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22 results for “climatic legacy”
WAT02 Climate legacies determine grassland responses to future rainfall regimes
Climate variability and periodic droughts have complex effects on carbon (C) fluxes, with uncertain implications for ecosystem C balance under a changing climate. Responses to climate change can be modulated by persistent effects of climate history on plant communities, soil microbial activity, and nutrient cycling (i.e., legacies). To assess how legacies of past precipitation regimes influence tallgrass prairie C cycling under new precipitation regimes, we modified a long-term irrigation experiment that simulated a wetter climate for >25 years. We reversed irrigated and control (ambient precipitation) treatments in some plots and imposed an experimental drought in plots with a history of irrigation or ambient precipitation to assess how climate legacies affect aboveground net primary productivity (ANPP), soil respiration, and selected soil C pools. Legacy effects of elevated precipitation (irrigation) included higher C fluxes and altered labile soil C pools, and in some cases altered sensitivity to new climate treatments. Indeed, decades of irrigation reduced the sensitivity of both ANPP and soil respiration to drought compared with controls. Positive legacy effects of irrigation on ANPP persisted for at least 3 years following treatment reversal, were apparent in both wet and dry years, and were associated with altered plant functional composition. In contrast, legacy effects on soil respiration were comparatively short-lived and did not manifest under natural or experimentally-imposed “wet years,” suggesting that legacy effects on CO2 efflux are contingent on current conditions. Although total soil C remained similar across treatments, long-term irrigation increased labile soil C and the sensitivity of microbial biomass C to drought. Importantly, the magnitude of legacy effects for all response variables varied with topography, suggesting that landscape can modulate the strength and direction of climate legacies. Our results demonstrate the role of climate his
WAT03 Climate legacy effects shape tallgrass prairie nitrogen cycling
Climate change is expected to shift precipitation regimes in the North American Central Plains with likely impacts on ecosystem functioning. In tallgrass prairies, water and nitrogen (N) can co-limit ecosystem processes, so changes in precipitation may have complex effects on carbon (C) and N cycling. Rates of N supply such as N mineralization and nitrification respond differently to short- and long-term patterns in water availability, and previous climate patterns may exert legacy effects on current N cycling that could alter ecosystem sensitivity to current precipitation regimes. We used a long-term precipitation manipulation at Konza Prairie (Kansas, USA) to assess how previous and current precipitation influence tallgrass prairie N cycling. Supplemental irrigation was applied across upland and lowland prairie for ~25 years to reduce water deficits; in 2017, we reversed some of these treatments and added a reduced rainfall treatment across both historic rainfall regimes, allowing us to assess how previous climate and current rainfall patterns interact to shape N cycling. In lowland prairie, previous irrigation doubled N mineralization and nitrification rates the year following cessation of irrigation. Reduced microbial C/N ratio and lower relative investment in N-acquiring enzymes in previously irrigated lowlands suggested that a wetter climate created a legacy of increased N availability for microbes. Internal plant N resorption increased under short-term irrigation but recovered to ambient levels following previous irrigation. Together, these results suggest that a history of wetter conditions prairie can create a legacy of accelerated N cycling and with consequences for both plant and microbial functioning.
