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Fig. 5 in Morphological versus molecular delimitation of ciliate species: a case study of the family Clevelandellidae (Protista, Ciliophora, Armophorea)

Fig. 5. Clevelandella hastula (Kidder, 1937). Vietnamese specimens isolated from Panesthia angustipennis cognata Bey-Bienko, 1969 from life (A, F–H) and after protargol impregnation (B–E). A–E. Ventral view of specimens with well-preserved body shape. Arrows mark the proximal end of the peristomial opening, black arrowheads mark the proximal end of the adoral zone of membranelles. F. Ventral view, showing general organization of body. G–H. Ciliary pattern of ventral and dorsal sides. Conspicuous cilia of adoral membranelles emerge out of the peristomial opening in (G). Asterisks indicate the position of the ciliary whorl (posterior suture), arrow marks the proximal end of the peristomial opening. Scale bars = 30 μm.

Fig. 10 in Morphological versus molecular delimitation of ciliate species: a case study of the family Clevelandellidae (Protista, Ciliophora, Armophorea)

Fig. 10. Clevelandella parapanesthiae (Kidder, 1937). Vietnamese specimens isolated from Panesthia angustipennis cognata Bey-Bienko, 1969 after protargol impregnation. A–J. Variability of body shape and size as well as of the nuclear (shaded grey) and oral (shaded yellow) apparatus. Scale bar = 30 μm.

Fig. 1 in Morphological versus molecular delimitation of ciliate species: a case study of the family Clevelandellidae (Protista, Ciliophora, Armophorea)

Fig. 1. Clevelandella constricta (Kidder, 1937). Vietnamese specimens isolated from Panesthia angustipennis cognata Bey-Bienko, 1969 from life (A) and after protargol impregnation (B–N). A. Ventral view of a representative specimen, length 120 μm. B–K. Variability of body shape and size as well as of the nuclear (shaded grey) and oral (shaded yellow) apparatus. L. Semi-schematic diagram, showing the general body organization. Black double arrowhead marks densely packed, oval, refractile bodies (probably paraglycogen platelets). M–N. Ciliary pattern of ventral and dorsal sides. Arrow marks the right suture, black arrowheads indicate the position of the ciliary whorl (posterior suture). O. Prokaryotes freely scattered throughout the cytoplasm posterior to the macronucleus. P. Detail of oval, refractile bodies (probably paraglycogen platelets) anterior to the macronucleus. Scale bars = 50 μm.

Fig. 3 in Morphological versus molecular delimitation of ciliate species: a case study of the family Clevelandellidae (Protista, Ciliophora, Armophorea)

Fig. 3. Clevelandella constricta (Kidder, 1937). Vietnamese (A, E–G) and Cambodian (D) specimens isolated from Panesthia angustipennis cognata Bey-Bienko, 1969, as well as Thai I specimens (B– C) isolated from Panesthia angustipennis angustipennis (Illiger, 1801) from life (A, D–G) and after protargol impregnation (B–C). A–C. Ventral view of specimens with well-preserved body shape. D–E. Ventral view, showing the general body organization. Arrows mark oval, refractile bodies anterior to the macronucleus, black arrowheads mark the proximal end of the adoral zone of membranelles, white arrowheads denote the karyophore attached to the right and left body margins and black double arrowhead marks the canal leading from the contractile vacuole to the cytopyge. F–G. Ciliary pattern of ventral and dorsal sides. Asterisks mark the position of the ciliary whorl (posterior suture), white double arrowhead denotes the right suture. Scale bars: A–C, E–G = 50 μm; D = 20 μm.

Fig. 11 in Morphological versus molecular delimitation of ciliate species: a case study of the family Clevelandellidae (Protista, Ciliophora, Armophorea)

Fig. 11. Clevelandella parapanesthiae (Kidder, 1937). Vietnamese specimens (A–B, E–G) isolated from Panesthia angustipennis cognata Bey-Bienko, 1969 and Thai I specimens (C–D) isolated from Panesthia angustipennis angustipennis (Illiger, 1801) from life (A, E–G) and after protargol impregnation (B–D). A–D. Ventral views of specimens with well-preserved body shape. Black arrowheads mark the proximal end of the adoral zone of membranelles. E–G. A strongly squeezed specimen by pressure of the cover slip, causing the body to become markedly wider and the notch at the base of the peristomial projection to be lost. The general body organization is shown in (E), the ciliary pattern of ventral and dorsal sides is shown in (F) and (G). Asterisks mark the position of the ciliary whorl (posterior suture), white arrowhead denotes the karyophore attaching to right body margin, white double arrowhead denotes the right suture. Scale bars = 30 μm.

