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10 results for “cling”
Modelling the transmission component in TIR reflectance spectra of sandstones to understand the effect of surface roughness and clinging fines
<p>This dataset includes a model that combines rock surface reflection with transmission through clinging fines the surface. All IDL scripts are provided. The dataset includes the transmission input spectra, raw data of transmission measurements and SEM images of the surfaces. The reflectance spectra presented in the paper are part of a previous publication, see related identifiers for database of this dataset.</p>
Non-linear variation in clinging performance with surface roughness in geckos
<p>Understanding the challenges faced by organisms moving within their environment is essential to comprehending the evolution of locomotor morphology and habitat use. Geckos have developed adhesive toe pads that enable exploitation of a wide range of microhabitats. These toe pads, and their adhesive mechanisms, have typically been studied using a range of artificial substrates, usually significantly smoother than those available in nature. Although these studies have been fundamental in understanding the mechanisms of attachment in geckos, it is unclear whether gecko attachment simply gradually declines with increased roughness as some researchers have suggested, or whether the interaction between the gekkotan adhesive system and surface roughness produces non-linear relationships. To understand ecological challenges faced in their natural habitats, it is essential to use test surfaces that are more like surfaces used by geckos in nature. We tested gecko shear force (i.e., frictional force) generation as a measure of clinging performance on three artificial substrates. We selected substrates that exhibit microtopographies with peak-to-valley heights similar to those of substrates used in nature, to investigate performance on a range of surfaces smooth (glass), and fine-grained (fine sandpaper) to rough (coarse sandpaper). We found that shear force did not decline monotonically with roughness, but varied non-linearly among substrates. Clinging performance was greater on glass and coarse sandpaper than on fine sandpaper, and clinging performance was not significantly different between glass and coarse sandpaper. Our results demonstrate that performance on different substrates varies, probably depending on the underlying mechanisms of the adhesive apparatus in geckos.</p>
Clinging ability is related to particular aspects of foot morphology in salamanders
<p>The interaction between morphology, performance, and ecology has long been studied in order to explain variation in the natural world. Within arboreal salamanders, diversification in foot morphology and microhabitat use are thought to be linked by the impact of foot size and shape on clinging and climbing performance, resulting in an ability to access new habitats. We examine whether various foot shape metrics correlate with stationary cling performance and microhabitat to explicitly quantify this performance gradient across 14 species of salamander, including both arboreal and non-arboreal species. Clinging performance did not correlate with foot shape, as quantified by landmark-based geometric morphometrics, nor with microhabitat use. Mass-corrected foot centroid size and foot contact area, on the other hand, correlated positively with clinging performance on a smooth substrate. Interestingly, these foot variables correlated negatively with clinging performance on rough substrates, suggesting the use of multiple clinging mechanisms dependent upon the texture of the surface. These findings demonstrate that centroid size and foot contact area are more functionally relevant for clinging in salamanders than foot shape, suggesting that foot shape need not converge in order to achieve convergent performance. More broadly, our results provide an example of how the quantification of the performance gradient can provide the appropriate lens through which to understand the macroevolution of morphology and ecology.</p>
Blowing in the wind: Experimental assessment of clinging performance and behavior in Anolis lizards during hurricane-force winds
<p>1. Extreme weather events, such as hurricanes, can be ecologically devastating and cause widespread mortality. Recent studies in <em>Anolis</em> lizards report hurricane-induced phenotypic shifts and selection favoring morphological variation related to clinging performance. Although it is difficult to observe organismal responses during extreme events in nature, we can experimentally simulate the high-speed winds associated with hurricanes to evaluate the putative mechanism underlying observed patterns of natural selection.</p> <p>2. In this study, we used two laboratory experiments to better understand the clinging performance and behavior of <em>Anolis</em> lizards when experiencing hurricane-force winds. We assessed the physical ability of lizards when using the combined function of their claws, limbs, toepads, and other traits to resist forces pulling them off a perch. We also evaluated the combination of this physical clinging ability of lizards and their behavioral responses to avoid being blown off a perch during high winds. We assessed behavior that could decrease exposure of lizards to wind and increase their clinging ability.</p> <p>3. Clinging force measurements revealed variation in performance among species and substrates not reflected in clinging times for lizards experiencing hurricane-force winds, revealing the importance of behavior when experiencing high winds. The most arboreal species (<em>A</em>. <em>carolinensis</em>) had substantially longer clinging times on rough substrates compared to the other species, presumably due to its larger toepads for increased clinging as well as its shorter limbs that reduced drag.</p> <p>4. Under high-speed winds, lizards commonly shifted to the more protected leeward side of dowels, especially on broad and rough substrates, presumably to reduce exposure. This reveals how behavior can mediate factors influencing clinging ability during hurricanes and, in conjunction with ecologically relevant variation in morphology and substrate properties, contribute to clinging performance.</p> <p>5. Our experiments reveal that behavior strongly influences clinging performance during high winds beyond that predicted by physical traits alone. Thus, microhabitat selection of perches and the position of a lizard on its perch during a hurricane will likely have important consequences for clinging performance. This may alter how selection acts on morphological traits and influence the susceptibility of different species to these extreme weather events.</p>
Clinging ability is related to particular aspects of foot morphology in salamanders
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Non-linear variation in clinging performance with surface roughness in geckos
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Blowing in the wind: Experimental assessment of clinging performance and behavior in Anolis lizards during hurricane-force winds
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Data from: Evidence for clinging arboreality in a Middle Jurassic stem lepidosaur
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Clinging performance on natural substrates predicts habitat use in anoles and geckos
<p>1. For arboreal lizards, the ability to cling or adhere to the substrate is critical for locomotion during prey capture, predator escape, thermoregulation, and social interactions. Thus, selection on traits related to clinging is likely strong. </p> <p>2. Correlations between morphology, performance, and habitat use have been documented in arboreal lizards, providing a framework for using functional traits to predict habitat use in the field.</p> <p>3. We tested the hypothesis that clinging performance predicts habitat use in an actively assembling community of introduced lizards in Hawaiʻi comprised of anoles (<i>Anolis carolinensis, A. sagrei</i>) and day geckos (<i>Phelsuma laticauda</i>).</p> <p>4. We measured morphological traits (toepad area and lamellae number) and tested clinging performance on two artificial and eight natural substrates in the lab. We measured habitat use in 10 m x 10 m outdoor enclosures where habitat availability was controlled and the lizard species assemblage was manipulated to reflect all species combinations. The enclosure experiment generated more than 9,000 habitat use observations from 360 lizards.</p> <p>5. Morphological traits that predict performance in <i>Anolis </i>were not predictive in <i>Phelsuma</i>, indicating that direct measures of performance are necessary for comparisons between the genera.</p> <p>6. Measuring clinging performance on multiple substrates provided key insights into patterns of habitat use. While all three species performed best on an artificial smooth substrate (acrylic), performance on natural substrates predicted which texture (rough vs. smooth) was most often used by each species. </p> <p>7. Performance predicted perch height use: species with the greatest clinging performance (<i>A. carolinensis </i>and <i>P. laticauda</i>) across substrates perched twice as high as <i>A. sagrei</i>.</p> <p>8. We did not observe habitat shifts in the height or texture of perches used by any species in response to experimental manipulation of the lizard species assemblage.</p> <p>9. Our results highlight the inextricable link between ecology, morphology, and performance, the importance of measuring functional traits in ecologically-relevant ways, and the potential for resource partitioning to be influenced by differences in the ability to attach to different substrates. </p>
Clinging performance on natural substrates predicts habitat use in anoles and geckos
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