Code and data from: Experiential legacies of early-life dietary polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) content on juvenile Walleye: Potential impacts from climate change
<p>Climate-induced shifts in plankton blooms may alter fish recruitment by affecting the fatty acid composition of early-life diets and corresponding performance. Early-life nutrition may immediately affect survival but may also have a lingering influence on size and growth via experiential legacies. We explored the short- and longer-term performance consequences of different concentrations of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) for juvenile Walleye (<em>Sander vitreus</em>, Mitchill 1818). For the first 10 d of feeding, juveniles were provided <em>Artemia </em>enriched with: oleic acid (low PUFA), high docosahexaenoic acid and high eicosapentaenoic acid (high PUFA), or high PUFA and a form of vitamin E (high PUFA + E). After 10 d, all fish were fed a high-quality diet and reared for an additional 27 d. Juveniles fed either high PUFA diet were 1.15-fold larger (PUFA mean ± SD = 20.0 ± 3.3 mg; PUFA + E = 19.8 ± 3.3 mg) than those fed the low PUFA (17.3 ± 2.8 mg) diet after 10 d of feeding. After 27 days, juveniles initially fed the high PUFA diet were still 1.10-1.20-fold larger (PUFA = 407.0 ± 61.6 mg; PUFA + E = 422.7 ± 58.7 mg) than those initially fed the low PUFA diet (356.5.0 ± 39.5 mg). Our findings demonstrate that fatty acid composition of juvenile Walleye diets has immediate and lingering size effects. As changes in climate continue to alter lower trophic levels, fish management and conservation may need to consider short- and long-term effects of temporal or spatial differences in early-life diet quality.</p>
Data for the manuscript: Planning for climate migration in Great Lake Legacy Cities
<p>Our analysis for the manuscript, "Planning for climate migration in Great Lake Legacy Cities" uses county level spatial data from the FEMA National Risk Index (USFEMA, 2021) and the CDC SVI ranking system (ATSDR, 2018) in the form of shapefiles(.shp). To create the geovisualization, we used boundaries of the Great Lakes that are published here https://www.glc.org/greatlakesgis. All analysis was conducted using R (2020), with code that can be found here: https://derekvanberkel.github.io/Planning-for-climate-migration-in-Great-Lake-Legacy-Cities/ </p> <p>ATSDR. (2018). Cdc/atsdr social vulnerability index. https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/placeandhealth/svi/fact sheet/fact sheet.html.</p> <p>USGCRP. (2018). Impacts, risks, and adaptation in the united states: Fourth national climate assessment. US Global Change Research Program.</p> <p> </p>
Alpine range by species input to simulations that reveal climate and legacy effects
<p>Whether the distribution and assembly of plant species are adapted to current climates or legacy effects poses a problem for their conservation during ongoing climate change. The alpine regions of southern and central Europe (SACEU) are compared to those of the western US and Canada (WUSAC) because they differ in their geographies and histories. Individual-based simulation experiments disentangled the role of geography in species adaptations and legacy effects in four combinations: approximations of observed alpine geographies vs. regular lattices with the same number of regions (realistic and null representations), and virtual species with responses to either climatic or simple spatial gradients (adaptations or legacy effects). Additionally, dispersal distances were varied using five Gaussian kernels. Because the similarity of pairs of regional species pools indicated the processes of assembly at extensive spatiotemporal scales and is a measure of beta diversity, this output of the simulations was correlated to observed similarity for Europe and North America. In North America, correlations were highest for simulations with approximated geography and location-adapted species; those in Europe had their highest correlation with the lattice pattern and climate-adapted species. Only SACEU correlations were sensitive to dispersal limitation. The southern and central European alpine areas are more isolated and with more distinct climates to which species are adapted. In the western US and Canada, less isolation and more mixing of species from refugia have caused location to mask climate adaptation. Among continents, the balance of explanatory factors for the assembly of regional species pools will vary with their unique historical biogeographies, with isolation lessening disequilibria.</p>
Code and data from: Experiential legacies of early-life dietary polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) content on juvenile Walleye: Potential impacts from climate change
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Mutualism mediates legume response to microbial climate legacies
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Alpine range by species input to simulations that reveal climate and legacy effects
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Model data created by MANDIFORE using ED2 simulating structure and biomass under harvest legacies and climate change as the Morton Arboretum, IL, USA, 2007-2099"
The data in this archive was used to investigate the long-term impacts of harvest-based management strategies on structure and resistance to climate-induced biomass loss using a process-based ecosystem model and an ensemble of climate change drivers in a midwestern USA hardwood forest. The model used was a modified version of the Ecosystem Demography model version 2.1 (ED2) where trees could be grouped based on plant functional type and size allowing for different management regimes to be simulated. The simulation site was an actively managed mid-continental North American temperate deciduous forest at The Morton Arboretum (TMA) near Chicago, USA. The initial conditions (composition and structure) of the forest simulated were initialized using field survey data from 487, 8.92-m radius plots collected in 2018. Different levels of tree removal based on traditional forestry management techniques for temperate deciduous forests were simulated and evaluated for their effects on forest structure and resistance to drought induced mortality for the period of 2006 to 2100. Model initialization and spin up occurred from 2006-2020 at which point management was simulated for the period of 2020-2024 before running without management for 2024 to 2100. Fourteen CMIP5 GCMs were used for meteorological drivers for 2006 to 2100 for both RCP4.5 and RCP 8.5 warming scenarios. CO2 concentration was held constant at 380 ppm over the simulation period. Four management regimes were simulated for each of these GCM-RCP pairings leading to a total of 112 distinct model runs. The four management regimes were group selection, shelterwood, understory thinning and an additional no management scenario served as a control. Data in this archived is separated into the 112 distinct model runs.