Fig. 6 in Morphology and Molecular Phylogeny of Pseudouroleptus jejuensis nov. spec., a New Soil Ciliate (Ciliophora, Spirotrichea) from South Korea

Fig. 6. Small subunit rRNA gene phylogeny of 31 oxytrichids based on 3 methods (NJ – Neighbor Joining; ML – Maximum Likelihood; BI – Bayesian Inference). Bootstrap values of the NJ and the ML are shown at each node with posterior probabilities of the BI; a dash denotes a value of below 0.50 (BI) or 50% (NJ and ML). Pseudouroleptus jejuensis is denoted in bold.

Figs 5A–D in Morphology and Molecular Phylogeny of Pseudouroleptus jejuensis nov. spec., a New Soil Ciliate (Ciliophora, Spirotrichea) from South Korea

Figs 5A–D. Pseudouroleptus jejuensis, late (A, B) and post-dividers (C, D) after protargol impregnation. Note that the parental dorsal bristles are shown by single dots although they are still composed of dikinetids. A, B – dorsal (A) and ventral (B) views of late divider showing caudal cirri (arrows) and posteriorly migrating postperistomial cirrus (arrowheads). Note that the caudal cirri are not developed from dorsal kinety anlage 3. C, D – dorsal (C) and ventral (D) views of post-dividers. The two post-dividers were fixed from a single dividing cell im- mediately after the complete cell division. Some of parental dorsal bristles and cirri are still observed, and postperistomial (arrowheads) and caudal cirri (arrows) migrate forward to their final position. 3–5 – dorsal kineties 3–5. Scale bars: 150 μm.

Figs 4A–D in Morphology and Molecular Phylogeny of Pseudouroleptus jejuensis nov. spec., a New Soil Ciliate (Ciliophora, Spirotrichea) from South Korea

Figs 4A–D. Pseudouroleptus jejuensis, middle (A, B) and late divider (C, D) after protargol impregnation. Note that the parental dorsal bristles are shown by single dots although still composed of dikinetids. The parental dorsal dikinetids become smaller and are less impregnated than newly developed one. A, B – dorsal (A) and ventral (B) views of middle divider showing dorsal kineties and cirral anlagen. C, D – dorsal (C) and ventral (D) views of late divider showing dorsal kinety 3 fragmentation (double arrowheads). Note that caudal cirri are developed at posterior end of kineties 1, 2 only (arrows). Postperistomial cirrus (arrowheads) is originated from the anlage IV and split from anterior part of the anlage. IV–VI – cirral anlagen IV–VI. Scale bars: 150 μm.

Fig. 3 in Broad Taxon Sampling of Ciliates Using Mitochondrial Small Subunit Ribosomal DNA

Fig. 3. Concatenated mitochondrial and nuclear SSU-rDNA tree inferred from an alignment of 2333 included characters. Most likely ML tree is shown; the BI tree was the same for well-supported nodes. Node support is as in Fig 1.

Figs 1A–F in Morphology and Molecular Phylogeny of Pseudouroleptus jejuensis nov. spec., a New Soil Ciliate (Ciliophora, Spirotrichea) from South Korea

Figs 1A–F. Pseudouroleptus jejuensis from life (A–D) and after protargol impregnation (E, F). A – ventral view of a representative specimen, arrow indicates contractile vacuole; B, C – arrangement of cortical granules on dorsal side (B) and optical section (C); D – ventral view of a specimen gliding for feed, showing a slightly curved body shape; E, F – dorsal (E) and ventral views (F) of the holotype specimen. Arrow in F denotes postperistomial ventral cirrus. AZM – adoral zone of membranelles, BC – buccal cirrus, CC – caudal cirri, 1–5 – dorsal kineties 1–5, EM – endoral membrane, G – cortical granules, LFVR – left frontoventral row, LMR – left marginal row, PM – paroral membrane, RFVR – right frontoventral row, RMR – right marginal row. Scale bars: 100 μm.

