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58 results for “clonal plants”
Genetic structure in patchy populations of a candidate foundation plant: a case study of Leymus chinensis using genetic and clonal diversity
<p><strong>PREMISE</strong>: The distribution of genetic diversity on the landscape has critical ecological and evolutionary implications. This may be especially the case on a local scale for foundation plant species since they create and define ecological communities, contributing disproportionately to ecosystem function.</p> <p><strong>METHODS</strong>: We examined the distribution of genetic diversity and clones, which we defined first as unique multilocus genotypes (MLG), and then by grouping similar MLGs into multilocus lineages (MLL). We used 186 markers from inter-simple sequence repeats (ISSR) across 358 ramets from 13 patches of the foundation grass <em>Leymus chinensis</em>. We examined the relationship between genetic and clonal diversities, their variation with patch-size, and the effect of the number of markers used to evaluate genetic diversity and structure in this species.</p> <p><strong>RESULTS</strong>: Every ramet had a unique MLG. Almost all patches consisted of individuals belonging to a single MLL. We confirmed this with a clustering algorithm to group related genotypes. The predominance of a single lineage within each patch could be the result of the accumulation of somatic mutations, limited dispersal, some sexual reproduction with partners mainly restricted to the same patch, or a combination of all three.</p> <p><strong>CONCLUSIONS</strong>: We found strong genetic structure among patches of <em>L. chinensis</em>. Consistent with previous work on the species, the clustering of similar genotypes within patches suggests that clonal reproduction combined with somatic mutation, limited dispersal, and some degree of sexual reproduction among neighbors causes individuals within a patch to be more closely related than among patches.</p>
Data for: Caloric restriction extends lifespan in a clonal plant
<p>When subjected to dietary caloric restriction (CR), individual animals often outlive well-fed conspecifics. Here, we address whether CR also extends lifespan in plants. Whereas caloric intake in animals comes from ingestion, in plants it derives from photosynthesis. Thus, factors that reduce photosynthesis, such as reduced light intensity, can induce CR. In two lab experiments investigating the aquatic macrophyte <em>Lemna minor</em>, we tracked hundreds of individuals longitudinally, with light intensity – and hence, CR – manipulated using neutral-density filters. In both experiments, CR dramatically increased lifespan through a process of temporal scaling. Moreover, the magnitude of lifespan extension accorded with the assumptions that (a) light intensity positively relates to photosynthesis following Michaelis-Menten kinetics, and (b) photosynthesis negatively relates to lifespan via a power law. Our results emphasize that CR-mediated lifespan extension applies to autotrophs as well as heterotrophs, and suggest that variation in light intensity has quantitatively predictable effects on plant aging trajectories.</p>
Data from: Strategies of resource sharing in clonal plants: A conceptual model and an example of contrasting strategies in two closely related species
<p>These experimental data were collected to quantify amount of C and N translocated between mother and daughter ramets of two stoloniferous species. Data includes concentrations of 13-C and 15-N in plants samples originating from pulse-chase labelling, absolute amounts of the labels present, as well as dry mass of the samples. Details are described in the relevant paper.</p> <p> </p>
Data for: Caloric restriction extends lifespan in a clonal plant
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Genetic structure in patchy populations of a candidate foundation plant: a case study of Leymus chinensis using genetic and clonal diversity
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Data from: Caloric restriction-mediated reproductive lifespan extension across multiple strains of the clonal aquatic plant <em>Lemna turionifera</em>
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Data from: Characterization of rhizome transcriptome and identification of a rhizomatous ER body in the clonal plant Cardamine leucantha
<p>The rhizome is a plant organ that develops from a shoot apical meristem but penetrates into belowground environments. To characterize the gene expression profile of rhizomes, we compared the rhizome transcriptome with those of the leaves, shoots and roots of a rhizomatous Brassicaceae plant, <i>Cardamine leucantha.</i> Overall, rhizome transcriptomes were characterized by the absence of genes that show rhizome-specific expression and expression profiles intermediate between those of shoots and roots. Our results suggest that both endogenous developmental factors and external environmental factors are important for controlling the rhizome transcriptome. Genes that showed relatively high expression in the rhizome compared to shoots and roots included those related to belowground defense, control of reactive oxygen species, and cell elongation under dark conditions. A comparison of transcriptomes further allowed us to identify the presence of an ER body, a defense-related belowground organelle, in epidermal cells of the <i>C. leucantha </i>rhizome, which is the first report of ER bodies in rhizome tissue.</p>
Patterns of pollen dispersal and mating in a population of the clonal plant Sagittaria latifolia