Wetland creation and reforestation of legacy surface mines in the Central Applachian Region (USA): A potential climate-adaptation approach for pond-breeding amphibians?
<p>Habitat restoration and creation within human-altered landscapes can buffer the impacts of climate change on wildlife. The Forestry Reclamation Approach (FRA) is a coal surface mine reclamation practice that enhances reforestation through soil decompaction and the planting of native trees. Recently, wetland creation has been coupled with FRA to increase habitat available for wildlife, including amphibians. Our objective was to evaluate the response of pond-breeding amphibians to the FRA by comparing species occupancy, richness, and abundance across two FRA age-classes (2–5-year and 8–1—year reclaimed forests), traditionally reclaimed sites that were left to naturally regenerate after mining, and in mature, unmined forests in the Monongahela National Forest (West Virginia, USA). We found that species richness and occupancy estimates did not differ across treatment types. Spotted Salamanders (<em>Ambystoma maculatum</em>) and Eastern Newts (<em>Notophthalmus viridescens</em>) had the greatest estimated abundances in wetlands in the older FRA treatment. Additionally, larger wetlands had greater abundances of Eastern Newts, Wood Frogs (<em>Lithobates sylvaticus</em>), and Green Frogs (<em>L. clamitans</em>) compared to smaller wetlands. Our results suggest that wetland creation and reforestation increases the number of breeding sites and promotes microhabitat and microclimate conditions that likely maximize the resilience of pond-breeding amphibians to anticipated climate changes in the study area.</p>
Fire, elephants, and climate legacies enhance savanna resistance while impeding resilience
<p>Data accompanying the paper:</p> <p>L.M. Vermeulen, B. Verbist, K. Van Meerbeek, J. Slingsby, P.N. Bernardino, B. Somers. 2024. Fire, elephants, and climate legacies enhance savanna resistance while impeding resilience.</p>
The legacy of one hundred years of climate change for organic carbon stocks in global agricultural topsoils - full dataset
<p>This zip folder contains a txt and a shp file with predicted soil organic carbon stocks for a total of 931149 points on agricultural land across the globe at three different timepoints. The initial value (2018) for the scenarios c (constant carbon input) and v (variable carbon input) was derived from the FAO GSP Global SOC map published in 2018. the values in 1969 and 1919 are the results of backwards modelling with RothC model to estimate past climate change effects on SOC stocks. Details can be found in the publication " The legacy of one hundred years of climate change for organic carbon stocks in global agricultural topsoils" as published in Scientific Reports.</p>
Climatic forcing and individual heterogeneity in a resident mountain bird: legacy data reveal effects on reproductive strategies
<p><span>Optimization of clutch size and timing of reproduction </span><span>have substantial effects on lifetime reproductive success in vertebrates, and b</span><span>oth </span><span>individual quality and </span><span>environmental variation may impact </span><span>life history strategies</span><span>. </span><span>We tested hypotheses related to maternal investment and timing of reproduction</span><span>, using 17 years (1978-1994) of individual-based life history data on willow ptarmigan (<em>Lagopus l. lagopus</em>, </span><span>n=290 breeding females with n=319 breeding attempts</span><span>) in central Norway. We analysed whether climatic variation and individual state variables (age and body mass) affected number of offspring and timing of reproduction, and individual repeatability in strategies</span><span>. The results suggest that willow ptarmigan share a common optimal clutch size that is largely independent of measured individual states. While we found no clear direct weather effects on clutch size, higher spring temperatures advanced onset of breeding, and early breeding was followed by an increased number of offspring. Warmer springs were positively related to maternal mass, and mass interacted with clutch size in production of hatchlings. Finally, clutch size and timing of reproduction were highly repeatable within individuals, indicating that individual quality guided trade-offs in reproductive effort. Our results demonstrate how climatic forcing and individual heterogeneity in combination influenced life history traits in a resident montane keystone species.</span></p>
Wetland creation and reforestation of legacy surface mines in the Central Applachian Region (USA): A potential climate-adaptation approach for pond-breeding amphibians?