Figs 3A–J in Morphology and Molecular Phylogeny of Pseudouroleptus jejuensis nov. spec., a New Soil Ciliate (Ciliophora, Spirotrichea) from South Korea

Figs 3A–J. Pseudouroleptus jejuensis during interphase (A–D, G–I) and ontogenesis (E, F, J) after protargol impregnation. A–C – dorsal view (A) and ventral views (B, C), arrow indicates postperistomial cirrus; D – dorsal view showing basal bodies (asterisks) in dorsal kinety 4; E, F – dorsal views of late dividers, asterisks denote dorsal kinety 4 developed by multiple fragmentation of dorsal kinety anlage (DKA) 3; G, H, J – dorsal views showing caudal cirri developed from DKA 1, 2 while DKA 3 does not participate in the formation of these caudal cirri during ontogenesis; I – ventral view showing macronuclear nodules and micronuclei. CC – caudal cirri, MA – macronuclear nodules, MI – micronuclei. Scale bars: 100 μm.

Fig. 2 in Broad Taxon Sampling of Ciliates Using Mitochondrial Small Subunit Ribosomal DNA

Fig. 2. Nuclear SSU-rDNA tree inferred from an alignment of 1543 included characters. The most likely ML tree is shown; the BI tree was the same for well-supported nodes. Node support is as in Fig 1.

Fig. 1 in Broad Taxon Sampling of Ciliates Using Mitochondrial Small Subunit Ribosomal DNA

Fig. 1. Mitochondrial SSU-rDNA tree inferred from an alignment of 790 included characters. The most likely ML tree is shown; the BI tree was the same for well-supported nodes. Node support is shown as: ML bootstraps/BI posterior probability. Values ≤ 50 are shown as "-".

opencc-zeroJan 2024View details →

dryad40/100

Data from: Physiological mortality rates of planktonic ciliates

Contrasting physiological mortality with predator-induced mortality is of tremendous importance for the population dynamics of many organisms but is difficult to assess. I performed a meta-analysis using planktonic ciliates as model organisms to estimate the maximum physiological mortality rates (δmax) across pelagic ecosystems in relation to environmental and biotic factors. Data were compiled from published numerical response (NR) experiments and experimentally determined rates of decline (ROD). Variables reported are ciliate species and order, ciliate specific growth rates (rmax), prey species, temperature, habitat (marine vs freshwater), the coefficients of the numerical response experiments, and reported or calculated ciliate mortality rates. The median δmax of planktonic ciliates was 0.62 d−1 and did not differ between marine and freshwater species. Maximum ciliate mortality rates were species-specific and affected by their rmax, cell volume, and ability to encyst. Cyst-forming species had, on average, higher δmax than species unable to encyst. Maximum mortality rates of ciliates were positively related to rmax but appeared unaffected by temperature. I conclude that (i) in the ocean, physiological mortality is more critical for controlling ciliate population size than ciliate losses imposed by microcrustacean predation, but (ii) in many lakes, the opposite holds; (iii) cyst-formation is an effective ciliate trait to cope with the high mortality of motile cells upon starvation. The lack of a temperature effect on δmax deserves further study; if correct, planktonic ciliates may take advantage of rising ocean and lake temperatures, with important implications for the pelagic food web.

opencc-by-4.0May 2021View details →

Figure 4 in Morphology and phylogeny of a new soil ciliate, Colpodidium zelihayildizae n. sp. (Ciliophora, Nassophorea, Colpodidiidae), from Van, Turkey

Figure 4. Alignment of the SSU-rDNA sequences of C. caudatum (EU264560) and C. zelihayildizae n. sp. (MW411350) to show the substitution positions.

opencc-by-4.0May 2021View details →

Figure 3 in Morphology and phylogeny of a new soil ciliate, Colpodidium zelihayildizae n. sp. (Ciliophora, Nassophorea, Colpodidiidae), from Van, Turkey

Figure 3. Microphotographs of C. zelihayildizae n. sp. with silver carbonate staining (a–f): a, b: Ventral ciliature of representative individuals. c: Dorsal ciliature of representative individual. d, e: Oral ciliature to show paroral membranelle, NO1 and NO3, and postoral kineties 1−4. f: Oral ciliature to show NO2 and NO3. Arrowheads in Figure d show the dikinetidal section of K1. Cyt: cytopyge, EP: excretory pore, K1: the kinety on the right side of oral apparatus, Ma: macronucleus, NO1−NO3: nassulid organelles 1−3, PM: paroral membrane, PO1−PO4: postoral kinety 1−4, Arrowheads in figure d show dikinetidal section of K1.