<p>1) Increased plant size is generally expected to have negative consequences for mating by increasing pollen transfer between flowers of the same plant. Such geitonogamous self-pollination would then reduce sexual fitness through both female and male function. However, recent theoretical work has indicated that when plants grow clonally, the outward expansion of plants caused by clonal growth might have positive effects on siring without substantially increasing rates of self-pollination.</p> <p>2) We investigated patterns of pollen dispersal, selfing, and siring in a monoecious population of the clonal plant <em>Sagittaria latifolia</em>, in which clones varied in size and the extent of intermingling with other clones. A spatially-explicit statistical model based on the inferred pollen-dispersal kernel was constructed to examine the mechanisms underlying observed mating patterns.</p> <p>3) Pollen dispersal typically occurred over distances that exceeded the spatial extent of clones. There was a positive association between clone size (measured as the number of ramets per genet) and the likelihood that clones were intermingled with the shoots of other clones. Together, these patterns of pollen dispersal and clonal intermingling resulted in a weak positive association between clone size and selfing rates and a strong positive association between clone size and outcross siring success. These patterns were replicated in the spatially-explicit model, indicating that the intermingling of clones is an important determinant of mating patterns in this population.</p> <p>4) Synthesis. Our study provides the first examination of the pollen dispersal kernel for a clonal plant. It is the first study providing empirical support for model predictions that potentially negative effects of increased selfing in large clones might be offset by increased siring success. This implies that the negative consequences of becoming large do not necessarily apply to clonal plants.</p>
Supplementary Material for Frontiers Plant Genetics and Genomics 'Novel R tools for analysis of genome-wide population genetic data with emphasis on clonality'
<p>Authors</p> <p>Zhian N. Kamvar, Jonah C. Brooks, and Niklaus J. Grünwald</p>
Directed endozoochorous dispersal by scavengers facilitate sexual reproduction in otherwise clonal plants at cadaver sites
<ol> <li>The regeneration niche of many plant species involves spatially and temporally unpredictable disturbances, called recruitment windows of opportunity. However, even species with clear dispersal adaptations such as fleshy berries may not successfully reach such elusive regeneration microsites. Ericaceous, berry-producing species in the northern hemisphere demonstrate this dispersal limitation. They are said to display a reproductive paradox owing to their lack of regeneration in apparently suitable microsites despite considerable investment in producing large quantities of berries.</li> <li>Cadavers generate vegetation-denuded and nutrient-rich disturbances termed cadaver decomposition islands. Cadavers attract facultative scavengers with considerable capacity for endozoochorous seed dispersal. We hypothesize that cadaver decomposition islands facilitate recruitment in berry-producing ericaceous species due to endozoochorous dispersal directed towards favorable microsites with low competition.</li> <li>We examined seedling establishment within a permanent, semi-regular 10 × 10 m grid across an ungulate mass die-off on the Hardangervidda plateau in southeastern Norway. Competing models regarding the relative importance of factors governing recruitment were evaluated, specifically cadaver location (elevated seed rain) and microsite conditions (competition).</li> <li>We found that cadaver decomposition islands did facilitate seedling establishment, as cadaver density was the best predictor of seedling distribution. Other important factors governing seedling establishment such as percentage cover of soil and vascular plants alone were inadequate to explain seedling establishment.</li> <li> <i>Synthesis:</i> This study provides a novel understanding of sexual reproduction in species with cryptic generative reproduction. The directed nature of endozoochorous dispersal combined with long-distance dispersal abilities of medium to large vertebrate scavengers towards cadavers allows plants to exploit the advantageous but ephemeral resource provided by cadaver decomposition islands.</li> </ol>
Supporting data and code for: Host plant and insecticides shape the evolution of genetic and clonal diversity in a major aphid crop pest
<p>This is the first release of the final data and code for the article accepted for publication in <em>Evolutionary Applications</em> journal. It contains the necessary scripts to produce most of the analyses and figures of the manuscript. All the necessary data can be found in the 'data' folder.</p>
Clonal functional traits favor the invasive success of alien plants into native communities
<p><span>Functional traits are frequently proposed to determine the invasiveness of alien species. However, few empirical studies have directly manipulated functional traits and tested their importance in the invasion success of alien species into native plant communities, particularly under global change. We manipulated clonal integration (a key clonal functional trait) of four alien clonal plants by severing inter-ramet connections or keeping them intact, and simulated their invasion into native plant communities with two levels of species diversity, population density and nutrient availability</span><span>. High community diversity and density impeded the invasion success of the alien clonal plants. Clonal integration of the alien plants promoted their invasion success, particularly in the low-density communities associated with low species diversity or nutrient addition, which resulted in a negative correlation between performance of alien plants and native communities, as expected under global change. Thus, clonal integration can favor the invasion success of alien clonal plants into degraded resident communities with </span><span>a high degree of disturbance</span><span> and eutrophication. Our findings confirm the role of clonal</span><span> functional traits in facilitating alien plant invasions into native plant communities, and suggest that </span><span>clonal functional traits should be considered to efficiently restore degraded communities heavily invaded by alien clonal plants.</span></p>
