2010, ChromEvol) have enabled the inference of ancestral chromosome numbers over molecular phylogenies and generated new interest in studying the role of chromosome changes in evolution. However, the ChromEvol approach assumes all changes occur anagenetically (along branches), and does not model events that are specifically cladogenetic. Cladogenetic changes may be expected if chromosome changes result in reproductive isolation. Here we present a new class of models of chromosome number evolution (called ChromoSSE) that incorporate both anagenetic and cladogenetic change. The ChromoSSE models allow us to determine the mode of chromosome number evolution; is chromosome evolution occurring primarily within lineages, primarily at lineage splitting, or in clade-specific combinations of both? Furthermore, we can estimate the location and timing of possible chromosome speciation events over the phylogeny. We implemented ChromoSSE in a Bayesian statistical framework, specifically in the software RevBayes, to accommodate uncertainty in parameter estimates while leveraging the full power of likelihood based methods. We tested ChromoSSE's accuracy with simulations and re-examined chromosomal evolution in Aristolochia, Carex section Spirostachyae, Helianthus, Mimulus sensu lato (s.l.), and Primula section Aleuritia, finding evidence for clade-specific combinations of anagenetic and cladogenetic dysploid and polyploid modes of chromosome evolution.
FIGURE 2 in Low and high elevation Heliosperma species (Caryophyllaceae)-insight based on chromosome number, pollen characters and seed micromorphology
FIGURE 2. Chromosome number and pollen characters in Heliosperma spp. Somatic chromosome number (2n = 26) in root meristematic cell of H. pusillum subsp. chromodontum (a), pollen size, shape and viability after Alexander staining in H. macranthum (green—non-viable and purple—viable pollen grains inserted) (b).
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