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Climatic forcing and individual heterogeneity in a resident mountain bird: legacy data reveal effects on reproductive strategies
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Data from: Short-term climate change manipulation effects do not scale up to long-term legacies: effects of an absent snow cover on boreal forest plants
1. Despite time lags and non-linearity in ecological processes, the majority of our knowledge about ecosystem responses to long-term changes in climate originates from relatively short-term experiments. 2. We utilized the longest ongoing snow removal experiment in the world and an additional set of new plots at the same location in northern Sweden to simultaneously measure the effects of long-term (11 winters) and short-term (1 winter) absence of snow cover on boreal forest understorey plants, including effects on root growth and phenology. 3. Short-term absence of snow reduced vascular plant cover in the understorey by 42%, reduced fine root biomass by 16%, reduced shoot growth by up to 53%, and induced tissue damage on two common dwarf shrubs. In the long-term manipulation, more substantial effects on understorey plant cover (92% reduced) and standing fine root biomass (39% reduced) were observed, whereas other response parameters, such as tissue damage, were observed less. Fine root growth was generally reduced, and its initiation delayed by c. 3 (short-term) to 6 weeks (long-term manipulation). 4. Synthesis We show that one extreme winter with a reduced snow cover can already induce ecologically significant alterations. We also show that long-term changes were smaller than suggested by an extrapolation of short-term manipulation results (using a constant proportional decline). In addition, some of those negative responses, such as frost damage and shoot growth, were even absolutely stronger in the short-term compared to the long-term manipulation. This suggests adaptation or survival of only those individuals that are able to cope with these extreme winter conditions, and that the short-term manipulation alone would over-predict long-term impacts. These results highlight both the ecological importance of snow cover in this boreal forest, and the value of combining short- and long-term experiments side by side in climate change research.
Data from: Distributions of mammals in Southeast Asia: the role of the legacy of climate and species body mass
Aim: Current species distributions are shaped by present and past biotic and abiotic factors. Here we assessed whether abiotic factors (habitat availability) in combination with past connectivity and a biotic factor (body mass) can explain the unique distribution pattern of Southeast Asian mammals, which are separated by the enigmatic biogeographic transition zone, the Isthmus of Kra (IoK), for which no strong geophysical barrier exists. Location: Southeast Asia Taxon: Mammals Methods: We projected habitat suitability for 125 mammal species using climate data for the present period and for two historic periods: mid-Holocene (6 kya) and last glacial maximum (LGM 21 kya). Next, we employed a phylogenetic linear model to assess how present species distributions were affected by the suitability of areas in these different periods, habitat connectivity during LGM and species body mass. Results: Our results show that cooler climate during LGM provided suitable habitat south of IoK for species presently distributed north of IoK (in mainland Indochina). However, the potentially suitable habitat for these Indochinese species did not stretch very far southwards onto the exposed Sunda Shelf. Instead, we found that the emerged landmasses connecting Borneo and Sumatra provided suitable habitat for forest dependent Sundaic species. We show that for species whose current distribution ranges are mainly located in Indochina, the area of the distribution range that is located south of IoK is explained by the suitability of habitat in the past and present in combination with the species body mass. Main conclusions: We demonstrate that a strong geophysical barrier may not be necessary for maintaining a biogeographic transition zone for mammals, but that instead a combination of abiotic and biotic factors may suffice.
Leaving disturbance legacies conserves boreal conifers and maximizes net CO2 absorption under climate change and more frequent and larger windthrow regimes
<p>No description provided.</p>
Adaptation across geographic ranges is consistent with strong selection in marginal climates and legacies of range expansion
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Data from: Distributions of mammals in Southeast Asia: the role of the legacy of climate and species body mass
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