Genet dynamics and its variation among genets of a clonal plant Convallaria keiskei
<p><span>In clonal plant populations, a number of genetically identical ramets form a genet. While coexisting ramets potentially perform independently, their behaviours not only depend on ages and sizes but are also constrained by genetic background. In this study, genet dynamics and its variability among neighbouring genets were investigated based on the ramet demography of each genet in <em>Convallaria</em> <em>keiskei</em>. Genet dynamics were first formulated as a matrix model with the two components of clonal growth (clonal reproduction) and survival-transitions between ramet size classes. Then, a statistical estimation of the matrix elements was established using three datasets: aboveground demographic censuses, belowground directional rhizomatous connections and genetic identification of ramets. Finally, genet growth rates reflecting both the changes of clonal growth and ramet size growth were estimated and compared for fundamental demographic elements among genets. Over three years of aboveground annual censuses of a 28 × 2 m plot, 2,021 ramets were identified as belonging to 28 genotypes. Belowground excavation detected 515 clonal fragments. Genet growth rate of three dominant genets varied with medians of 1.13, 1.02 and 1.05; 95% credible intervals of the posterior distributions did not overlap between the genet with the largest median and the others. The variation was caused primarily by differences in clonal growth rather than survival-transitions between size classes. Clonal growth by branching was rarer than at the tips but contributed to the maintenance of the genet. Therefore, both clonal growth frequencies and connecting patterns of ramets caused the variation of genet dynamics and established genets persist for a long time through the positive growth rates, which would contribute to maintaining a population. We also conclude that fundamental demographic elements relating to clonal growth traits (the features of individual genets) strongly impact genet dynamics.</span></p>
Data from: Effective population size in a partially clonal plant is not predicted by the number of genetic individuals
<p>Estimating effective population size (<em>N</em><sub>e</sub>) is important for theoretical and practical applications in evolutionary biology and conservation. Nevertheless, estimates of <em>N</em><sub>e</sub> in organisms with complex life-history traits remain scarce because of the challenges associated with estimation methods. Partially clonal plants capable of both vegetative (clonal) growth and sexual reproduction are a common group of organisms for which the discrepancy between the apparent number of individuals (ramets) and the number of genetic individuals (genets) can be striking, and it is unclear how this discrepancy relates to <em>N</em><sub>e</sub>.</p> <p>In this study, we analysed two populations of the orchid <em>Cypripedium calceolus</em> to understand how the rate of clonal vs. sexual reproduction affected <em>N</em><sub>e</sub>. We genotyped >1,000 ramets at microsatellite and SNP loci, and estimated contemporary <em>N</em><sub>e</sub> with the linkage disequilibrium method, starting from the theoretical expectation that variance in reproductive success among individuals caused by clonal reproduction and by constraints on sexual reproduction would lower <em>N</em><sub>e</sub>. We considered factors potentially affecting our estimates, including different marker types and sampling strategies, and the influence of pseudoreplication in genomic datasets on <em>N</em><sub>e</sub> confidence intervals. The magnitude of <em>N</em><sub>e</sub>/<em>N</em><sub>ramets </sub>and <em>N</em><sub>e</sub>/<em>N</em><sub>genets</sub> ratios we provide may be used as reference points for other species with similar life-history traits. Our findings demonstrate that <em>N</em><sub>e</sub> in partially clonal plants cannot be predicted based on the number of genets generated by sexual reproduction, because demographic changes over time can strongly influence <em>N</em><sub>e</sub>. This is especially relevant in species of conservation concern, in which population declines may not be detected by only ascertaining the number of genets.</p>
Data from: Effective population size in a partially clonal plant is not predicted by the number of genetic individuals
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Directed endozoochorous dispersal by scavengers facilitate sexual reproduction in otherwise clonal plants at cadaver sites
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Genet dynamics and its variation among genets of a clonal plant Convallaria keiskei
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Data from: Battle of the giants: Clonal expansion rates, effects on wetland plant communities, and competition between introduced <em>Phragmites australis australis</em> and native <em>Phragmites australis americanus</em>
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Clonal functional traits favor the invasive success of alien plants into native communities
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Patterns of pollen dispersal and mating in a population of the clonal plant Sagittaria latifolia
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